The CIA World Factbook Edition 1991 Economy

Illicit drugs In 36 editions of 36.

Illicit drugs was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1991 edition carries it in 41 entries, in its Economy section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 1991 edition
41
the first edition with it
1990
the latest edition with it
2025

Published as “Illicit drugs” (1990 to 2025).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Illicit drugs, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

Entries with Illicit drugs in each edition

19902000201020202025

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Africa

8 entries

Zaire now Democratic Republic of the Congo

illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption

Ivory Coast now Cote d'Ivoire

illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the international drug trade

Ghana

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade

Kenya

  • illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for domestic consumption;
  • widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on small plots;
  • transit country for heroin and methaqualone en route from Southwest Asia to West Africa, Western Europe, and the US

Madagascar

illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption

Mauritius

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade

Morocco

  • illicit producer of cannabis;
  • trafficking on the increase for both domestic and international drug markets;
  • shipments of cannabis mostly directed to Western Europe;
  • occasional transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe.

Nigeria

  • illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking;
  • marijuana cultivation for domestic consumption and export;
  • major transit country for heroin en route from Southwest Asia via Africa to Western Europe and the US;
  • growing transit route for cocaine from South America via West Africa to Western Europe and the US

Asia

4 entries

Afghanistan

  • an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade;
  • world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major source of hashish

India

  • licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets;
  • major transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries

Nepal

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug markets

Pakistan

illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade; government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success

Central America and the Caribbean

7 entries

The Bahamas

transshipment point for cocaine

Belize

  • an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
  • eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to 66 metric tons in 1989;
  • transshipment point for cocaine

Costa Rica

illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment country for cocaine from South America

Guatemala

  • illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade;
  • the government has engaged in aerial eradication of opium poppy;
  • transit country for cocaine shipments

Haiti

transshipment point for cocaine

Honduras

illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine

Jamaica

illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for ships carrying cocaine and cannabis from central and South America to North America

Europe

1 entry

Soviet Union

  • illegal producer of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption;
  • government has begun eradication program to control cultivation;
  • used as a transshipment country for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Middle East

3 entries

Iran

illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug trade

Lebanon

  • illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade;
  • opium poppy production in Al Biqa is increasing;
  • hashish production is shipped to Western Europe, Israel, and the Middle East

Turkey now Turkiye

  • one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products;
  • government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

North America

3 entries

Canada

  • illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market;
  • use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors

Mexico

  • illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of government eradication efforts;
  • major link in chain of countries used to smuggle cocaine from South American dealers to US markets

United States

  • illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana;
  • ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not reduced production

Oceania

1 entry

New Caledonia

illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for some families

South America

7 entries

Bolivia

  • world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated 51,900 hectares under cultivation;
  • government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit;
  • intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and Brazil to the US and other international drug markets

Brazil

illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca cultivation

Colombia

  • major illicit producer of cannabis and coca;
  • key supplier of marijuana and cocaine to the US and other international drug markets;
  • drug production and trafficking accounts for an estimated 4% of GDP and 28% of foreign exchange earnings

Ecuador

  • relatively small producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign of 1985-87;
  • significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru

Paraguay

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe

Peru

  • world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under cultivation;
  • source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base;
  • about 85% of cultivation is for illicit production;
  • most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market

Venezuela

illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine do transit the country

Southeast Asia

7 entries

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

  • world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
  • opium production is on the increase as growers respond to the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs

Hong Kong

a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial and money-laundering center

Indonesia

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers

Laos

illicit producer of cannabis and opium poppy for the international drug trade

Malaysia

transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, and the Third World

Philippines

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication efforts

Thailand

  • a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market;
  • eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries;
  • opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts

Cite this page

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1991, “Illicit drugs”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/illicit-drugs/1991.

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