Mali

Republic of MaliRepublique de Mali

republicIndependence 22 September 1960 (from France)

Mali as the 1993 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 74 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalBamako

Area1.24 million km2

LocationWestern Africa, between Mauritania and Niger

Populationas each edition published it

8.87 million July 1993 est. · 8.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

2.66% 1993 est. · 2.88% in 2025

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 16.3 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

45.45 years 1993 est. · 63.2 yrs in 2025

Fertility ratechildren per woman

7.33 children per woman 1993 est. · 7.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

108 deaths per 1,000 live births 1993 est. · 116 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$265 1991 est. · $2,900 in 2025

GDP real growth% a year

-0.2% 1991 est. · 5% in 2025

Geography

Western Africa, between Mauritania and Niger

14 fields

Land use

arable land 2%permanent crops 0%meadows and pastures 25%forest and woodland 7%other 66%irrigated 50 km2 (1989 est.)

Area

1.24million km2

land area: 1.22 million km2comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

7,243km

total · Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Location

Western Africa, between Mauritania and Niger

Map references

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

International disputes

the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;
Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger

Climate

subtropical to arid;
hot and dry February to June;
rainy, humid, and mild June to November;
cool and dry November to February

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Natural resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Environment

hot, dust-laden harmattan;
haze common during dry seasons;
desertification

People

14 fields

Population

8,868,617

(July 1993 est.)growth rate: 2.66% (1993 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1993 est.)

Birth

51.73Death

20.81Net migration

-4.35

Male · female(1993 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years45.45

43.89 · 47.06

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy32%

41% · 24%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

Ethnic divisions

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole)Peul 17%Voltaic 12%Songhai 6%Tuareg and Moor 10%other 5%

Religions

Muslim 90%indigenous beliefs 9%Christian 1%

Labor force

2.666million

(1986 est.)by occupation: agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% (1981)note: 50% of population of working age (1985)

Infant mortality rate

108 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Malian(s)
adjective:: Malian

Languages

French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Government

Republic

20 fields

Names

conventional long form:: Republic of Mali
conventional short form:: Mali
local long form:: Republique de Mali
local short form:: Mali
former:: French Sudan

Administrative divisions

8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

Constitution

new constitution adopted in constitutional referendum in January 1992

Legal system

based on French civil law system and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday

Anniverary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960)

Alliance for Democracy (Adema), Alpha Oumar KONARE; National Committee for Democratic Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally (US/RAD), Baba Hakib HAIDARA and Treoule Mamadon KONATE; Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa;

Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almamy SYLLA; Union for Democracy and Development (UDD), Moussa Balla COULIBALY; Rally for Democracy and Labor (RDT); Union of Democratic Forces for Progress (UFDP), Col. Youssouf TRAORE; Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE; Malian Union for Democracy and Development (UMDD)

Suffrage

21 years of age; universal

Elections

President:: last held in April 1992; Alpha KONARE was elected in runoff race against Montaga TALL
National Assembly:: last held on 8 March 1992 (next to be held NA);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (total 116) Adema 76, CNID 9, US/RAD 8, Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6, RDP 4, UDD 4, RDT 3, UFDP 3, PDP 2, UMDD 1

Executive branch

Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25 members, predominantly civilian

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders

Chief of State:: President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992)
Head of Government:: Prime Minister Younoussi TOURE (since 8 June 1992)

Member of

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Siragatou Ibrahim CISSE
chancery:: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:: (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Herbert Donald GELBER
embassy:: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V., Bamako
mailing address:: B. P. 34, Bamako
telephone:: [223] 225470
FAX:: [233] 228059

Flag

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land | area desert or semidesert.

18 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$265

(1991 est.)

Real growth rate

-0.2%

(1991 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate 15.0% (1990 est.); accounts for 10.0% of GDP

Inflation, consumer prices

1.4%

(1991 est.)

External debt

$2.6billion

(1991 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$329 millionExpenditures

$519 million

expenditures, including capital expenditures of $178 (1989 est.)

Overview

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing.

Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. In consultation with international lending agencies, the government has adopted a structural adjustment program for 1992-95, aiming at GDP annual growth of 4.6%, inflation of no more than 2.5% on average, and a substantial reduction in the external current account deficit.

National product

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Exports

$320 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:: livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins
partners:: mostly franc zone and Western Europe

Imports

$390 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:: textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals
partners:: mostly franc zone and Western Europe

Electricity

260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries

small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold, fishing

Agriculture

accounts for 50% of GDP;
most production based on small subsistence farms;
cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports;
other crops - millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts;
livestock - cattle, sheep, goats

Economic aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $190 million

Currency

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

5 fields

Networkskm

Railroads

642Inland waterways

1,815

Railroads: ; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes

total:: 34
usable:: 27
with permanent-surface runways:: 8
with runways over 3,659 m:: 0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:: 5
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:: 10

Telecommunications

domestic system poor but improving;
provides only minimal service with radio relay, wire, and radio communications stations;
expansion of radio relay in progress;
11,000 telephones;
broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV;
satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT