Turkiye

republican parliamentary democracy

Turkiye as the 1992 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 74 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalAnkara

Area780,580 km2

Populationas each edition published it

59.64 million July 1992 · 56.7m in 1990

Population growth% a year

Not in this edition 2.07% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 26.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

Not in this edition 70.41 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

3.4 children per woman 1992 · 3.6 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

55 deaths per 1,000 live births 1992 · 74 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

Not in this edition $3,670 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

Not in this edition 5.9% in 1993

Geography

13 fields

Total area

780,580km2

Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas

Coastline

7,200km

Exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSRTerritorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea

Land boundaries

2,627km total

Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km

Disputes

complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea;
Cyprus question;
Hatay question with Syria;
ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Climate

temperate;
hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
harsher in interior

Terrain

mostly mountains;
narrow coastal plain;
high central plateau (Anatolia)

Natural resources

antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore

Land use

arable land 30%;
permanent crops 4%;
meadows and pastures 12%;
forest and woodland 26%;
other 28%;
includes irrigated 3%

Environment

subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west;
air pollution;
desertification

Note

strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas

People

14 fields

Population

59,640,143

(July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)

Per 1,000 population(1992)

Birth

27Death

6Net migration

Ethnic divisions

Turkish 80%Kurdish 17%other 3% (est.)

Literacy

81%

(male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Religions

Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2%

Labor force

20,700,000;
agriculture 49%, services 30%, industry 15%;
about 1,500,000 Turks work abroad (1989)

Government

Republican parliamentary democracy

18 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

27.03%

DYP 27.03%ANAP 24.01%SHP 20.75%RP 16.88%DSP 10.75%SBP 0.44%independent 0.14%

73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Independence

29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

Constitution

7 November 1982

Legal system

derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday

Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)

Executive branch

president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch

unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)

Judicial branch

Court of Cassation

Leaders

Chief of State:: President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989)
Head of Government:: Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991)

Political parties and leaders

Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL;
Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ;
Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU;
Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN;
Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;
Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES;
People's Labor Party (HEP), Feridun YAZAR;
Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA;
Great Anatolia Party (BAP), leader NA;
Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN;
Grand National Party (GNP), leader NA

Suffrage

universal at age 21

Elections

Grand National Assembly:: last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996);
results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%;
seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5

Member of

AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation

Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR;
Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC;
20008;
telephone (202) 387-3200;
there are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

US:: Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY;
Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara (mailing address is PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823);
telephone [90] (4) 126 54 70;
FAX [90] (4) 167-0057;
there are US Consulates General in Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana

Flag

red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening

Economy

The impressive stream of benefits from the economic reforms that Turkey | launched in 1980 have begun to peter out.

17 fields

Inflation, consumer prices

71.1%

(1991)

Unemployment rate

11.1%

(1991 est.)

External debt

$49.0billion

(1990)

Budget

Revenues

$41.9 billionExpenditures

$49.7 billion

expenditures, including capital expenditures of $9.9 billion (1992)

Overview

The impressive stream of benefits from the economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980 have begun to peter out. Although real growth in per capita GDP averaged 5% annually between 1983 and 1988, recent economic performance has fallen substantially. Moreover, inflation and interest rates remain high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled to a free market economy.

Agriculture remains an important economic sector, employing about half of the work force, accounting for 18% of GDP, and contributing 19% to exports. The government has launched a multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland.

The planned tapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq. The Turkish economy emerged from the Gulf War of early 1991 in stronger shape than Ankara had expected. Although the negative effects of the crisis were felt primarily in the politically sensitive southeast, aid pledges by the coalition allies of more than $4 billion have helped offset the burden.

GDP

purchasing power equivalent - $198 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth rate 1.5% (1991 est.)

Exports

$13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:: industrial products (steel, chemicals) 81%; fruits, vegetables, tobacco and meat products 19%
partners:: EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5%

Imports

$22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990)

commodities:: crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, grain
partners:: EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5%

Industrial production

growth rate 10% (1990 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP

Electricity

14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries

textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Agriculture

accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force;
products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products;
self-sufficient in food most years

Illicit drugs

one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products;
government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

Economic aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion;
note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion;
aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion

Currency

Turkish lira (plural - liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus

Exchange rates

Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

9 fields

Merchant marine, 353 ships by type

short-sea passenger 7passenger-cargo 1cargo 191container 1roll-on/roll-off cargo 5refrigerated cargo 3livestock carrier 1petroleum tanker 37chemical tanker 9liquefied gas 3combination ore/oil 10specialized tanker 1bulk 80combination bulk 4353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,056,455 GRT/7,143,096 DWT

Airports, 109 total, 104 usable

permanent-surface runways

65runways | over 3,659 m

3runways 2,440-3,659 m

30runways 1,220-2,439 m

Networkskm

Highways

49,615 (1985)Railroads

8,401

Highways: ; 26,915 km paved; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth · Railroads: ; 479 km electrified

Railroads

8,401 km 1.435-meter gauge; 479 km electrified

Highways

49,615 km total;
26,915 km paved;
16,500 km gravel or crushed stone;
4,000 km improved earth;
2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)

fair domestic and international systems;
trunk radio relay network;
limited open wire network;
3,400,000 telephones;
broadcast stations - 15 AM;
94 FM;
357 TV;
1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems;
1 submarine cable