Zambia

Republic of Zambia conventional short form: Zambia former: Northern Rhodesia

republicIndependence 24 October 1964 (from UK)

Zambia as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 113 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalLusaka
Position15 00 S, 30 00 E
Area752,614 sq km land: 740,724 sq km water: 11,890 sq km
LocationSouthern Africa, east of Angola
2001

Every edition of Zambia

Populationas each edition published it
9.77 million July 2001 est. · 8.11m in 1990
Population growth% a year
1.93% 2001 est. · 2.96% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 16.5 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
37.29 years 2001 est. · 45.56 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
5.53 children per woman 2001 est. · 7 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
90.89 deaths per 1,000 live births 2001 est. · 80 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$880 2000 est. · $550 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
4% 2000 est. · -3% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until takeover by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties.

Geography

Southern Africa, east of Angola

18 fields
Coastline
0km
(landlocked)Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Irrigated land
460sq km
(1993 est.)

Location

Southern Africa, east of Angola

Geographic coordinates

15 00 S, 30 00 E

Area

total: 752,614 sq km land: 740,724 sq km water: 11,890 sq km

Land boundaries

total: 5,664 km border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

Climate

  • tropical;
  • modified by altitude;
  • rainy season (October to April)

Terrain

mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m

Natural resources

copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower

Land use

arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 40% forests and woodland: 39% other: 14% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

tropical storms (November to April)

Environment - current issues

  • air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region;
  • chemical runoff into watersheds;
  • poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations;
  • deforestation;
  • soil erosion;
  • desertification;
  • lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

People

18 fields

Per 1,000 population(2001 est.)

Birth
41.46Death
21.97Net migration
-0.16

Ethnic groups

African 98.7%European 1.1%other 0.2%

Population

  • 9,770,199 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS;
  • this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 47.36% (male 2,324,128; female 2,303,349) 15-64 years: 50.14% (male 2,433,250; female 2,465,747) 65 years and over: 2.5% (male 105,694; female 138,031) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate

1.93% (2001 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

90.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 37.29 years male: 37.06 years female: 37.53 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate

5.53 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

99,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun: Zambian(s) adjective: Zambian

Religions

Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Languages

English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write English total population: 78.2% male: 85.6% female: 71.3% (1995 est.)

Government

Republic; President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2 November 1991)

20 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

72.5%
Frederick CHILUBA 72.5%Dean MUNGO'MBA 12.6%Humphrey MULEMBA 7%Akashambatwa LEWANIKA 4.7%Chama CHAKOMBOKA 3.2%

National Assembly, 150 seatsone dot, one seat

MMD 131NP 5Zadeco 2AZ 2independents 10

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Zambia conventional short form: Zambia former: Northern Rhodesia

Capital

Lusaka

Administrative divisions

9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western

Independence

24 October 1964 (from UK)

National holiday

Independence Day, 24 October (1964)

Constitution

2 August 1991

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:
  • President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2 November 1991);
  • Vice President Enoch KAVINDELE (since 4 May 2001);
  • note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2 November 1991);
  • Vice President Enoch KAVINDELE (since 4 May 2001);
  • note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
  • election last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001);
  • vice president appointed by the president election results: Frederick CHILUBA reelected president;
  • percent of vote - Frederick CHILUBA 72.5%, Dean MUNGO'MBA 12.6%, Humphrey MULEMBA 7%, Akashambatwa LEWANIKA 4.7%, Chama CHAKOMBOKA 3.2%

Legislative branch

  • unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held NA December 2001) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%;
  • seats by party - MMD 131, NP 5, Zadeco 2, AZ 2, independents 10

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases)

Political parties and leaders

  • Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Akashambatwa LEWANIKA];
  • Labor Party or LP [Chibiza MFUNI];
  • Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger CHONGWE, president];
  • Movement for Democratic Process or MDP [Chama CHAKOM BOKA];
  • Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Frederick CHILUBA];
  • National Party or NP [Daniel LISULO];
  • Republican Party or RP [Ben MWILA];
  • Social Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline Konie];
  • United National Independence Party or UNIP [Tilyenji KAUNDA];
  • United Party for National Development or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA];
  • Zambia Democratic Congress or Zadeco [Eden JERRY, acting head]

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNTAET, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Atan SHANSONGA chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-9717 through 9719

FAX

[1] (202) 332-0826

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador David B. DUNN embassy: corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka telephone: [260] (1) 250-955

FAX

[260] (1) 252-225

Flag description

green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag

Economy

Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform, Zambia's economy has a long way to go.

32 fields
Real growth rate
4%
(2000 est.)industrial production growth: 6.1% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate
50%
(2000 est.)

Electricity

Electricity production
7.642 billion (1999)Electricity consumption
5.926 billion (1999)Electricity exports
1.6 billion (1999)Electricity imports
419 million (1999)

Economy - overview

Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform, Zambia's economy has a long way to go. Privatization of government-owned copper mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses generated by the industry and greatly improved the chances for copper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth.

In late 2000, Zambia was determined to be eligible for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Inflation and unemployment rates remain high, but the GDP growth rate should rise in 2001.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $8.5 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $880 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 18% industry: 27% services: 55% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 39.2% (1995)

Labor force

3.4 million

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 85%, industry 6%, services 9%

Budget

revenues: $900 million expenditures: $1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA million (1999 est.)

Industries

copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 0.55% hydro: 99.45% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)

Agriculture - products

  • corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed, vegetables, flowers, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca);
  • cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, milk, eggs, hides;
  • coffee

Exports

$928 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities

copper, cobalt, electricity, tobacco

Exports - partners

Japan, Saudi Arabia, India, Thailand, South Africa, US, Malaysia (1997)

Imports

$1.05 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery, transportation equipment, fuels, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners

South Africa 48%, Saudi Arabia, UK, Zimbabwe (1997)

Debt - external

$6.5 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient

$1.99 billion (1995)

Currency

Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Exchange rates

Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,024.53 (January 2001), 3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998), 1,314.50 (1997), 1,207.90 (1996)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

10 fields
Mobile cellular
6,000
(1998)
Fixed lines
77,935
(in addition there are about 40,000 fixed telephones in wireless local loop connections) (1997) · country code .zm

Telephone system

general assessment:
  • facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger towns and cities;
  • several cellular telephone services in operation;
  • Internet service is widely available;
  • very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks are operated by private firms international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 19, FM 5, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios

1.03 million (1997)

Televisions

277,000 (1997)

Internet users

15,000 (2000)

Transportation

8 fields

Railways

total:
  • 2,164 km (1995) narrow gauge: 2,164 km 1.067-m gauge (13 km double track) note: the total includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 km of 1.067-m narrow gauge track between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi where it connects to the Zambia Railways system;
  • TAZARA is not a part of the Zambia Railways system;
  • Zambia Railways assets are scheduled for concessioning in 2001

Highways

total: 66,781 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km (1997 est.)

Waterways

2,250 km note: includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula rivers

Pipelines

crude oil 1,724 km

Airports

112 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 13 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 99 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 65 under 914 m: 31 (2000 est.)

Military

Army, Air Force, National Service, police

5 fields

Military branches

Army, Air Force, National Service, police

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 2,246,640 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 1,193,047 (2001 est.)

Transnational Issues

1 field

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and possibly Europe; regional money-laundering center

Central Intelligence Agency. “Zambia.” The World Factbook 2001. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/zambia/2001.

How to cite ← 2000 edition 2002 edition →