Peru

• deforestation (some the result of illegal logging);
• overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;
• desertification;
• air pollution in Lima;
• pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

party to:

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

0-14 years:

34% (male 4,820,892; female 4,671,205)

15-64 years:

61.1% (male 8,598,328; female 8,492,830)

65 years and over:

4.9% (male 627,601; female 738,783) (2002 est.)

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.85 male(s)/female

total population:

1.01 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

noun:

Peruvian(s)

adjective:

Peruvian

conventional long form:

Republic of Peru

conventional short form:

Peru

local long form:

Republica del Peru

local short form:

Peru

chief of state:

• President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government;
• additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

head of government:

• President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government;
• additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

note: Prime Minister Luis SOLARI DE LA FUENTE (since 12 July 2002) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president; DANINO resigned 11 July 2002 and was replaced by Luis SOLARI

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001, with runoff election held 3 June 2001;
• next to be held 9 April 2006

election results:

President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

• American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA (now Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP as of April 2001) [Alan GARCIA];
• Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega];
• National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano];
• Peru Posible or PP [Luis SOLARI];
• Popular Action or AP [Javier DIAZ Orihuela];
• Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA];
• Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE];
• Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]

• leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)];
• Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Roberto DANINO

chancery:

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

consulate(s) general:

Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington (DC)

FAX:

[1] (202) 659-8124

telephone:

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

chief of mission:

Ambassador John R. DAWSON

embassy:

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33

mailing address:

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone:

[51] (1) 434-3000

FAX:

[51] (1) 434-3037

• three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band;
• the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath

lowest 10%:

2%

highest 10%:

35% (1996) (1996)

• coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, plantains, coca;
• poultry, beef, dairy products, wool;
• fish

general assessment:

adequate for most requirements

domestic:

nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable

total:

2,102 km

standard gauge:

1,695 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:

407 km 0.914-m gauge (2001)

total:

72,900 km

paved:

8,700 km

unpaved:

64,200 km (1999 est.)

total:

5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,470 GRT/45,451 DWT

note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: United States 1 (2002 est.)

ships by type:

cargo 4, petroleum tanker 1

• until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer;
• emerging opium producer;
• cultivation of coca in Peru increased by 8% to 36,600 hectares between 2001 and the end of 2002;
• much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market;
• increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa