Slovenia

Republic of SloveniaRepublika Slovenije

emerging democracyIndependence 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Slovenia as the 1996 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 90 fields, one of 34 editions from 1992 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalLjubljana
Position46 00 N, 15 00 E
Area20,256 sq km
LocationSoutheastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Populationas each edition published it
1.95 million July 1996 est. · 1.96m in 1992
Population growth% a year
-0.27% 1996 est. · 0.23% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 38.6 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
75.09 years 1996 est. · 74 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
1.13 children per woman 1996 est. · 1.68 in 1993
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
7.3 deaths per 1,000 live births 1996 est. · 8.3 in 1993
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$11,000 1995 est. · $10,700 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
4.8% 1995 est. · -10% in 1993

Geography

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between | Croatia and Italy

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Land useshare of 20,256 sq km

arable land 10%permanent crops 2%meadows and pastures 20%forest and woodland 45%other 23%
Area
20,256sq km
land area: 20,256 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than New Jersey
Coastline
46.6km
Maritime claims: NA
Land boundaries
1,207km
border countries: Austria 324 km, Croatia 546 km, Italy 235 km, Hungary 102 km

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Croatia and Italy

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 15 00 E

International disputes

maritime border dispute with Croatia over direct access to the sea in the Adriatic; the border issue is currently under negotiation

Climate

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Terrain

a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

lowest point:
Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point:
Triglav 2,864 m

Natural resources

lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver

Environment

current issues:
  • Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste;
  • pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals;
  • forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain
natural hazards:
flooding and earthquakes
international agreements:
  • party to - Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands;
  • signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

People

15 fields
Population
1,951,443
(July 1996 est.)growth rate: -0.27% (1996 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1996 est.)

Birth
8.27Death
9.4Net migration
-1.57

Ethnic divisions

Slovene 91%Croat 3%Serb 2%Muslim 1%other 3%

Religions

Roman Catholic 96% (including 2% Uniate)Muslim 1%other 3%

Age structure

0-14 years:
17% (male 172,778; female 163,695)
15-64 years:
70% (male 682,501; female 678,781)
65 years and over:
13% (male 91,819; female 161,869) (July 1996 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.57 male(s)/female
all ages:
0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate

7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population:
75.09 years
male:
71.4 years
female:
79 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.13 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality

noun:
Slovene(s)
adjective:
Slovenian

Languages

Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2%

Government

Emerging democracy; President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990) was reelected for a five-year term by universal suffrage; Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992) was nominated by the president and elected by the National Assembly

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Legislature, 90 seatsone dot, one seat

LDS 22SKD 15ZLSD 14SNS 12SLS 10DSS 6ZS 5SDSS 4Hungarian minority 1Italian minority 1

Name of country

conventional long form:
Republic of Slovenia
conventional short form:
Slovenia
local long form:
Republika Slovenije
local short form:
Slovenija

Type of government

emerging democracy

Capital

Ljubljana

Administrative divisions

60 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) Ajdovscina, Brezice, Celje, Cerknica, Crnomelj, Dravograd, Gornja Radgona, Grosuplje, Hrastnik Lasko, Idrija, Ilirska Bistrica, Izola, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kocevje, Koper, Kranj, Krsko, Lenart, Lendava, Litija, Ljubljana-Bezigrad, Ljubljana-Center, Ljubljana-Moste-Polje, Ljubljana-Siska, Ljubljana-Vic-Rudnik, Ljutomer, Logatec, Maribor, Metlika, Mozirje, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ormoz, Pesnica, Piran, Postojna, Ptuj, Radlje Ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne Na Koroskem, Ribnica, Ruse, Sentjur Pri Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skofja Loka, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje Pri Jelsah, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trzic, Velenje, Vrhnika, Zagorje Ob Savi, Zalec

Independence

25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday

National Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

Constitution

adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)

Executive branch

chief of state:
  • President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990) was reelected for a five-year term by universal suffrage;
  • election last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1997);
  • results - Milan KUCAN reelected
head of government:
Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992) was nominated by the president and elected by the National Assembly
cabinet:
Council of Ministers was nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly

Legislative branch

unicameral; advisory National Council

National Assembly

  • elections last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held Fall 1996);
  • results - percent of vote by party NA;
  • seats - (90 total) LDS 22, SKD 15, ZLSD 14, SNS 12, SLS 10, DSS 6, ZS 5, SDSS 4, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1;
  • note - seating as of

January 1996 is as follows

LDS 30, SKD 15, ZLSD 14, SLS 12, DSS 4, SDSS 4, SNS 4, SND 3, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1, independents 2

National Council

  • the Council is an advisory body with no direct legislative powers;
  • in the election of 6 December 1992, 40 members were elected to represent local, professional, and socioeconomic interests (next election to be held NA Fall 1996)

Judicial branch

  • Supreme Court, judges are elected by the National Assembly on recommendation of the Judicial Council;
  • Constitutional Court, judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and nominated by the president

Political parties and leaders

  • Liberal Democratic (LDS), Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman;
  • Slovene Christian Democrats (SKD), Lozje PETERLE, chairman;
  • Social Democratic Party of Slovenia (SDSS), Janez JANSA, chairman;
  • Slovene People's Party (SLS), Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman;
  • United List (former Communists and allies - ZLSD), Janez KOCIJANCIC, chairman;
  • Slovene National Party (SNS), Zmago JELINCIC, chairman;
  • Democratic Party (DSS), Tone PERSAK, chairman;
  • Greens of Slovenia (ZS), Dusan PLUT, chairman, note - Greens merged with the LDS;
  • Slovene National Right (SND), Saso LAP, chairman

note: parties have changed as of the December 1992 elections

International organization participation

CCC, CE, CEI, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM (guest), OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:
Ambassador Ernest PETRIC
chancery:
1525 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
[1] (202) 667-5363

FAX

[1] (202) 667-4563; consulate(s) general: New York

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:
Ambassador Victor JACKOVICH
embassy:
address NA, Ljubljana
mailing address:
P.O. Box 254, Prazakova 4, 61000 Ljubljana; American Embassy, Ljubljana, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7140
telephone:
[386] (61) 301-427, 472, 485

FAX

[386] (61) 301-401

Flag

  • three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a blue background at the center, beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an inverted triangle);
  • the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands

Economy

Slovenia appears to be making a solid economic | recovery, fulfilling the promise it showed at the time of | Yugoslavia's breakup.

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GDP per capita, PPP
$11,000
(1995 est.)
Real growth rate
4.8%
(1995 est.)industrial production growth: 2% (1995 est.)
Inflation, consumer prices
8%
(December 1995 est.)
Unemployment rate
8%
(December 1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector(1992 est.)

agriculture 5.3%industry 39.9%services 54.8% (1992 est.)

Budget

Revenues
$6.6 billionExpenditures
$6.6 billion (1993)
expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Installed generating capacity, 2,700,000 kW

Electricity production
8.9 billionElectricity consumption per capita
4,470 (1993)

Economic overview

Slovenia appears to be making a solid economic recovery, fulfilling the promise it showed at the time of Yugoslavia's breakup. Its per capita GDP is now the highest in Central and Eastern Europe and not far below the levels in the poorer West European countries. Slovenia has benefited from strong ties to Western Europe and suffered comparatively small physical damage during Yugoslavia's breakup.

The beginning was difficult, however. Real GDP fell 15% in 1991-92, while inflation soared to 200% in 1992 and unemployment reached 9%. The turning point came in 1993, when real GDP grew 1%, unemployment leveled off, and inflation slowed dramatically. In 1994, real GDP rose 5.5%, tapering off to an estimated 4.8% in 1995, while inflation and unemployment both were down to about 8% by late 1995.

The government gets good marks from foreign observers for fiscal policy - the budget deficit has not exceeded 1% of GDP in any year since 1991, and the current account balance has remained in surplus throughout the transition period, with the exception of 1995. The Slovene privatization program, which began in 1994, involves about 1,400 firms, but only 412 have been privatized.

The rest are expected to reach private hands by end-1996, but that does not include firms in so-called strategic industries, such as telecommunications and energy. Foreign investment jumped to an estimated $150 million in 1995 from $83.7 million in 1994. With inflation and unemployment expected to continue edging down, the outlook for 1996 is generally good.

A slowdown in Western Europe - which buys 70% of Slovenia's exports - could hurt exports, however, lowering GDP growth to about 4% and perhaps pushing the current account into a small deficit.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $22.6 billion (1995 est.)

Labor force

786,036; by occupation: agriculture 2%, manufacturing and mining 46%

Industries

ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Agriculture

potatoes, hops, wheat, sugar beets, corn, grapes; cattle, sheep, poultry

Illicit drugs

transit point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe

Exports

$8.3 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)

commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 27%, intermediate manufactured goods 26%, chemicals 9%, food 4.8%, raw materials 3%, consumer goods 26% (1993)
partners:
Germany 30.9%, former Yugoslavia 14.0%, Italy 14.1%, France 8.9%, Austria 6.4%, CEFTA (Central European Free Trade Agreement) countries 5% (January-August 1995 est.)

Imports

$9.1 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)

commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 30%, intermediate manufactured goods 17.6%, chemicals 11.5%, raw materials 5.3%, fuels and lubricants 10.8%, food 8.4% (1993)
partners:
Germany 23.3%, Italy 16.8%, former Yugoslavia 7.0%, France 8.5%, Austria 9.7% (January-August 1995 est.)

External debt

$2.9 billion (1995)

Economic aid

recipient: ODA, $5 million (1993)

Currency

1 tolar (SlT) = 100 stotins

Exchange rates

tolars (SlT) per US$1 - 121.27 (November 1995), 118.9 (1995), 128.81 (1994), 113.24 (1993), 81.29 (1992), 27.57 (1991)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Transportation

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Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 14 in all

1
over 3 047 m
1
2 438 to 3 047 m
1
1 524 to 2 437 m
2
2
914 to 1 523 m
2
5
under 914 m
PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways
14,794Railways
1,201
Highways: paved: 13,314 km (including 187 km of expressways) · unpaved: 1,480 km (1994 est.) · Railways: standard gauge: 1,201 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 499 km) (1994)

Railways

total:
1,201 km
standard gauge:
1,201 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 499 km) (1994)

Highways

total:
14,794 km
paved:
13,314 km (including 187 km of expressways)
unpaved:
1,480 km (1994 est.)

Pipelines

crude oil 290 km; natural gas 305 km

Ports

Izola, Koper, Piran

Merchant marine

total:
14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 229,727 GRT/290,456 DWT (controlled by Slovenian owners)
ships by type:
bulk 9, cargo 1, container 4

note: ships operate under the flags of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Singapore, Liberia, and Antigua and Barbuda; no ships remain under the Slovenian flag (1995 est.)

Communications

Slovene Defense Forces

9 fields
Fixed lines
527,800
(1993 est.)
Defense expenditures
13.5billion tolars
3.6% of GDP (1995 est.); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

Telephone system

domestic:
NA
international:
NA

Radio broadcast stations

AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 0 note: there are more than 20 regional and local radio broadcast stations

Radios

596,100 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations

7 note: there are more than 20 local cable television broadcast stations

Televisions

454,400 (1993 est.) Defense

Branches

Slovene Defense Forces

Manpower availability

males age 15-49:
525,925
males fit for military service:
419,456
males reach military age (19) annually:
15,350 (1996 est.)

Cite this entry

Central Intelligence Agency. “Slovenia.” The World Factbook 1996. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/slovenia/1996.