The CIA World Factbook Edition 1991 Economy
Illicit drugs In 36 editions of 36.
Illicit drugs was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1991 edition carries it in 41 entries, in its Economy section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.
- entries in the 1991 edition
- 41
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2025
Published as “Illicit drugs” (1990 to 2025).
the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Illicit drugs, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.
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Entries with Illicit drugs in each edition
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Africa
8 entriesZaire now Democratic Republic of the Congo
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption
Ivory Coast now Cote d'Ivoire
illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the international drug trade
Kenya
- illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for domestic consumption;
- widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on small plots;
- transit country for heroin and methaqualone en route from Southwest Asia to West Africa, Western Europe, and the US
Madagascar
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption
Morocco
- illicit producer of cannabis;
- trafficking on the increase for both domestic and international drug markets;
- shipments of cannabis mostly directed to Western Europe;
- occasional transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe.
Nigeria
- illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking;
- marijuana cultivation for domestic consumption and export;
- major transit country for heroin en route from Southwest Asia via Africa to Western Europe and the US;
- growing transit route for cocaine from South America via West Africa to Western Europe and the US
Asia
4 entriesAfghanistan
- an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade;
- world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major source of hashish
India
- licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets;
- major transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries
Pakistan
illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade; government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success
Central America and the Caribbean
7 entriesBelize
- an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
- eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to 66 metric tons in 1989;
- transshipment point for cocaine
Costa Rica
illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment country for cocaine from South America
Guatemala
- illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade;
- the government has engaged in aerial eradication of opium poppy;
- transit country for cocaine shipments
Honduras
illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine
Jamaica
illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for ships carrying cocaine and cannabis from central and South America to North America
Europe
1 entrySoviet Union
- illegal producer of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption;
- government has begun eradication program to control cultivation;
- used as a transshipment country for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Middle East
3 entriesLebanon
- illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade;
- opium poppy production in Al Biqa is increasing;
- hashish production is shipped to Western Europe, Israel, and the Middle East
Turkey now Turkiye
- one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products;
- government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
North America
3 entriesCanada
- illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market;
- use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors
Mexico
- illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of government eradication efforts;
- major link in chain of countries used to smuggle cocaine from South American dealers to US markets
United States
- illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana;
- ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not reduced production
Oceania
1 entryNew Caledonia
illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for some families
South America
7 entriesBolivia
- world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated 51,900 hectares under cultivation;
- government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit;
- intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and Brazil to the US and other international drug markets
Brazil
illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca cultivation
Colombia
- major illicit producer of cannabis and coca;
- key supplier of marijuana and cocaine to the US and other international drug markets;
- drug production and trafficking accounts for an estimated 4% of GDP and 28% of foreign exchange earnings
Ecuador
- relatively small producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign of 1985-87;
- significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru
Paraguay
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe
Peru
- world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under cultivation;
- source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base;
- about 85% of cultivation is for illicit production;
- most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market
Venezuela
illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine do transit the country
Southeast Asia
7 entriesBurma now Burma (Myanmar)
- world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
- opium production is on the increase as growers respond to the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs
Hong Kong
a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial and money-laundering center
Indonesia
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers
Malaysia
transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, and the Third World
Philippines
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication efforts
Thailand
- a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market;
- eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries;
- opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts
Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1991, “Illicit drugs”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/illicit-drugs/1991.