Mali

Republic of MaliRepublique de Mali

republicIndependence 22 September 1960 (from France)

Mali as the 2002 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 111 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalBamako

Position17 00 N, 4 00 W

Area1.24 million sq km

LocationWestern Africa, southwest of Algeria

Populationas each edition published it

11.34 million July 2002 est. · 8.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

2.97% 2002 est. · 2.66% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 16.3 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

47.39 years 2002 est. · 45.45 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

6.73 children per woman 2002 est. · 7.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

119.63 deaths per 1,000 live births 2002 est. · 116 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$840 2001 est. · $265 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

-1.2% 2001 est. · -0.2% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. After his reelection in 1997, President Alpha KONARE continued to push through political and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou TOURE.

Geography

Western Africa, southwest of Algeria

18 fields

Land use(1998 est.)

arable land 3.77%permanent crops 0.04%other 96.19% (1998 est.)irrigated 1,380 sq km (1998 est.)

Area

1.24million sq km

water: 20,000 sq kmland: 1.22 million sq kmslightly less than twice the size of Texas

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Highest point

1,155m

Hombori Tondolowest point: Senegal River 23 m

Land boundaries

7,243km

border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Location

Western Africa, southwest of Algeria

Geographic coordinates

17 00 N, 4 00 W

Map references

Africa

Climate

subtropical to arid;
hot and dry February to June;
rainy, humid, and mild June to November;
cool and dry November to February

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Natural resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Natural hazards

hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons;
recurring droughts;
occasional Niger River flooding

Environment - current issues

deforestation;
soil erosion;
desertification;
inadequate supplies of potable water;
poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to:: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban

Geography - note

landlocked;
divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese;
the central, semiarid Sahelian;
and the northern, arid Saharan

People

18 fields

Population

11,340,480

(July 2002 est.)growth rate: 2.97% (2002 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2002 est.)

Birth

48.37Death

18.32Net migration

-0.35

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (2002 est.)47.39

46.18 · 48.64

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (1998 est.)38%

45% · 31%

MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Ethnic groups

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke)Peul 17%Voltaic 12%Songhai 6%Tuareg and Moor 10%other 5%

Religions

Muslim 90%indigenous beliefs 9%Christian 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.7%

(2001 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 47.2% (male 2,687,998; female 2,658,605)
15-64 years:: 49.8% (male 2,698,789; female 2,950,276)
65 years and over:: 3% (male 160,604; female 184,208) (2002 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years:: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years:: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over:: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population:: 0.96 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Infant mortality rate

119.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Total fertility rate

6.73 children born/woman (2002 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

140,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

9,900 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Malian(s)
adjective:: Malian

Languages

French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Government

Republic; President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June 2002); Prime Minister Ahmed Mohamed Ag HAMANI (since 9 June 2002)

18 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

64.4%

Amadou Toumani TOURE 64.4%Soumaila CISSE 35.6%election last held 12 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007)

National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale, 147 seats, elected 14 July and 28 July 2002one dot, one seat

Hope 2002 coalition 66ADEMA 51other 30

Country name

conventional long form:: Republic of Mali
conventional short form:: Mali
local short form:: Mali
former:: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic
local long form:: Republique de Mali

Government type

republic

Capital

Bamako

Administrative divisions

8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

Independence

22 September 1960 (from France)

National holiday

Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

Constitution

adopted 12 January 1992

Legal system

based on French civil law system and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994);
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June 2002)
head of government:: Prime Minister Ahmed Mohamed Ag HAMANI (since 9 June 2002)
cabinet:: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections:: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (two-term limit);
election last held 12 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results:: Amadou Toumani TOURE elected president; percent of vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 64.4%, Soumaila CISSE 35.6%

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:: last held 14 July and 28 July 2002 (next to be held NA July 2007)
election results:: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Hope 2002 coalition 66, ADEMA 51, other 30

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda Traore KEITA, party chairman];
Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA [Yoro DIAKITE];
Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou Bakary SANGARE, chairman];
Movement for the Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO];
National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman];
Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE];
Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary general];
Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO];
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman];
Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Bonbasor KEITA, chairman];
Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general];
Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general];
Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

International organization participation

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Cheick Oumar DIARRAH
FAX:: [1] (202) 332-6603
telephone:: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950
chancery:: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Vicki HUDDLESTONE
embassy:: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako
mailing address:: B. P. 34, Bamako
telephone:: [223] (2) 223-833
FAX:: [223] (2) 223-712

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert.

33 fields

Real growth rate

-1.2%

(2001 est.)industrial production growth: NA

Inflation, consumer prices

4.5%

(2001 est.)

Unemployment rate

14.6%urban areas

5.3% rural areas (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line

64%average

30% of the total population living in urban areas; 76% of the total population living in rural areas) (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector(2001 est.)

agriculture 45%industry 17%services 38% (2001 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$764 millionExpenditures

$828 million (2002 est.)

expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Electricity

fossil fuel 43%hydro 57%other 0% · nuclear 0%

Electricity production

462 million (2000)Electricity consumption

429.66 million (2000)

Economy - overview

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 70% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing.

Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export. In 1997, the government continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment.

Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the African franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a sturdy 5% average in 1996-2000. In 2001, GDP decreased by 1.2% mainly due to a 50% drop in cotton production in 2000-01.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $9.2 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $840 (2001 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

51 (1994)

Labor force

3.93 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture and fishing 80% (2001 est.)

Industries

food processing;
construction;
phosphate and gold mining

Agriculture - products

cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Exports

$575 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Exports - commodities

cotton 43%, gold 40%, livestock (2001 est.)

Exports - partners

Brazil 10.6%, South Korea 9.9%, Italy 7.3%, Canada 7% (2000)

Imports

$600 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, construction materials, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners

Cote d'Ivoire 21%, France 12.4%, Senegal 4%, Germany 4%, Benelux (2000)

Debt - external

$3.3 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient

$596.4 million (2001)

Currency

Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code

XOF

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 742.79 (January 2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997);
note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

10 fields

Mobile cellular

40,000

(2001)

Internet users

(2001)

Fixed lines

45,000

(2000) · country code .ml

Telephone system

general assessment:: domestic system unreliable but improving; provides only minimal service
domestic:: network consists of microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress
international:: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 1, FM 28, shortwave 1 note: the shortwave station in Bamako has seven frequencies and five transmitters and relays broadcasts for China Radio International (2001)

Radios

570,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations

1 (plus repeaters) (2001)

Televisions

45,000 (1997)

Internet users

30,000 (2002)

Transportation

7 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right

2,438 to 3,047 m

1,524 to 2,437 m

914 to 1,523 m

under 914 m

Paved 7Unpaved 19

Networkskm

Highways

15,100Railways

729Waterways

1,815

Highways: paved: 1,827 km · unpaved: 13,273 km (1996) · Railways: narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge note: linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes (2001)