Indonesia

republicIndependence 17 August 1945 (from Netherlands

Indonesia as the 1991 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 71 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalJakarta

Area1,919,440 km2

Populationas each edition published it

193.56 million July 1991 · 190.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

Not in this edition 1.61% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 25.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

Not in this edition 60.26 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

3 children per woman 1991 · 3.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

73 deaths per 1,000 live births 1991 · 75 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

Not in this edition $680 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

Not in this edition 6% in 1993

Geography

12 fields

Total area

1,919,440km2

land area: 1,826,440 km2Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Coastline

54,716km

Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines); Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm

Land boundaries

2,602km total

Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Disputes

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources

crude oil, tin, natural gas liquids, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use

arable land 8%;
permanent crops 3%;
meadows and pastures 7%;
forest and woodland 67%;
other 15%;
includes irrigated 3%

Environment

archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited);
occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis;
deforestation

Note

straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

14 fields

Population

193,560,494

(July 1991), growth rate 1.8% (1991)

Per 1,000 population(1991)

Birth

26Death

8Net migration

Ethnic divisions

majority of Malay stock comprising Javanese 45.0%Sundanese 14.0%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26.0%

Religion(1985)

Muslim 87%Protestant 6%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1985)

Literacy

77%

(male 84%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Nationality

noun--Indonesian(s); adjective--Indonesian

Language

Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official);
English and Dutch leading foreign languages;
local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Labor force

67,000,000; agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)

Organized labor

3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force

Government

Republic

16 fields

House of Representatives, 400 seats, elected 23 April 1987seats by party

(500 total--400 elected, 100 appointed) Golkar 299UDP 61PDI 40

Percent of vote

Golkar 73%UDP 16%PDI 11%

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular--propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular--daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Independence

17 August 1945 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands or Dutch East Indies)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR);
note--the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968);
Vice President Lt. Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO (since 11 March 1983) GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) WAHONO, general chairman;
Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI--federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman;
Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Suffrage

universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age House of Representatives--last held on 23 April 1987 (next to be held 23 April 1992);
results--Golkar 73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%;
seats--(500 total--400 elected, 100 appointed) Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40

Communists

Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966;
current strength about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity;
pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation

Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY;
Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036;
telephone (202) 775-5200;
there are Indonesian Consulates General in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in Chicago and San Francisco;
US--Ambassador John C. MONJO;
Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96356);
telephone [62] (21) 360-360;
there are US Consulates in Medan and Surabaya

Flag

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco which is shorter;
also similar to the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

Economy

Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise.

17 fields

GDP, purchasing power parity

$94billion

per capita $490; real growth rate 6.0% (1990 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

10.8%

(1990)

Unemployment rate

underemployment 44% (1989 est.)

External debt

$58.5billion

(1990 est.)

Exports $25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities, where a share is given

petroleum and liquefied natural gas

40%timber

15%textiles

7%rubber

5%coffee

; partners--Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990)

Imports $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

machinery

39%chemical products

19%manufactured goods

16%

; partners--Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, Singapore

Budget

Revenues

$17.2 billionExpenditures

$23.4 billion

expenditures, including capital expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)

Overview

Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a poor country. GDP growth in 1985-89 averaged about 4%, somewhat short of the more than 5% rate needed to absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.

Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops--rubber and palm oil--and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation.

Industrial output now accounts for 30% of GDP based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989.

However, the economy's growth is very dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan is Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid.

Industrial production

growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP

Electricity

11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries

petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

Agriculture

accounts for 23% of GDP, subsistence food production;
small-holder and plantation production for export;
rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, copra, other tropical products;
products--poultry meat, beef, pork, eggs

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers

Economic aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $22.8 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (plural--rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1--1,907.5 (January 1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987), 1,282.6 (1986), 1,110.6 (1985)

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March

Communications

9 fields

Merchant marine, 365 ships by type

short-sea passenger 5passenger-cargo 13cargo 215container 7roll-on/roll-off cargo 3vehicle carrier 2petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker 80chemical tanker 3liquefied gas 5specialized tanker 6livestock carrier 1bulk 25365 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,647,632 GRT/2,481,432 DWT

Airports, 470 total, 436 usable

permanent-surface runways

111runways over 3,659 m

1runways 2,440-3,659 m

12runways 1,220-2,439 m

Networkskm

Highways

119,500Railroads

6,964Inland waterways

21,579

Highways: ; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km district roads · Railroads: ; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government owned · Inland waterways: ; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Railroads

6,964 km total;
6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge;
211 km double track;
101 km electrified;
all government owned

interisland microwave system and HF police net;
domestic service fair, international service good;
radiobroadcast coverage good;
763,000 telephones (1986);
stations--618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV;
satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station;
and 1 domestic satellite communications system