Peru

• deforestation (some the result of illegal logging);
• overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;
• desertification;
• air pollution in Lima;
• pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

party to:

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

• shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia;
• a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.89 male(s)/female

total population:

1.01 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

noun:

Peruvian(s)

adjective:

Peruvian

conventional long form:

Republic of Peru

conventional short form:

Peru

local long form:

Republica del Peru

local short form:

Peru

name:

Lima

geographic coordinates:

12 03 S, 77 03 W

time difference:

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

• 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia);
• Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

• 18 years of age;
• universal and compulsory until the age of 70;
• note - members of the military and national police may not vote

chief of state:

• President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 2006);
• First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas;
• Second Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28 July 2006);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 2006);
• First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas;
• Second Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28 July 2006)

note: Prime Minister Jorge DEL CASTILLO Galvez (since 28 August 2006) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);
• presidential and congressional elections held 9 April 2006, with runoff election held 4 June 2006;
• next to be held April 2011

election results:

Alan GARCIA elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alan GARCIA 52.5%, Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 47.5%

• Alliance For Progress (Alianza Para El Progreso) [Cesar ACUNA Peralta];
• Alliance For The Future (Alianza Por El Futuro) or AF - a coalition of pro-FUJIMORI parties including Cambio 90, Nueva Mayoria, and Si Cumple [Martha CHAVEZ Cossio];
• Centrist Front (Frente Del Centro) or FC - a coalition of Accion Popular, Somos Peru, and Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes [Valentin PANIAGUA Corazoa];
• Independent Moralizing Front (Frente Independiente Moralizador) or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega];
• Nationalist Party Uniting Peru (Partido Nacionalista Uniendo al Peru) or UPP - a coalition of Union for Peru (UPP) and Peruvian Nationalist Party (PNP) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso];
• National Restoration (Restauracion Nacional) or RN [Humberto LAY Sun];
• National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano];
• Peru Possible (Peru Posible) or PP [David WAISMAN];
• Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP - also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA [Alan GARCIA]

• leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)];
• Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Felipe ORTIZ de Zevallos

chancery:

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

FAX:

[1] (202) 659-8124

consulate(s) general:

Boston, Chicago, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington, DC

chief of mission:

Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE

embassy:

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33

mailing address:

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone:

[51] (1) 434-3000

FAX:

[51] (1) 618-2397

• three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band;
• the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath

agriculture:

9%

industry:

18%

services:

73% (2001)

lowest 10%:

0.8%

highest 10%:

37.2% (2000)

• coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca;
• poultry, beef, dairy products;
• fish

• mining and refining of minerals;
• steel, metal fabrication;
• petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas;
• fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, food processing

general assessment:

adequate for most requirements

domestic:

nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international:

• country code - 51;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
• Pan American submarine cable

• gas 983 km;
• gas/lpg 61 km;
• liquid natural gas 106 km;
• liquid petroleum gas 517 km;
• oil 1,754 km;
• refined products 13 km (2006)

total:

3,462 km

standard gauge:

2,962 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:

500 km 0.914-m gauge (2005)

total:

78,672 km

paved:

10,314 km (including 276 km of expressways)

unpaved:

68,358 km (2003)

total:

4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 38,954 GRT/62,255 DWT

by type:

cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1

foreign-owned:

1 (US 1)

registered in other countries:

15 (Panama 15) (2006)

males age 18-49:

6,647,874

females age 18-49:

6,544,408 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49:

4,938,417

females age 18-49:

5,278,511 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49:

277,105

females age 18-49:

269,799 (2005 est.)

• Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral law to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundary along the parallel of latitude to an equidistance line which favors Peru;
• organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border;
• Peru does not support Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

current situation:

• Peru is primarily a source country for women and children trafficked internally for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced domestic labor;
• most victims are girls and young women moved internally from rural to urban areas, or from city to city, and lured or coerced into prostitution in nightclubs, bars, and brothels;
• Peruvians have also been trafficked for sexual exploitation to Spain, Japan, the United States, and Venezuela;
• the government acknowledges that sex tourism occurs, particularly in the Amazon region of the country

tier rating:

Tier 2 Watch List - Peru is placed on the Tier 2 Watch List for failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to eliminate trafficking in 2005

• until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer;
• cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15% to 31,150 hectares between 2002 and the end of 2003;
• much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market;
• increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa