Slovenia

• a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic;
• an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north;
• mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

• a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations;
• pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

noun:

Slovene(s)

adjective:

Slovenian

total:

45.9 years (2023 est.)

male:

44.6 years

female:

47.5 years

• a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations;
• pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

at birth:

1.04 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

1.09 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.78 male(s)/female

total population:

1 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

total:

1.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)

male:

1.6 deaths/1,000 live births

female:

1.4 deaths/1,000 live births

total population:

82 years (2023 est.)

male:

79.2 years

female:

85 years

total:

11.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer:

4.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine:

5.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits:

1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols:

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total:

22% (2020 est.)

male:

24.4% (2020 est.)

female:

19.6% (2020 est.)

• air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry;
• water pollution;
• biodiversity protection

urban population:

56.1% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:

0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

particulate matter emissions:

14.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions:

12.63 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions:

2.1 megatons (2020 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually:

926,000 tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually:

430,034 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled:

46.4% (2015 est.)

municipal:

170 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial:

830 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural:

3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

conventional long form:

Republic of Slovenia

conventional short form:

Slovenia

local long form:

Republika Slovenija

local short form:

Slovenija

former:

People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia

etymology:

the country's name means "Land of the Slavs" in Slovene

name:

Ljubljana

geographic coordinates:

46 03 N, 14 31 E

time difference:

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time:

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology:

likely related to the Slavic root "ljub", meaning "to like" or "to love"; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word "ljubljena" meaning "beloved"

history:

previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991

amendments:

• proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters;
• passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly;
• referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members;
• passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast;
• amended several times, last in 2016

citizenship by birth:

no

citizenship by descent only:

at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia

dual citizenship recognized:

yes, for select cases

residency requirement for naturalization:

10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous

chief of state:

President Natasa PIRC MUSAR (since 23 December 2022); note - PIRC MUSAR is Slovenia's first female president

head of government:

Prime Minister Robert GOLOB (since 1 June 2022)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly

elections/appointments:

• president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term);
• election last held on 23 October 2022 with a runoff on 13 November (next to be held in 2027);
• following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly

election results:

• 2022: Natasa PIRC MUSAR elected president in second round: percent of vote in first round - Anze LOGAR (SDS) 34%, Natasa PIRC MUSAR (independent) 26.9%, Milan BRGLEZ (SD) 15.5%, Vladimir PREBILIC (independent) 10.6%, Sabina SENCAR (Resni.ca) 5.9%, Janez CIGLER KRALJ (NSi) 4.4%, other 2.7%;
• percent of vote in second round - Natasa PIRC MUSAR 53.9%, Anze LOGAR 46.1%;
• Robert GOLOB (GS) elected prime minister on 25 May 2022, National Assembly vote - 54-30

;

• 2017: Borut PAHOR reelected president in second round;
• percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%;
• percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%

highest court(s):

• Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments);
• Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)

judge selection and term of office:

• Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges;
• other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council;
• Supreme Court judges serve for life;
• Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic;
• Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term;
• other judges elected for single 9-year terms

subordinate courts:

• county, district, regional, and high courts;
• specialized labor-related and social courts;
• Court of Audit;
• Administrative Court

• Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Ljubo JASNIC]
• Freedom Movement or GS [Robert GOLOB] (formerly Greens Actions Party or Z.DEJ)
• List of Marjan Sarec or LMS [Marjan SAREC]
• New Slovenia - Christian Democrats or NSi [Matej TONIN]
• Party of Alenka Bratusek or SAB [Alenka BRATUSEK] (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB)
• Resni.ca [Zoran STEVANOVICH]
• Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA] (formerly the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia or SDSS)
• Slovenian National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC Plemeniti]
• Social Democrats or SD [Tanja FAJON]
• The Left or Levica [Luka MESEC] (successor to United Left or ZL)

chief of mission:

Ambassador Iztok MIROŠIČ (since 15 September 2023)

chancery:

2410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 386-6611

FAX:

[1] (202) 386-6633

email address and website:

[email protected]; http://www.washington.embassy.si/

consulate(s) general:

Cleveland (OH)

chief of mission:

Ambassador Jamie L. HARPOOTLIAN (since 17 February 2022)

embassy:

Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana

mailing address:

7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140

telephone:

[386] (1) 200-5500

FAX:

[386] (1) 200-5555

email address and website:

[email protected]; https://si.usembassy.gov/

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands

name:

"Zdravljica" (A Toast)

lyrics/music:

France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL

note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism

total World Heritage Sites:

5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:

• Škocjan Caves (n);
• Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n);
• Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c);
• Heritage of Mercury: Almadén and Idrija (c);
• The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana (c)

• high-income, fast-growing EU-member economy;
• high human capital;
• key health infrastructure investments;
• high government spending;
• key Croatian investments;
• high-technology and manufacturing sectors;
• growing financial hub

Fitch rating:

A (2019)

Moody's rating:

A3 (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: AA- (2019)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

• ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting;
• electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

total:

13.9% (2021 est.)

male:

12.7%

female:

15.5%

on food:

14.6% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco:

5.1% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

lowest 10%:

3.8%

highest 10%:

20.1% (2016)

Number of operational nuclear reactors:

1 (2023)

Number of nuclear reactors under construction:

0

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors:

0.69GW (2023)

Percent of total electricity production:

36.9% (2021)

Percent of total energy produced:

40.6% (2021)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down:

0

production:

3.175 million metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption:

3.502 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports:

3,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports:

335,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves:

371 million metric tons (2019 est.)

total petroleum production:

0 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption:

54,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports:

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports:

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves:

0 barrels (2021 est.)

production:

4.899 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

consumption:

904.439 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

exports:

0 cubic meters (2020 est.)

imports:

903.108 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

proven reserves:

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

general assessment:

• Slovenia’s telecom sector is dominated by four operators;
• the mobile market has four MNOs and a small number of MVNOs, operating in a country with a potential market of just over two million people;
• the regulator in recent years has addressed the need for mobile operators to have more spectrum, so enabling them to improve the quality and range of services;
• a multi-spectrum auction was concluded in mid-2021, aimed at supporting 5G services;
• the broadband market continues to be dominated by a small number of players;
• DSL lost its dominance some years ago, being taken over by fiber as subscribers are migrated to new fiber-based networks;
• fiber accounted for almost half of all fixed broadband connections by March 2022 (2022)

domestic:

fixed-line is 33 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 123 per 100 teledensity (2021)

international:

country code - 386 (2016)

• public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations;
• 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally;
• about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV;
• public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations;
• more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations

number of registered air carriers:

2 (2020); inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:

1,094,762 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:

540,000 (2018) mt-km

total:

38,985 km (2012)

paved:

38,985 km (2012) (includes 769 km of expressways)

Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV):

structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elements

Ministry of Interior:

National Police (2023)

• the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era and smaller quantities of more modern, mostly Western equipment;
• in recent years, it has imported limited amounts of equipment from a few European countries and the US (2023)

• 18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women;
• must be a citizen of the Republic of Slovenia;
• recruits sign up for 3-, 5-, or 10-year service contracts;
• conscription abolished in 2003 (2023)

note: as of 2023, women comprised about 16% of the military's full-time personnel

Slovenia-Austria :

none identified

Slovenia-Croatia :

• since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea;
• in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU;
• in June 2017, the Permanent Court of Arbitration issued a ruling on the border, but Croatia had withdrawn from the proceedings in 2015 and refused to implement it;
• as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia

Slovenia-Hungary :

none identified

Slovenia-Italy :

none identified