Monaco

Principality of MonacoPrincipaute de Monaco

constitutional monarchy

Monaco as the 2012 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 103 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalMonaco, UTC+1
Position43 44 N, 7 24 E
Area2 sq km
LocationWestern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy
Populationas each edition published it
30,510 people July 2012 est. · 29,453 in 1990
Population growth% a year
-0.066% 2012 est. · 0.93% in 1993
Median ageyears
49.9 years 2012 est. · 45 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
89.68 years 2012 est. · 77.5 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
1.51 children per woman 2012 est. · 1.2 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
1.8 deaths per 1,000 live births 2012 est. · 9 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$63,400 2010 · $16,000 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
2.5% 2010 est. · 0.9% in 2005

Introduction

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Background

The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling Grimaldi family first seized temporary control in 1297, and again in 1331, but were not able to permanently secure their holding until 1419. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.

Geography

Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy

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Land useshare of 2 sq km

permanent crops 0%other 100% (urban area) (2005)arable land 0% in all
Area
2sq km
country comparison to the world: 250land: 2 sq kmwater: 0 sq kmabout three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Coastline
4.1km
territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 12 nm
Highest point
140m
Mont Agellowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Land boundaries
4.4km
border countries: France 4.4 km

Location

Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy

Geographic coordinates

43 44 N, 7 24 E

Climate

Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Terrain

hilly, rugged, rocky

Environment - international agreements

party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements

Geography - note

second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); almost entirely urban

People and Society

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Age structuremale left, female right · (2012 est.)

3,790
65 and over27.8%
4,695
9,183
15-6460.1%
9,143
1,892
0-1412.1%
1,807
MaleFemale
Population
30,510
(July 2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 217growth rate: -0.066% (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 196

Per 1,000 population

Birth
6.85 (2012 est.)Death
8.52 (July 2012 est.)Net migration
1.02 (2012 est.)

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (2012 est.)89.68
85.74 · 93.77Infant mortality deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)1.8
2.04 · 1.55Literacy (2003 est.)99%
99% · 99%
TotalMale · femaleMedian age years (2012 est.)49.9
48.9 · 51School life expectancy years (2009)18
18 · 17
MaleFemaleLife expectancy country comparison to the world: 1 · Infant mortality country comparison to the world: 223 · Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Ethnic groups

French 47%Monegasque 16%Italian 16%other 21%
Urban population
100%of total population
(2010)rate of urbanization: 0.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Improved sanitation
100%of population
improved: urban: 100% of population
Physicians density
5.81physicians/1,000 population
(1995)

Nationality

noun:
Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)
adjective:
Monegasque or Monacan

Languages

French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

Religions

Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%

Sex ratio

at birth:
1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.81 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.51 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 189

Health expenditures

4.7% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 145

Education expenditures

1.2% of GDP (2004) country comparison to the world: 162

Government

Constitutional monarchy; Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005); Minister of State Michel ROGER (since 29 March 2010)

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Presidential electionpercent of vote

52.2%
UPM 52.2%REM 40.5%Monaco Together 7.3%last held on 3 February 2008 (next to be held in February 2013)

National Council or Conseil National, 24 seats, elected 3 February 2008one dot, one seat

UPM 21REM 3

Percent of vote

UPM 52.2%REM 40.5%Monaco Together 7.3%

Country name

conventional long form:
Principality of Monaco
conventional short form:
Monaco
local long form:
Principaute de Monaco
local short form:
Monaco

Government type

constitutional monarchy

Capital

name:
Monaco
geographic coordinates:
43 44 N, 7 25 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions

  • none;
  • there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are four quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier);
  • Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo

Independence

1419 (beginning of permanent rule by the House of GRIMALDI)

National holiday

National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)

Constitution

17 December 1962; modified 2 April 2002

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:
Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)
head of government:
Minister of State Michel ROGER (since 29 March 2010)
cabinet:
Council of Government under the authority of the monarch; (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government

Legislative branch

unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional representation to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held on 3 February 2008 (next to be held in February 2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - UPM 52.2%, REM 40.5%, Monaco Together 7.3%; seats by party - UPM 21, REM 3

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)

Political parties and leaders

  • Monaco Together;
  • Rally and Issues for Monaco or REM;
  • Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM)

International organization participation

CD, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:
Ambassador Gilles NOGHES
chancery:
3400 International Drive NW, Suite 2K-100, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 234-1530
FAX:
(202) 244-7656
consulate(s) general:
New York

Diplomatic representation from the US

  • the US does not have an embassy in Monaco;
  • the US Ambassador to France is accredited to Monaco;
  • the US Consul General in Marseille (France), under the authority of the US ambassador to France, handles routine diplomatic and consular matters concerning Monaco

Flag description

  • two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
  • the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners

note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

National anthem

name:
"A Marcia de Muneghu" (The March of Monaco)
lyrics/music:
Louis NOTARI/Charles ALBRECHT

note: music adopted 1867, lyrics adopted 1931; although French is much more commonly spoken, only the Monegasque lyrics are official; the French version is known as "Hymne Monegasque" (Monegasque Anthem); the words are generally only sung on official occasions

Economy

Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate.

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GDP, purchasing power parity
$5.47billion
(2010 est.)country comparison to the world: 166$5.337 billion (2009 est.) · $6.03 billion (2008 est.)note: data are in 2012 US dollarsofficial exchange rate: $5.47 billion (2010 est.)
Real growth rate
2.5%
(2010 est.)country comparison to the world: 130-11.5% (2009)industrial production growth: NA%
Inflation, consumer prices
1.5%
(2010)country comparison to the world: 22
Unemployment rate
0%
(2005)country comparison to the world: 1

GDP - composition by sector(2005)

agriculture 0%industry 4.9%services 95.1% (2005)

Budget

Revenues
$1.007 billionExpenditures
$1.11 billion (2010 est.)

Economy - overview

Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The principality also is a banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries.

The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. Monaco, however, is not a tax-free shelter; it charges nearly 20% value-added tax, collects stamp duties, and companies face a 33% tax on profits unless they can show that three-quarters of profits are generated within the principality.

Monaco's reliance on tourism and banking for its economic growth has left it vulnerable to a downturn in France and other European economies which are the principality's main trade partners. In 2009, Monaco's GDP fell by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and home sales.

A modest recovery ensued in 2010 with GDP growth of 2.5%, but Monaco's economic prospects remain clouded in uncertainty tied to future euro-zone growth. Weak economic growth also has deteriorated public finances as the principality recorded a budget deficit of 1.9% of GDP in 2010.

Monaco was formally removed from the OECD's "grey list" of uncooperative tax jurisdictions in late 2009, but continues to face international pressure to abandon its banking secrecy laws and help combat tax evasion. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas.

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$NA (2010) $63,400 (2009 est.) · $71,600 (2008 est.)

Labor force

49,300 country comparison to the world: 192 note: includes workers from all foreign countries (2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.4% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.9% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Exports

$711 million (2010) · $716.3 million (2005) country comparison to the world: 166 note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France

Imports

$882.6 million (2010) · $916.1 million (2005) country comparison to the world: 180 note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7838 (2012 est.) · 0.7185 (2011 est.) · 755 (2010 est.) · 0.7198 (2009 est.) · 0.6827 (2008 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

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Mobile cellular
31,800
(2011)
Internet users
26,009
(2012)
Fixed lines
44,500
(2011) · country code .mc

Telephone system

general assessment:
modern automatic telephone system; the country's sole fixed line operator offers a full range of services to residential and business customers
domestic:
combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 200 per 100 persons
international:
  • country code - 377;
  • no satellite earth stations;
  • connected by cable into the French communications system

Broadcast media

  • TV Monte-Carlo (TMC) operates a TV network;
  • Radio Monte-Carlo has both an Italian-language and a French-language network;
  • there are a few private radio stations (2008)

Internet users

23,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 191

Transportation

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Heliports

1 (2012)

Roadways

total:
77 km

country comparison to the world: 217

paved:
77 km (2007)

Merchant marine

registered in other countries: 64 (Bahamas 8, Bermuda 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 30, Panama 11, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2010) country comparison to the world: 63

Military

No regular military forces; Directorate of Public Security (2012)

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Military branches

no regular military forces; Directorate of Public Security (2012)

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 5,749 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49:
4,629
females age 16-49:
4,597 (2010 est.)

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues

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Cite this entry

Central Intelligence Agency. “Monaco.” The World Factbook 2012. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/monaco/2012.