Mali

Republic of MaliRepublique de Mali

republicIndependence 22 September 1960 (from France)

Mali as the 1995 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 78 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalBamako

Area1.24 million sq km

LocationWestern Africa, southwest of Algeria

Populationas each edition published it

9.38 million July 1995 est. · 8.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

2.89% 1995 est. · 2.66% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 16.3 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

46.37 years 1995 est. · 45.45 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

7.33 children per woman 1995 est. · 7.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

104.5 deaths per 1,000 live births 1995 est. · 116 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$600 1994 est. · $265 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

2.4% 1994 est. · -0.2% in 1993

Geography

Western Africa, southwest of Algeria

14 fields

Land use

arable land 2%permanent crops 0%meadows and pastures 25%forest and woodland 7%other 66%irrigated 50 sq km (1989 est.)

Area

1.24million sq km

land area: 1.22 million sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

7,243km

total · Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

International disputes

the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;
Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger

Climate

subtropical to arid;
hot and dry February to June;
rainy, humid, and mild June to November;
cool and dry November to February

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Natural resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Environment

current issues:: deforestation;
soil erosion;
desertification;
inadequate supplies of potable water;
poaching
natural hazards:: hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts
international agreements:: party to - Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Nuclear Test Ban

People

15 fields

Population

9,375,132

(July 1995 est.)growth rate: 2.89% (1995 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1995 est.)

Birth

51.88Death

19.93Net migration

-3

Male · female(1995 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years46.37

44.7 · 48.09

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy19%

27% · 12%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 6 and over can read and write (1988)

Ethnic divisions

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole)Peul 17%Voltaic 12%Songhai 6%Tuareg and Moor 10%other 5%

Religions

Muslim 90%indigenous beliefs 9%Christian 1%

Labor force

2.666million

(1986 est.)by occupation: agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% (1981)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 48% (female 2,240,565; male 2,242,373)
15-64 years:: 49% (female 2,416,952; male 2,165,043)
65 years and over:: 3% (female 162,234; male 147,965) (July 1995 est.)

Infant mortality rate

104.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Malian(s)
adjective:: Malian

Languages

French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Government

Republic; President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992); Prime Minister Ibrahima Boubacar KEITA (since March 1994)

20 fields

Legislature, 116 seatsone dot, one seat

Adema 76CNID 9US/RAD 8Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6RDP 4UDD 4RDT 3UFDP 3PDP 2UMDD 1

Names

conventional long form:: Republic of Mali
conventional short form:: Mali
local long form:: Republique de Mali
local short form:: Mali
former:: French Sudan

Administrative divisions

8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

National holiday

Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960)

Legal system

based on French civil law system and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994);
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992);
election last held in April 1992 (next to be held April 1997);
Alpha KONARE was elected in runoff race against Montaga TALL
head of government:: Prime Minister Ibrahima Boubacar KEITA (since March 1994)
cabinet:: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister

National Assembly

elections last held on 8 March 1992 (next to be held February 1997);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (116 total) Adema 76, CNID 9, US/RAD 8, Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6, RDP 4, UDD 4, RDT 3, UFDP 3, PDP 2, UMDD 1

Political parties and leaders

Association for Democracy (Adema), Ibrahim Baubacar KEITA;
National Congress for Democratic Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL;
Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally (US/RDA), Mamadou Madeira KEITA;
Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa;
Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almamy SYLLA;
Union for Democracy and Development (UDD), Moussa Balla COULIBALY;
Rally for Democracy and Labor (RDT);
Union of Democratic Forces for Progress (UFDP), Dembo DIALLO;
Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE;
Malian Union for Democracy and Development (UMDD)

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Ibrahim Siragatou CISSE
chancery:: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: (vacant) (Ambassador William H. DAMERON III retired March 1995)
embassy:: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako
mailing address:: B. P. 34, Bamako
telephone:: [223] 22 54 70

FAX

[223] 22 37 12

Flag

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% | of its land area desert or semidesert.

18 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$600

(1994 est.)

Real growth rate

2.4%

(1994 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate -1.4% (1992 est.); accounts for 13.0% of GDP

Inflation, consumer prices

35%

(1994 est.)

External debt

$2.6billion

(1991 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$376 millionExpenditures

$697 million (1992 est.)

expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Installed generating capacity, 90,000 kW

Electricity production

310 millionElectricity consumption per capita

33 (1993)

Overview

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing.

Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. The economy is beginning to turn around after contracting through 1992-93, largely because of enhanced exports and import substitute production in the wake of the 50% devaluation of January 1994. Post-devaluation inflation appears to have peaked at 35% in 1994 and the government appears to be keeping on track with its IMF structural adjustment program.

National product

GDP - purchasing power parity - $5.4 billion (1994 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Exports

$415 million (f.o.b., 1993)

commodities:: cotton, livestock, gold
partners:: mostly franc zone and Western Europe

Imports

$842 million (f.o.b., 1993)

commodities:: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, construction materials, petroleum, textiles
partners:: mostly franc zone and Western Europe

Industries

minor local consumer goods production and food processing, construction, phosphate and gold mining

Agriculture

accounts for 50% of GDP;
mostly subsistence farming;
cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports;
other crops - millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts;
livestock - cattle, sheep, goats

Economic aid

recipient:: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.02 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $190 million

Currency

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Fiscal year

calendar year

Transportation

5 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 33 in all

2,438 to 3,047 m

1,524 to 2,437 m

914 to 1,523 m

under 914 m

1,524 to 2,438 m

PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways

15,700Railroads

642Inland waterways

1,815

Highways: paved: 1,670 km · unpaved: gravel, improved earth 3,670 km; unimproved earth 10,360 km · Railroads: ; note - linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes · narrow gauge: 642 km 1.000-m gauge

Railroads

total:: 642 km; note - linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes
narrow gauge:: 642 km 1.000-m gauge

Highways

total:: 15,700 km
paved:: 1,670 km
unpaved:: gravel, improved earth 3,670 km; unimproved earth 10,360 km

Ports

Koulikoro

Communications

3 fields

Telephone system

11,000 telephones;
domestic system poor but improving;
provides only minimal service

local:: NA
intercity:: microwave radio relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress
international:: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth stations

Radio

broadcast stations:: AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0
radios:: NA

Television

broadcast stations:: 2
televisions:: NA

Defense Forces

Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National | Guard, National Police (Surete Nationale)