Peru

agricultural land:

18.8%;

• arable land 3.1%;
• permanent crops 1.1%;
• permanent pasture 14.6%

forest:

53%

other:

28.2% (2011 est.)

total:

19.34 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)

per capita:

727.6 cu m/yr (2005)

• deforestation (some the result of illegal logging);
• overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;
• desertification;
• air pollution in Lima;
• pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

party to:

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

• shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia;
• a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

noun:

Peruvian(s)

adjective:

Peruvian

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years:

1 male(s)/female

25-54 years:

0.93 male(s)/female

55-64 years:

0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.9 male(s)/female

total population:

0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

degree of risk:

very high

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease:

dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever) (2013)

total number:

2,545,855

percentage:

34%

note: data represents children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)

conventional long form:

Republic of Peru

conventional short form:

Peru

local long form:

Republica del Peru

local short form:

Peru

name:

Lima

geographic coordinates:

12 03 S, 77 03 W

time difference:

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

• 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia);
• Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

note: Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the the Callao region

• several previous;
• latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993;
• amended several times, last in 2009 (2009)

chief of state:

• President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011);
• First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011);
• Second Vice President (vacant);
• note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011);
• First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011);
• Second Vice President (vacant)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections/appointments:

• president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms);
• election last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

election results:

Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (Peruvian Nationalist Party) 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (Fuerza Popular) 48.5%

note: Prime Minister Pedro CATERIANO Bellido (since 2 April 2015) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president; note - Prime Minister Ana JARA was removed from office by Congress in a vote of no confidence on 30 March 2015

description:

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)

elections:

last held on 10 April 2011 with run-off election on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

election results:

• percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%;
• seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4;
• seats by bloc party as of 10 March 2014 - Gana Peru 43, Fuerza Popular (formerly Fuerza 2011) 36, PP 10, Accion Popular-Frente Amplio 10, National Solidarity 9, Union Regional 8, Partido Popular Cristiano-Alianza Para el Progreso 7, Concertacion Parlamentaria 6, Independent 1;
• note - defections by members of the National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in the formation of new blocs and frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various blocs

highest court(s):

Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)

judge selection and term of office:

• justices proposed by the National Council of the Judiciary or National Judicial Council (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress (all appointments reviewed by the Council every 7 years);
• justices appointed for life or until age 70

subordinate courts:

• Court of Constitutional Guarantees;
• Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores;
• specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts;
• 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

chief of mission:

Ambassador Luis Miguel CASTILLA Rubio (since 4 February 2015)

chancery:

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

FAX:

[1] (202) 659-8124

consulate(s) general:

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco, Washington DC

chief of mission:

Ambassador Brian A. NICHOLS (since 30 June 2014)

embassy:

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33

mailing address:

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone:

[51] (1) 618-2000

FAX:

[51] (1) 618-2397

• three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band;
• the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth);
• red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

name:

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)

lyrics/music:

Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO

note: adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest

• artichokes, asparagus, avocados, blueberries, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes, barley, medicinal plants, quinoa, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans;
• poultry, beef, pork, dairy products;
• guinea pigs;
• fish

• mining and refining of minerals;
• steel, metal fabrication;
• petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction;
• fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture

agriculture:

25.8%

industry:

17.4%

services:

56.8% (2011)

lowest 10%:

1.4%

highest 10%:

36.1% (2010 est.)

• copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver;
• crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas;
• coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys

general assessment:

adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

domestic:

• fixed-line teledensity is only about 12 per 100 persons;
• mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons

international:

• country code - 51;
• the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)

• 10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned;
• multi-channel cable TV services are available;
• in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)

• extra heavy crude 786 km;
• gas 1,526 km;
• liquid petroleum gas 679 km;
• oil 1,033 km;
• refined products 15 km (2013)

total:

1,854.4 km

standard gauge:

1,730.4 km 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)

narrow gauge:

124 km 0.914-m gauge (2014)

country comparison to the world: 74

total:

22

by type:

cargo 2, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 13

foreign-owned:

8 (Chile 6, Ecuador 1, Spain 1)

registered in other countries:

9 (Panama 9) (2010)

country comparison to the world: 92

major seaport(s):

Callao, Matarani, Paita

river port(s):

Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas (Amazon)

oil terminals:

Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

container port(s) (TEUs):

Callao (1,616,365)

males age 16-49:

7,385,588

females age 16-49:

7,727,623 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49:

5,788,629

females age 16-49:

6,565,097 (2010 est.)

male:

304,094

female:

298,447 (2010 est.)

• Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru;
• organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border;
• Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

• until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia;
• cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008;
• second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009;
• finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market;
• increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa;
• increasing domestic drug consumption