Zambia
Republic of Zambia
presidential republicIndependence 24 October 1964 (from the UK)
Zambia as the 2023 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 172 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.
No fields match. Try a shorter word.
Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Bantu-speaking groups mainly from the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms in the Congo River Basin and from the Great Lakes region in East Africa settled in what is now Zambia beginning around A.D. 300, displacing and mixing with previous population groups in the region. The Mutapa Empire developed after the fall of Great Zimbabwe to the south in the 14 th century and ruled the region, including large parts of Zambia, from the 14 th to 17 th century.
The empire collapsed as a result of the growing slave trade and Portuguese incursions in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. The region was further influenced by migrants from the Zulu Kingdom to the south and the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms to the north after invading colonial and African powers displaced local residents into the area around the Zambezi River, in what is now Zambia. In the 1880s, British companies began securing mineral and other economic concessions from various local leaders.
The companies eventually claimed control of the region and incorporated it as the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1911. The UK Government took over administrative control from the British South Africa Company in 1924. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred British economic ventures and colonial settlement.
Northern Rhodesia’s name was changed to Zambia upon independence from the UK in 1964 under independence leader and first President Kenneth KAUNDA. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices, economic mismanagement, and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule and propelled the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) into power. The subsequent vote in 1996, however, saw increasing harassment of opposition parties and abuse of state media and other resources.
The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems, with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. MWANAWASA was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. Upon his death in August 2008, he was succeeded by his vice president, Rupiah BANDA, who won a special presidential byelection later that year. The MMD and BANDA lost to the Patriotic Front (PF) and Michael SATA in the 2011 general elections.
SATA, however, presided over a period of haphazard economic management and attempted to silence opposition to PF policies. SATA died in October 2014 and was succeeded by his vice president, Guy SCOTT, who served as interim president until January 2015, when Edgar LUNGU won the presidential byelection and completed SATA's term. LUNGU then won a full term in August 2016 presidential elections. Hakainde HICHILEMA was elected president in August 2021.
Geography
Southern Africa, east of Angola, south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
21 fieldsLand useshare of 752,618 sq km
Major lakes (area sq km)
- fresh water lake(s):
- Lake Tanganyika (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, and Burundi) - 32,000 sq km;
- Lake Mweru (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo) - 4,350 sq km;
- Lake Bangweulu - 4,000-15,000 sq km seasonal variation
Major rivers (by length in km)
- Congo river source (shared with Angola, Republic of Congo, and Democratic Republic of Congo [m]) - 4,700 km;
- Zambezi river source (shared with Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
- Atlantic Ocean drainage:
- Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
- Indian Ocean drainage:
- Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Population distribution
- one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa;
- high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this population distribution map
Geography - note
- landlocked;
- the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe;
- Lake Kariba on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border forms the world's largest reservoir by volume (180 cu km; 43 cu mi)
People and Society
39 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2023 est.)
Per 1,000 population(2023 est.)
Male · female(2018)
Ethnic groups(2010 est.)
Religions(2010 est.)
Languages
Bemba 33.4%, Nyanja 14.7%, Tonga 11.4%, Lozi 5.5%, Chewa 4.5%, Nsenga 2.9%, Tumbuka 2.5%, Lunda (North Western) 1.9%, Kaonde 1.8%, Lala 1.8%, Lamba 1.8%, English (official) 1.7%, Luvale 1.5%, Mambwe 1.3%, Namwanga 1.2%, Lenje 1.1%, Bisa 1%, other 9.7%, unspecified 0.2% (2010 est.)
note: Zambia is said to have over 70 languages, although many of these may be considered dialects; all of Zambia's major languages are members of the Bantu family; Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects
Demographic profile
Zambia’s poor, youthful population consists primarily of Bantu-speaking people representing nearly 70 different ethnicities. Zambia’s high fertility rate continues to drive rapid population growth, averaging almost 3% annually between 2000 and 2010, and reaching over 3.3% in 2022.
The country’s total fertility rate has fallen by less than 1.5 children per woman during the last 30 years and still averages among the world’s highest, almost 6 children per woman, largely because of the country’s lack of access to family planning services, education for girls, and employment for women.
Zambia also exhibits wide fertility disparities based on rural or urban location, education, and income. Poor, uneducated women from rural areas are more likely to marry young, to give birth early, and to have more children, viewing children as a sign of prestige and recognizing that not all of their children will live to adulthood. HIV/AIDS is prevalent in Zambia and contributes to its low life expectancy.
Zambian emigration is low compared to many other African countries and is comprised predominantly of the well-educated. The small amount of brain drain, however, has a major impact in Zambia because of its limited human capital and lack of educational infrastructure for developing skilled professionals in key fields.
For example, Zambia has few schools for training doctors, nurses, and other health care workers. Its spending on education is low compared to other Sub-Saharan countries.
Population distribution
- one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa;
- high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this population distribution map
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.03 male(s)/female
- 0-14 years:
- 1.02 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 1 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.83 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 1 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate
- total:
- 36.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
- male:
- 39.7 deaths/1,000 live births
- female:
- 32.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Major infectious diseases
- degree of risk:
- very high (2023)
- food or waterborne diseases:
- bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
- vectorborne diseases:
- malaria and dengue fever
- water contact diseases:
- schistosomiasis
- animal contact diseases:
- rabies
note: on 31 August 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Zambia is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus;
this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series;
before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
Alcohol consumption per capita
- total:
- 3.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- beer:
- 1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- wine:
- 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- spirits:
- 0.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- other alcohols:
- 2.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Child marriage
- women married by age 15:
- 5.2%
- women married by age 18:
- 29%
- men married by age 18:
- 2.8% (2018 est.)
Environment
16 fieldsLand use(2018 est.)
Environment - current issues
- air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region;
- chemical runoff into watersheds;
- loss of biodiversity;
- poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations;
- deforestation;
- soil erosion;
- desertification;
- lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
- signed, but not ratified:
- none of the selected agreements
Urbanization
- urban population:
- 46.3% of total population (2023)
- rate of urbanization:
- 4.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Food insecurity
- severe localized food insecurity:
- due to reduced incomes and localized shortfalls in cereal production - an estimated 1.95 million people were projected to face acute food insecurity between October 2022 and March 2023, an increase compared to the 1.6 million people estimated in 2021/22;
- the high level of acute food insecurity is associated with the effects of a below-average cereal harvest and high food prices that adversely impacted households’ food availability and access (2023)
Air pollutants
- particulate matter emissions:
- 16.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
- carbon dioxide emissions:
- 5.14 megatons (2016 est.)
- methane emissions:
- 14.1 megatons (2020 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km)
- fresh water lake(s):
- Lake Tanganyika (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, and Burundi) - 32,000 sq km;
- Lake Mweru (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo) - 4,350 sq km;
- Lake Bangweulu - 4,000-15,000 sq km seasonal variation
Major rivers (by length in km)
- Congo river source (shared with Angola, Republic of Congo, and Democratic Republic of Congo [m]) - 4,700 km;
- Zambezi river source (shared with Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
- Atlantic Ocean drainage:
- Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
- Indian Ocean drainage:
- Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Total water withdrawal
- municipal:
- 290 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
- industrial:
- 130 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
- agricultural:
- 1.15 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Government
Presidential republic; President Hakainde HICHILEMA (since 24 August 2021); President Hakainde HICHILEMA (since 24 August 2021)
22 fieldsPresidential electionpercent of vote
National Assembly, 156 seats, elected 12 August 2021one dot, one seat
Percent of vote
Composition: men 141, women 25, percent of women 15.1%
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Zambia
- conventional short form:
- Zambia
- former:
- Northern Rhodesia
- etymology:
- name derived from the Zambezi River, which flows through the western part of the country and forms its southern border with neighboring Zimbabwe
Capital
- name:
- Lusaka
- geographic coordinates:
- 15 25 S, 28 17 E
- time difference:
- UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- etymology:
- named after a village called Lusaka, located at Manda Hill, near where Zambia's National Assembly building currently stands;
- the village was named after a headman (chief) LUSAKASA
Administrative divisions
10 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
Constitution
- history:
- several previous; latest adopted 24 August 1991, promulgated 30 August 1991
- amendments:
- proposed by the National Assembly;
- passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly in two separate readings at least 30 days apart;
- passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms requires approval by at least one half of votes cast in a referendum prior to consideration and voting by the Assembly;
- amended 1996, 2015, 2016;
- note - in late 2020, an amendment which would have altered the structure of the constitution was defeated in the National Assembly
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
- citizenship by birth:
- only if at least one parent is a citizen of Zambia
- citizenship by descent only:
- yes, if at least one parent was a citizen of Zambia
- dual citizenship recognized:
- yes
- residency requirement for naturalization:
- 5 years for those with an ancestor who was a citizen of Zambia, otherwise 10 years residency is required
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Hakainde HICHILEMA (since 24 August 2021);
- Vice President Mutale NALUMANGO (since 24 August 2021);
- note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
- head of government:
- President Hakainde HICHILEMA (since 24 August 2021); Vice President Mutale NALUMANGO (since 24 August 2021)
- cabinet:
- Cabinet appointed by president from among members of the National Assembly
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- last held on 12 August 2021 (next to be held in 2026)
- election results:
- 2021 : Hakainde HICHILEMA elected president; percent of the vote - Hakainde HICHILEMA (UPND) 57.9%, Edgar LUNGU (PF) 37.3%, other 4.8%; 2016 : Edgar LUNGU reelected president; percent of vote - Edgar LUNGU (PF) 50.4%, Hakainde HICHILEMA (UPND) 47.6%, other 2%
Legislative branch
- description:
- unicameral National Assembly (167 seats statutory, 166 seats current; 156 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote in 2 rounds if needed, and up to 8 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms);
- 3 ex-officio members elected by National Assembly membership
- elections:
- last held on 12 August 2021 (next to be held in 2026)
- election results:
- percent of vote by party - UPND 53.9%, PF 38.1%, PNUP 0.6%, independent 7.4%;
- seats by party - UPND 82, PF 62, PNUP 1, independent 11;
- composition - men 136, women 20, percent of women 13.5%;
- composition - men 141, women 25, percent of women 15.1%
Judicial branch
- highest court(s):
- Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justice, and at least 11 judges);
- Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 11 judges);
- note - the Constitutional Court began operation in June 2016
- judge selection and term of office:
- Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the advice of the 9-member Judicial Service Commission, which is headed by the chief justice, and ratified by the National Assembly; judges normally serve until age 65
- subordinate courts:
- Court of Appeal;
- High Court;
- Industrial Relations Court;
- subordinate courts (3 levels, based on upper limit of money involved);
- Small Claims Court;
- local courts (2 grades, based on upper limit of money involved)
Political parties and leaders
- Alliance for Democracy and Development or ADD [Charles MILUPI]
- Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD [Edith NAWAKWI]
- Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Dr. Nevers MUMBA]
- Party of National Unity and Progress or PNUP [Highvie HAMUDUDU]
- Patriotic Front or PF [Edgar LUNGU]
- United Party for National Development or UPND [Hakainde HICHILEMA]
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Chibamba KANYAMA (since 30 June 2023)
- chancery:
- 2200 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 234-4009
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 332-0826
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://www.zambiaembassy.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Michael C. GONZALES (since 16 September 2022)
- embassy:
- Eastern end of Kabulonga Road, Ibex Hill, Lusaka
- mailing address:
- 2310 Lusaka Place, Washington DC 20521-2310
- telephone:
- [260] (0) 211-357-000
- FAX:
- [260] (0) 211-357-224
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://zm.usembassy.gov/
Flag description
- green field with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag;
- green stands for the country's natural resources and vegetation, red symbolizes the struggle for freedom, black the people of Zambia, and orange the country's mineral wealth;
- the eagle represents the people's ability to rise above the nation's problems
National anthem
- name:
- "Lumbanyeni Zambia" (Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free)
- lyrics/music:
- multiple/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA
note: adopted 1964; the melody, from the popular song "God Bless Africa," is the same as that of Tanzania but with different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem
National heritage
- total World Heritage Sites:
- 1 (natural)
- selected World Heritage Site locales:
- Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls
Economy
34 fieldsGDP - composition, by sector of origin(2017 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
By end use% of GDP · (2017 est.)
Budget(2019 est.)
Economic overview
- lower middle-income Sub-Saharan economy;
- major copper exporter;
- high public debt is held mostly by China;
- systemic corruption;
- one of youngest and fastest growing labor forces;
- regional hydroelectricity exporter;
- extreme rural poverty
Credit ratings
- Fitch rating:
- RD (2020)
- Moody's rating:
- Ca (2020)
Standard & Poors rating: SD (2020)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Agricultural products
sugar cane, cassava, maize, milk, vegetables, soybeans, beef, tobacco, wheat, groundnuts
Industries
copper mining and processing, emerald mining, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture
Current account balance
$2.531 billion (2021 est.) · $961.821 million (2020 est.) · $140.712 million (2019 est.)
Exports
$11.716 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars; $8.558 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars; $8.258 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports
$7.701 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars; $7.049 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars; $8.036 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$2.754 billion (31 December 2021 est.) · $1.203 billion (31 December 2020 est.) · $1.449 billion (31 December 2019 est.)
Exchange rates
Zambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar - 20.018 (2021 est.) · 18.344 (2020 est.) · 12.89 (2019 est.) · 10.458 (2018 est.) · 9.518 (2017 est.)
Energy
11 fieldsElectrification% of population · (2021)
Installed generating capacity, 3.065 million kW(2020 est.)
Coal
- production:
- 1.116 million metric tons (2020 est.)
- consumption:
- 1.176 million metric tons (2020 est.)
- exports:
- 39,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
- imports:
- 99,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 45 million metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum
- total petroleum production:
- 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
- refined petroleum consumption:
- 25,300 bbl/day (2019 est.)
- crude oil and lease condensate exports:
- 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
- crude oil and lease condensate imports:
- 12,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)
- crude oil estimated reserves:
- 0 barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
- production:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- consumption:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- exports:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- imports:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
6.798 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from coal and metallurgical coke:
- 3.186 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from petroleum and other liquids:
- 3.612 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from consumed natural gas:
- 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Communications
7 fieldsPer 100 inhabitants(2020–21 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines
- total subscriptions:
- 66,000 (2021 est.)
- subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
- (2021 est.) less than 1
Telecommunication systems
- general assessment:
- following elections held in August 2021, the new government immediately established a Ministry of Technology and Science to promote the use of ICT in developing economic growth and social inclusion;
- this focus on ICT, and on telecoms in particular, has been central to government strategies for some years;
- as part of the Smart Zambia initiative, investment has been made in data centers, a computer assembly plant, ICT training centers, and a Smart Education program;
- these efforts have been combined with the extension of broadband access and improved connectivity to international submarine cables;
- in turn, this has resulted in a considerable reduction in fixed-line and mobile access pricing for end-users;
- mobile network operators continue to invest in 3G and LTE-based services, the government contracted to upgrade the state-owned mobile infrastructure for 5G services;
- delays in holding spectrum have stymied the development of 5G thus far;
- in mid-2021 the regulator completed a consultation of auctioning low, medium, and high band spectrum for 5G, aiming to provide sufficient spectrum to meet the anticipated increase in data traffic in coming years;
- fixed-line broadband services remain underdeveloped (2022)
- domestic:
- fixed-line teledensity less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 100 per 100 (2021)
- international:
- country code - 260; multiple providers operate overland fiber optic routes via Zimbabwe/South Africa, Botswana/Namibia and Tanzania provide access to the major undersea cables
Broadcast media
- according to the Independent Broadcast Authority, there are 137 radio stations and 47 television stations in Zambia;
- out of the 137 radio stations, 133 are private (categorized as either commercial or community radio stations), while 4 are public-owned;
- state-owned Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) operates 2 television channels and 3 radio stations;
- ZNBC owns 75% shares in GoTV, 40% in MultiChoice, and 40% in TopStar Communications Company, all of which operate in-country (2019)
Transportation
11 fieldsMerchant marine, 2 ships by typeone square, one ship · (2022)
Networkskm
National air transport system
- number of registered air carriers:
- 3 (2020); inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6
- annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:
- 8,904 (2018)
- annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:
- 75.08 million (2018) mt-km
Airports - with paved runways
8
note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature;
paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
Airports - with unpaved runways
80
note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length;
airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control
Railways
- total:
- 3,126 km (2014)
- narrow gauge:
- 3,126 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge
note: includes 1,860 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA)
Military and Security
7 fieldsPersonnel strengthsone square, 100 people · (2023)
Military and security forces
- Zambia Defense Force (ZDF):
- Zambia Army, Zambia Air Force, Zambia National Service; Defense Force Medical Service
- Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security:
- Zambia Police (includes a paramilitary battalion) (2023)
note: the Zambia National Service is a support organization that also does public work projects
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the ZDF's inventory is largely comprised of Chinese, Russian, and Soviet-era armaments; in recent years, leading suppliers have included China and Italy (2023)
Military service age and obligation
- 18-25 years of age (17 with parental consent) for voluntary military service for men and women;
- no conscription;
- 12-year enlistment period (7 years active, 5 in the Reserves) (2023)
note: Zambia had military conscription from 1975-1980
Military - note
the Zambia Defense Forces are responsible for preserving the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity; it also has some domestic security responsibilities in cases of national emergency; border security and support to African and UN peacekeeping operations are priorities;
the ZDF is part of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Standby Force and participates in multinational training exercises; it has received training assistance from China and the US
the Army’s principal combat forces are 3 light infantry brigades, supported by armored and artillery regiments; it also has a maritime patrol unit to provide security for the country’s lakes and rivers; the Air Force has small numbers of mostly Chinese-made combat aircraft and helicopters
the ZDF traces its roots to the Northern Rhodesia Regiment, which was raised by the British colonial government to fight in World War II; the ZDF was established in 1964 from units of the dissolved Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland armed forces; it participated in a number of regional conflicts during the 1970s and 1980s;
Zambia actively supported independence movements such as the Union for the Total Liberation of Angola (UNITA), the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), and the South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) (2023)
Transnational Issues
3 fieldsDisputes - international
- Zambia-Angola:
- because the straight-line segments along the left bank (Zambian side) of the Cuando/Kwando River do not conform with the physical alignment of the unstable shoreline, Zambian residents in some areas have settled illegally on sections of shoreline that fall on the Angolan side of the boundary
- Zambia-Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC):
- boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda River claimed by Zambia near the DRC village of Pweto
- Zambia-Tanzania :
- some drug smuggling may take place across the Zambia-Tanzania border;
- there are no known current territorial issues, as both states have continued to recognize the colonial boundaries last modified in 1937;
- the boundary in Lake Tanganyika remains undefined.
- Zambia-Zimbabwe:
- in 2004, Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river;
- in May 2021, Botswana and Zambia agreed in principle to let Zimbabwe be a partner in the bridge project as it enters its lasts phase
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 59,943 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 8,436 (Burundi) (2023)
Illicit drugs
- transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for southern Africa and possibly Europe;
- a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it an unattractive venue for money launderers;
- major consumer of cannabis
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Zambia.” The World Factbook 2023. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/zambia/2023.