Illicit drugs In 36 editions of 36.

increasingly used as a transshipment point for cocaine and heroin destined for Western Europe and other African states

transshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigerian trafficking organizations and most commonly destined for Western Europe and the US

used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs moving from Latin America and Africa destined for Western Europe

illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption

• illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local consumption;
• minor transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin American cocaine destined for Europe

a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium moving to Europe and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers

• transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa;
• cultivates qat (chat) for local use and regional export

• illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
• transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US

• widespread harvesting of small, wild plots of marijuana and qat (chat);
• transit country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and, sometimes, North America;
• Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa

increasingly a transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine for the European and US markets

illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for heroin

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; heroin consumption and transshipment are growing problems

• illicit producer of hashish;
• trafficking on the increase for both domestic and international drug markets;
• shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe;
• transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe

Southern African transit hub for South American cocaine probably destined for the European and US markets; producer of hashish and methaqualone

• facilitates movement of heroin en route from Southeast and Southwest Asia to Western Europe and North America;
• increasingly a transit route for cocaine from South America intended for European, East Asian, and North American markets

transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis

• transshipment center for heroin and cocaine;
• cocaine consumption on the rise;
• world's largest market for illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegally from India through various east African countries;
• illicit cultivation of marijuana

growing role in transshipment of Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for European and US markets and of South Asian methaqualone bound for Southern Africa

transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers

transshipment point for methaqualone, heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and Europe; regional money-laundering center

significant transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African and European markets

• world's second-largest illicit opium producer after Burma (cultivation in 1998--41,720 hectares, a 7% increase over 1997; potential production in 1998--1,350 metric tons) and a major source of hashish;
• increasing number of heroin-processing laboratories being set up in the country;
• major political factions in the country profit from drug trade

• illicit cultivator of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption;
• increasingly used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs--mostly opium and hashish--to Western Europe and the US via Iran, Central Asia, and Russia

• limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption;
• limited government eradication program;
• transshipment point for opiates via Iran, Central Asia, and Russia to Western Europe

transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries

major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem

limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via Central Asia to Western Europe

• world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets;
• major transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries;
• illicit producer of hashish and methaqualone;
• cultivated 2,050 hectares of illicit opium in 1997, a 34% decrease from 1996, with a potential production of 30 metric tons, a 36% decrease from 1996

• significant illicit cultivation of cannabis and limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrone);
• limited government eradication program;
• cannabis consumed largely in the CIS;
• used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Russia, North America, and Western Europe from Southwest Asia

• limited illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption;
• limited government eradication program;
• increasingly used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Russia and Western Europe from Southwest Asia

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast Asia to the West

• producer of illicit opium and hashish for the international drug trade (poppy cultivation in 1998--3,030 hectares, a 26% drop from 1997 because of eradication and alternative development);
• limited center for processing Afghan heroin;
• key transit area for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western markets;
• narcotics still move from Afghanistan into Baluchistan Province

• limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of amphetamines, mostly for domestic consumption;
• government has active eradication program;
• increasingly used as transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian opiates and cannabis and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe, possibly to the US, and growing domestic market

• limited illicit cultivation of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption;
• opium poppy cultivation negligible in 1998 because of government eradication program;
• increasingly used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Russia and Western Europe

• limited illicit cultivator of opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption;
• limited government eradication program;
• increasingly used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Russia and Western Europe;
• also a transshipment point for acetic anhydride destined for Afghanistan

• limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and very small amounts of opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption, almost entirely eradicated by an effective government eradication program;
• increasingly used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from Afghanistan to Russia and Western Europe and for acetic anhydride destined for Afghanistan

• over the long-term, considered a relatively minor transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe and recently, a transshipment point for heroin from Europe to the US;
• potentially more significant as a drug-money-laundering center

• drug-money-laundering center and transit point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe;
• added to the US list of major drug producing or drug transit countries in December 1996

transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for US and Europe; banking industry vulnerable to money laundering

one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics bound for the US and Europe

• transshipment point for cocaine;
• small-scale illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
• minor money-laundering center

vulnerable to drug money laundering and drug transshipment

transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots

territory serves as transshipment zone for cocaine bound for the US and Europe

• transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe;
• minor cannabis producer;
• banking industry is vulnerable to money laundering

transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US

transshipment point for cocaine; marijuana produced for local consumption

small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point for marijuana and cocaine to US

• transit country for cocaine shipments;
• minor producer of illicit opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade;
• active eradication program of cannabis crop effectively eliminated in 1996

transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana en route to the US and Europe

transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally for local consumption

• transshipment point for cocaine from Central and South America to North America and Europe;
• illicit cultivation of cannabis;
• government has an active manual cannabis eradication program

transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe

money-laundering center; transshipment point for South American drugs bound for the US and Europe

transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US

• major cocaine transshipment point and major drug-money-laundering center;
• no recent signs of coca cultivation;
• monitoring of financial transactions is improving

transshipment points for South American drugs destined for the US

transit point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe

transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe

transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis

transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US

• increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and--to a far lesser extent--cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe;
• limited opium and cannabis production;
• ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and rapidly expanding in Europe

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Western Europe

• limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market;
• transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe

source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe

minor transit point for marijuana and opiate trafficking routes to Western Europe

• major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market;
• limited producer of precursor chemicals;
• significant producer of amphetamines, much of which are consumed in the Middle East

• transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe;
• a minor transit point for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe

• transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
• domestic consumption--especially of locally produced synthetic drugs--on the rise

• transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Southwest Asia and the Caucasus via Russia, and cocaine from Latin America to Western Europe and Scandinavia;
• possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking

minor transshipment point for Latin American cocaine for the West European market

transshipment point for and consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin

• source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors;
• transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin and hashish, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs

• a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East;
• some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece

• major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and transit point for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe;
• limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamines and methamphetamines

• transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic drugs;
• transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for Western Europe

important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market

• transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central and Southwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin American cocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS;
• limited production of illicit amphetamines, ephedrine, and ecstasy for export

transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to Western Europe and Scandinavia

minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Western Europe

• limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption;
• transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe and possibly the United States

important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs

increasing transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe

minor transshipment point for drugs shipped via the CIS and Baltic states for the European market; increasing domestic consumption of cannabis and amphetamines

major illicit producer of amphetamines for the international market; transshipment point for Asian and Latin American illicit drugs to Western Europe

• important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European market;
• transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe;
• consumer of Southwest Asian heroin

important transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe

major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route

minor, but increasing, transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish bound for Western Europe

transit point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe and for precursor chemicals

• key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish entering the European market;
• transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin

minor transshipment point for and consumer of narcotics shipped via the CIS and Baltic states; increasing consumer of European amphetamines

• because of more stringent government regulations, used significantly less as a money-laundering center;
• transit country for and consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin

• limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption;
• some synthetic drug production for export to West;
• limited government eradication program;
• used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey, and to Europe and Russia;
• drug-related money laundering a minor, but growing, problem

• gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European market;
• producer and major consumer of synthetic drugs, synthetic precursor chemicals;
• transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin;
• money-laundering center

transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey; some cocaine transits as well

• despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe;
• domestic consumption of narcotics remains a persistent problem and Iranian press reports estimate that there are at least 1.2 million drug users in the country

increasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugs primarily arrive in country from Lebanon

• inconsequential producer of hashish and heroin;
• some heroine and cocaine processing mostly in the Bekaa valley;
• a Lebanese/Syrian eradication campaign started in the early 1990s has practically eliminated the opium and cannabis crops

death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin and cocaine

a transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional and Western markets

• major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and--to a far lesser extent the US--via air, land, and sea routes;
• major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul;
• laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul;
• government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

growing role as heroin transshipment and money-laundering center due to its proximity to southwest Asian producing countries and the bustling free trade zone in Dubai

• illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market;
• use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors;
• growing role as a transit point for heroin and cocaine entering the US market

• illicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 1998--5,500 hectares; potential production--60 metric tons) and cannabis cultivation in 1998--4,600 hectares;
• government eradication efforts have been key in keeping illicit crop levels low;
• major supplier of heroin and marijuana to the US market;
• continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America;
• involved in the production and distribution of methamphetamines

• consumer of cocaine shipped from Colombia through Mexico and the Caribbean;
• consumer of heroin, marijuana, and increasingly methamphetamines from Mexico;
• consumer of high-quality Southeast Asian heroin;
• illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamines;
• drug-money-laundering center

• Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products;
• government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe and the US; increasing money-laundering center

• world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Peru and Colombia) with an estimated 46,900 hectares under cultivation in 1997, a 2.5% decrease in overall cultivation of coca from 1996 levels;
• Bolivia, however, is the second-largest producer of coca leaf;
• even so, farmer abandonment and voluntary and forced eradication programs resulted in leaf production dropping from 75,100 metric tons in 1996 to 73,000 tons in 1997, a 3% decrease from 1996;
• government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit;
• intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to the US and other international drug markets;
• alternative crop program aims to reduce illicit coca cultivation

• limited illicit producer of cannabis, minor coca cultivation in the Amazon region, mostly used for domestic consumption;
• government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis;
• important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for the US and Europe;
• increasingly used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia

• a growing transshipment country for cocaine destined for the US and Europe;
• economic prosperity has made Chile more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug profits;
• imported precursors pass on to Bolivia

• illicit producer of coca, opium poppies, and cannabis;
• cultivation of coca in 1997--79,500 hectares, an 18% increase over 1996;
• potential production of cocaine in 1997--125 metric tons, a 14% increase over 1996;
• cultivation of opium in 1997--6,600 hectares, a 5% increase over 1996;
• potential production of opium in 1997--66 metric tons, a 5% increase over 1996;
• the world's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine;
• supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug markets;
• active aerial eradication program seeks to virtually eliminate coca and opium crops

• significant transit country for derivatives of coca originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru;
• importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics;
• important money-laundering hub

small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe

transshipment point for narcotics from South America--primarily Venezuela--to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; transshipment country for Bolivian cocaine headed for Europe and the US

• until recently the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation by 26%, from 68,800 hectares in 1997 to 51,000 hectares at the end of 1998;
• most of cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia and Brazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing

transshipment point for South American drugs destined mostly for Europe

• illicit producer of cannabis, opium, and coca leaf for the international drug trade on a small scale;
• however, large quantities of cocaine and heroin transit the country from Colombia bound for US and Europe;
• important money-laundering hub;
• active eradication program primarily targeting opium

• world's largest producer of illicit opium (cultivation in 1998--130,300 hectares, a 16% decline from 1997; potential production--1,750 metric tons, down 26% due to drought and the first eradication effort since the current government took power in 1987) and a minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
• surrender of drug warlord KHUN SA's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a major counternarcotics success, but lack of serious government commitment and resources continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort;
• growing role in the production of methamphetamines for regional consumption

• transshipment site for Golden Triangle heroin;
• possible money laundering;
• narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police;
• possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production;
• large producer of cannabis for the international market

• a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade;
• transshipment and money-laundering center;
• increasing indigenous amphetamine abuse

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

• world's third-largest illicit opium producer (estimated cultivation in 1998--26,100 hectares, a 7% decrease over 1997; estimated potential production in 1998--140 metric tons, a 33% decrease over 1997);
• potential heroin producer;
• transshipment point for heroin and methamphetamines produced in Burma;
• illicit producer of cannabis

transit point for some illicit drugs going to Western markets; drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties

• exports locally produced marijuana and hashish to East Asia, the US, and other Western markets;
• serves as a transit point for heroin and crystal methamphetamine

transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, and the Third World; also a money-laundering center

considered an important heroin transit point; major problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamines and heroin

• a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana;
• major illicit transit point for heroin en route to the international drug market from Burma and Laos;
• eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries;
• opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication efforts;
• also a drug money-laundering center;
• minor role in amphetamine production for regional consumption;
• increasing indigenous abuse of methamphetamines and heroin

• minor producer of opium poppy with 3,000 hectares cultivated in 1998, capable of producing 20 metric tons of opium;
• probably minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin destined for the US and Europe;
• growing opium/heroin addiction;
• possible small-scale heroin production