Slovenia

Republic of Slovenia conventional short form: Slovenia local long form: Republika Slovenija local short form: Slovenija

parliamentary democratic republicIndependence 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Slovenia as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 115 fields, one of 34 editions from 1992 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalLjubljana
Position46 00 N, 15 00 E
Area20,253 sq km land: 20,253 sq km water: 0 sq km
LocationSoutheastern Europe, eastern Alps bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia
Populationas each edition published it
1.93 million July 2001 est. · 1.96m in 1992
Population growth% a year
0.14% 2001 est. · 0.23% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 38.6 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
75.08 years 2001 est. · 74 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
1.28 children per woman 2001 est. · 1.68 in 1993
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
4.51 deaths per 1,000 live births 2001 est. · 8.3 in 1993
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$12,000 2000 est. · $10,700 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
4.5% 2000 est. · -10% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

In 1918 the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new nation, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power of the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy make Slovenia a leading candidate for future membership in the EU and NATO.

Geography

Southeastern Europe, eastern Alps bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia

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Coastline
46.6km
Maritime claims: NA
Irrigated land
20sq km
(1993 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, eastern Alps bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 15 00 E

Area

total: 20,253 sq km land: 20,253 sq km water: 0 sq km

Land boundaries

total: 1,165 km border countries: Austria 330 km, Croatia 501 km, Italy 232 km, Hungary 102 km

Climate

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Terrain

a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to Italy and Austria, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Triglav 2,864 m

Natural resources

lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver, hydropower

Land use

arable land: 12% permanent crops: 3% permanent pastures: 24% forests and woodland: 54% other: 7% (1996 est.)

Natural hazards

flooding and earthquakes

Environment - current issues

  • Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste;
  • pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals;
  • forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

People

18 fields
Population
1,930,132
(July 2001 est.)growth rate: 0.14% (2001 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2001 est.)

Birth
9.32Death
9.98Net migration
2.11

Ethnic groups(1991)

Slovene 88%Croat 3%Serb 2%Bosniak 1%Yugoslav 0.6%Hungarian 0.4%other 5% (1991)

Religions

Roman Catholic 68.8%Uniate Catholic 2%Lutheran 1%Muslim 1%atheist 4.3%other 22.9%

Age structure

0-14 years: 16.09% (male 159,428; female 151,134) 15-64 years: 69.61% (male 681,333; female 662,170) 65 years and over: 14.3% (male 101,354; female 174,713) (2001 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

4.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 75.08 years male: 71.2 years female: 79.17 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.28 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

less than 100 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun: Slovene(s) adjective: Slovenian

Languages

Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 6%, other 3%

Literacy

definition: NA total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%

Government

Parliamentary democratic republic; President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990) head of government: Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 15 October 2000)

20 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

36%
LDS 36%SDS 16%ZLSD 12%SLS/SKD 10%NSI 9%SMS 4%SNS 4%DeSUS 5%other 4%

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia conventional short form: Slovenia local long form: Republika Slovenija local short form: Slovenija

Government type

parliamentary democratic republic

Capital

Ljubljana

Administrative divisions

136 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities* (mestne obcine , singular - mestna obcina ) Ajdovscina, Beltinci, Bled, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova-Tisina, Celje*, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik-Trnovska Vas, Divaca, Dobrepolje, Dobrova-Horjul-Polhov Gradec, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grosuplje, Hodos Salovci, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola, Jesenice, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Koper*, Kozje, Kranj*, Kranjska Gora, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava, Litija, Ljubljana*, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Maribor*, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mislinja, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Murska Sobota*, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Nova Gorica*, Novo Mesto*, Odranci, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podvelka-Ribnica, Postojna, Preddvor, Ptuj*, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne-Prevalje, Ribnica, Rogasevci, Rogaska Slatina, Rogatec, Ruse, Semic, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur pri Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenj Gradec*, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smartno ob Paki, Sostanj, Starse, Store, Sveti Jurij, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trzic, Turnisce, Velenje*, Velike Lasce, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Ziri, Zrece note: there may be 45 more municipalities

Independence

25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday

Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

Constitution

adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)

Executive branch

chief of state:
  • President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990) head of government: Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 15 October 2000);
  • cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
  • election last held 24 November 1997 (next to be held NA 2002);
  • following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually nominated to become prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly;
  • election last held 15 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2004) election results: Milan KUCAN elected president;
  • percent of vote - Milan KUCAN 56.3%, Janez PODOBNIK 18%;
  • Janez DRNOVSEK elected prime minister;
  • percent of National Assembly vote - NA

Legislative branch

  • unicameral National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats, 40 are directly elected and 50 are selected on a proportional basis; note - the numbers of directly elected and proportionally elected seats varies with each election; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: National Assembly - last held 15 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - LDS 36%, SDS 16%, ZLSD 12%, SLS/SKD 10%, NSI 9%, SMS 4%, SNS 4%, DeSUS 5%, other 4%;
  • seats by party - LDS 34, SDS 14, ZLDS 11, SLS/SKD 9, NSI 8, SMS 4, SNS 4, DeSUS 4, other 2 note: the National Council or Drzavni Svet is an advisory body with limited legislative powers;
  • it may propose laws and ask to review any National Assembly decisions;
  • in the election of NA November 1997, 40 members were elected to represent local, professional, and socioeconomic interests (next election to be held in the fall of 2002)

Judicial branch

  • Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the Judicial Council);
  • Constitutional Court (judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and nominated by the president)

Political parties and leaders

  • Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS [Janko KUSAR];
  • Liberal Democratic or LDS [Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman];
  • New Slovenia or NSI [Andrej BAJUK, chairman];
  • Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC, chairman];
  • Slovene People's Party or SLS (Slovenian People's Party or SLS and Slovenian Christian Democrats or SKD merged in April 2000) [Franc ZAGOZEN, chairman];
  • Slovene Youth Party or SMS [leader NA];
  • Social Democratic Party of Slovenia or SDS [Janez JANSA, chairman];
  • United List of Social Democrats (former Communists and allies) or ZLSD [Borut PAHOR, chairman]

International organization participation

ABEDA, ACCT (observer), BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNTAET, UNTSO, UPU, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Davorin KRACUN chancery: 1525 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 667-5363

FAX

[1] (202) 667-4563 consulate(s) general: New York consulate(s): Cleveland

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:
  • Ambassador Nancy ELY-RAPHEL embassy: Presernova 31, SI-1000 Ljubljana mailing address: P. O. Box 254, Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana;
  • American Embassy Ljubljana, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7140 telephone: [386] (01) 200-5500

FAX

[386] (01) 200-5555

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands

Economy

Although Slovenia enjoys one of the highest GDPs per capita among the transition economies of Central Europe, it needs to speed up the privatization process and the dismantling of restrictions on foreign investment.

32 fields
Real growth rate
4.5%
(2000 est.)industrial production growth: 6.2% (2000)
Unemployment rate
7.1%
(1997 est.)

Electricity

Electricity production
12.451 billion (1999)Electricity consumption
10.024 billion (1999)Electricity exports
2.2 billion (1999)Electricity imports
645 million (1999)

Economy - overview

Although Slovenia enjoys one of the highest GDPs per capita among the transition economies of Central Europe, it needs to speed up the privatization process and the dismantling of restrictions on foreign investment. About 45% of the economy remains in state hands, and the level of foreign direct investment inflows as a percent of GDP is the lowest in the region.

Analysts are predicting between 4.0% and 4.2% growth for 2001. Export growth is expected to slow in 2001 and 2002 as EU markets soften. Inflation rose from 6.1% to 8.9% in 2000 and remains a matter of concern.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $22.9 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $12,000 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 4% industry: 35% services: 61% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 20.7% (1995)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Budget

revenues: $8.11 billion expenditures: $8.32 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)

Industries

ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 34.44% hydro: 29.58% nuclear: 35.98% other: 0% (1999)

Agriculture - products

potatoes, hops, wheat, sugar beets, corn, grapes; cattle, sheep, poultry

Exports

$8.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities

manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food

Exports - partners

Germany 31%, Italy 14%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 6% (1999)

Imports

$9.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food

Imports - partners

Germany 21%, Italy 17%, France 11%, Austria 8%, Croatia 4%, Hungary, Russia (1999)

Debt - external

$6.2 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient

ODA, $5 million (1993)

Currency

tolar (SIT)

Exchange rates

tolars per US dollar - 225.93 (January 2001), 222.66 (2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998), 159.69 (1997), 135.36 (1996)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

10 fields
Mobile cellular
1 million
(2000)
Fixed lines
722,000
(1997) · country code .si

Telephone system

general assessment: NA domestic: 100% digital (2000) international: NA

Radio broadcast stations

AM 17, FM 160, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios

805,000 (1997)

Televisions

710,000 (1997)

Internet users

460,000 (1999)

Transportation

8 fields

Railways

total: 1,201 km standard gauge: 1,201 km 1.435-m gauge (489 km electrified) (1999)

Highways

total: 19,586 km paved: 17,745 km (including 249 km of expressways) unpaved: 1,841 km (1998 est.)

Pipelines

crude oil 290 km; natural gas 305 km

Ports and harbors

Izola, Koper, Piran

Airports

14 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 6 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2000 est.)

Military

Slovenian Army (includes Air and Naval Forces)

7 fields

Military branches

Slovenian Army (includes Air and Naval Forces)

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 523,336 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 416,237 (2001 est.)

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes - international

  • progress with Croatia on discussions of adjustments to land boundary, but problems remain in defining maritime boundary in Gulf of Piran;
  • Austria has minor dispute with Slovenia over nuclear power plants and post-World War II treatment of German-speaking minorities

Illicit drugs

minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

Cite this entry

Central Intelligence Agency. “Slovenia.” The World Factbook 2001. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/slovenia/2001.