Mali

• subtropical to arid;
• hot and dry (February to June);
• rainy, humid, and mild (June to November);
• cool and dry (November to February)

total:

6.55 cu km/yr (9%/1%/90%)

per capita:

484 cu m/yr (2000)

• hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons;
• recurring droughts;
• occasional Niger River flooding

• deforestation;
• soil erosion;
• desertification;
• inadequate supplies of potable water;
• poaching

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

• landlocked;
• divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese;
• the central, semiarid Sahelian;
• and the northern, arid Saharan

noun:

Malian(s)

adjective:

Malian

at birth:

1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.91 male(s)/female

total population:

0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

degree of risk:

very high

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease:

malaria

water contact disease:

schistosomiasis

respiratory disease:

meningococcal meningitis (2009)

conventional long form:

Republic of Mali

conventional short form:

Mali

local long form:

Republique de Mali

local short form:

Mali

former:

French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

name:

Bamako

geographic coordinates:

12 39 N, 8 00 W

time difference:

UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

chief of state:

[Interim] President Dioncounda TRAORE (since 12 April 2012)

note: in the aftermath of the March 2012 coup, deposed President TOURE, in a brokered deal, resigned to facilitate the naming of an interim president and transition back toward democratic rule

head of government:

[Interim] Prime Minister Django CISSOKO (since 11 December 2012)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister; (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);
• election last held on 29 April 2007 (election scheduled for 29 April 2012 delayed indefinitely following the military coup);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Amadou Toumani TOURE reelected president; percent of vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 71.2%, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA 19.2%, other 9.6%

• African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary general];
• Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE];
• Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE);
• Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region);
• Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA];
• Convergence for the development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni GUINDO];
• Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE);
• National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL];
• Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Mady KONATE];
• Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME];
• Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA];
• Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Amadou Ali NIANGADOU];
• Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA];
• Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Basir GOLOGO];
• Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY];
• Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

other:

• the army;
• Islamic authorities;
• state-run cotton company CMDT

chief of mission:

Ambassador Al Maamoun Baba Lamine KEITA

chancery:

2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950

FAX:

[1] (202) 332-6603

chief of mission:

Ambassador Mary Beth LEONARD

embassy:

located just off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge just west of the Bamako central district

mailing address:

ACI 2000, Rue 243, Porte 297, Bamako

telephone:

[223] 270-2300

FAX:

[223] 270-2479

name:

"Le Mali" (Mali)

lyrics/music:

Seydou Badian KOUYATE/Banzoumana SISSOKO

note: adopted 1962; the anthem is also known as "Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and "A ton appel Mali" (At Your Call, Mali)

agriculture:

80%

industry and services:

20% (2005 est.)

lowest 10%:

3.5%

highest 10%:

25.8% (2010 est.)

general assessment:

domestic system unreliable but improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas

domestic:

fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to about 70 per 100 persons

international:

• country code - 223;
• satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean)

• national public TV broadcaster;
• 2 privately-owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages;
• national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately-owned and community broadcast stations;
• transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

total:

593 km

country comparison to the world: 109

narrow gauge:

593 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

total:

18,912 km

country comparison to the world: 113

paved:

3,597 km

unpaved:

15,315 km (2004)

males age 16-49:

2,848,412

females age 16-49:

2,981,106 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49:

1,825,779

females age 16-49:

1,968,563 (2010 est.)

male:

158,031

female:

159,733 (2010 est.)

refugees (country of origin):

12,442 (Mauritania) (2011)

IDPs:

228,918 (Tuareg rebellion in 2012) (2013)

current situation:

• Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking;
• women and girls are forced into domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and support roles in gold mines, as well as subjected to sex trafficking;
• Malian boys are found in conditions of forced labor in agricultural settings, gold mines, and the informal commercial sector, as well as forced begging both within mali and neighboring countries;
• Malians and other Africans who travel through Mali to Mauritania, Algeria, or Libya, in hopes of reaching Europe are particularly at risk of becoming victims of human trafficking;
• men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to the longstanding practice of debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali;
• some members of Mali's black Tamachek community are subjected to traditional slavery-related practices, and this involuntary servitude reportedly has extended to their children

tier rating:

• Tier 2 - the Government of Mali does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking;
• however, it is making significant efforts to do so;
• the government acknowledged that human trafficking is a problem in Mali, but it did not demonstrate significant efforts to prosecute and convict trafficking offenders;
• Mali was not placed on Tier 3 because the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is devoting sufficient resources to implement that plan (2012)