Mali

republicIndependence 22 September 1960 (from France)

Mali as the 1994 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 116 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalBamako

LocationWestern Africa, between Mauritania and Niger

Populationas each edition published it

9.11 million July 1994 est. · 8.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

2.78% 1994 est. · 2.66% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 16.3 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

Not in this edition 45.45 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

7.33 children per woman 1994 est. · 7.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

106.2 deaths per 1,000 live births 1994 est. · 116 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$650 1993 est. · $265 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

-6.1% 1992 est. · -0.2% in 1993

Geography

Western Africa, between Mauritania and Niger

22 fields

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

7,243km

total · Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Irrigated land

50sq km

(1989 est.)

Location

Western Africa, between Mauritania and Niger

Map references

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

total area

1.24 million sq km

land area

1.22 million sq km

comparative area

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

International disputes

the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;
Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger

Climate

subtropical to arid;
hot and dry February to June;
rainy, humid, and mild June to November;
cool and dry November to February

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Natural resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

arable land

permanent crops

meadows and pastures

25%

forest and woodland

other

66%

current issues

deforestation;
soil erosion;
desertification;
inadequate supplies of safe drinking water;
poaching

natural hazards

hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts

international agreements

party to - Law of the Sea, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban

People

22 fields

Population

9,112,950

(July 1994 est.)growth rate: 2.78% (1994 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1994 est.)

Birth

51.79Death

20.36Net migration

-3.66

Ethnic divisions

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole)Peul 17%Voltaic 12%Songhai 6%Tuareg and Moor 10%other 5%

Religions

Muslim 90%indigenous beliefs 9%Christian 1%

Labor force

2.666million

(1986 est.)

Literacy

15and over can read and write

age · (1990)

Infant mortality rate

106.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

total population

45.91 years

male

44.29 years

female

47.57 years (1994 est.)

noun

Malian(s)

adjective

Malian

Languages

French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

total population

17%

male

26%

female

by occupation

agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% (1981)

note

50% of population of working age (1985)

Government

Republic

31 fields

Legislature, 116 seatsone dot, one seat

(total 116) Adema 76CNID 9US/RAD 8Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6RDP 4UDD 4RDT 3UFDP 3PDP 2UMDD 1

conventional long form

Republic of Mali

conventional short form

Mali

local long form

Republique de Mali

local short form

Mali

former

French Sudan

Administrative divisions

8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

National holiday

Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960)

Constitution

new constitution adopted in constitutional referendum in 12 January 1992

Legal system

based on French civil law system and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994);
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

chief of state

President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992);
election last held in April 1992 (next to be held NA 1997);
Alpha KONARE was elected in runoff race against Montaga TALL

head of government

Prime Minister Ibrahima Boubacar KEITA (since March 1994)

cabinet

Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister

National Assembly

elections last held on 8 March 1992 (next to be held NA);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (total 116) Adema 76, CNID 9, US/RAD 8, Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6, RDP 4, UDD 4, RDT 3, UFDP 3, PDP 2, UMDD 1

Political parties and leaders

Association for Democracy (Adema), Alpha Oumar KONARE;
National Congress for Democratic Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL;
Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally (US/RDA), Mamadou Madeira KEITA;
Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa;
Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almamy SYLLA;
Union for Democracy and Development (UDD), Moussa Balla COULIBALY;
Rally for Democracy and Labor (RDT);
Union of Democratic Forces for Progress (UFDP), Dembo DIALLO;
Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE;
Malian Union for Democracy and Development (UMDD)

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

chief of mission

Ambassador Siragatou Ibrahim CISSE

chancery

2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone

(202) 332-2249 or 939-8950

chief of mission

Ambassador William H. DAMERON III

embassy

Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V., Bamako

mailing address

B. P. 34, Bamako

telephone

[223] 225470

FAX

[223] 228059

Flag

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of | its land area desert or semidesert.

26 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$650

(1993 est.)

Real growth rate

-6.1%

(1992 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate -1.4% (1992 est.); accounts for 13.0% of GDP

Inflation, consumer prices

(1992 est.)

External debt

$2.6billion

(1991 est.)

Overview

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing.

Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. In consultation with international lending agencies, the government has adopted a structural adjustment program for 1992-95, aiming at GDP annual growth of 4.6%, inflation of no more than 2.5% on average, and a substantial reduction in the external current account deficit.

National product

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - 5.8 billion (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

revenues

$376 million

expenditures

$697 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exports

$330 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities

cotton, livestock, gold

partners

mostly franc zone and Western Europe

Imports

$682 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, construction materials, petroleum, textiles

partners

mostly franc zone and Western Europe

capacity

260,000 kW

production

750 million kWh

consumption per capita

90 kWh (1991)

Industries

small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold, fishing

Agriculture

accounts for 50% of GDP;
most production based on small subsistence farms;
cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports;
other crops - millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts;
livestock - cattle, sheep, goats

recipient

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.02 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $190 million

Currency

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05 (January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989)

note

beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

12 fields

Networkskm

Railroads

642Inland waterways

1,815

Railroads: ; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes

Railroads

642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes

total

15,700 km

paved

1,670 km

unpaved

gravel, improved earth 3,670 km; unimproved earth 10,360 km

total

usable

with permanent-surface runways

with runways over 3,659 m

with runways 2,440-3,659 m

with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications

domestic system poor but improving;
provides only minimal service with radio relay, wire, and radio communications stations;
expansion of radio relay in progress;
11,000 telephones;
broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV;
satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT

Defense Forces

Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Police | (Surete Nationale)

3 fields

How to cite ← 1993 edition 1995 edition →

Geography

total area

land area

comparative area

arable land

permanent crops

meadows and pastures

forest and woodland

other

current issues

natural hazards

international agreements

People

total population

male

female

noun

adjective

total population

male

female

by occupation

note

Government

conventional long form

conventional short form

local long form

local short form

former

chief of state

head of government

cabinet

chief of mission

chancery

chief of mission

embassy

mailing address

Economy

revenues

expenditures

commodities

partners

commodities

partners

capacity

production

consumption per capita

recipient

note

Communications

total

paved

unpaved

total

usable

with permanent-surface runways

with runways over 3,659 m

with runways 2,440-3,659 m

with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Defense Forces

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