Peru

total:

20.13 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)

per capita:

720 cu m/yr (2000)

• deforestation (some the result of illegal logging);
• overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;
• desertification;
• air pollution in Lima;
• pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

party to:

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

• shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia;
• a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.89 male(s)/female

total population:

1.01 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

degree of risk:

very high

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease:

dengue fever, malaria, Oroya fever, and yellow fever

water contact disease:

leptospirosis (2008)

noun:

Peruvian(s)

adjective:

Peruvian

conventional long form:

Republic of Peru

conventional short form:

Peru

local long form:

Republica del Peru

local short form:

Peru

name:

Lima

geographic coordinates:

12 03 S, 77 03 W

time difference:

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

• 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia);
• Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

• 18 years of age;
• universal and compulsory until the age of 70;
• note - for the first time in recent elections, members of the military and national police were eligible to vote in the 2006 elections

chief of state:

• President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 2006);
• First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas;
• Second Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28 July 2006);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 2006);
• First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas;
• Second Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28 July 2006)

note: Prime Minister Yehude SIMON Munaro (since 14 October 2008) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a nonconsecutive reelection);
• presidential and congressional elections held 9 April 2006 with runoff election held 4 June 2006;
• next to be held in April 2011

election results:

Alan GARCIA elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alan GARCIA 52.5%, Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 47.5%

• Alliance For Progress (Alianza Para El Progreso) [Cesar ACUNA Peralta];
• Alliance For The Future (Alianza Por El Futuro) or AF (a coalition of pro-FUJIMORI parties including Cambio 90, Nueva Mayoria, and Si Cumple);
• Central Front (Frente Del Centro) or FC (a coalition of Accion Popular, Somos Peru, and Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes) [Victor Andres GARCIA Belaunde];
• National Renovation Party (Partido Renovacion Nacional) [Rafael REY];
• National Restoration Party (Restauracion Nacional) or RN [Humberto LAY Sun];
• National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN (a coalition of Partido Popular Cristiano and Partido Solidaridad Nacional) [Lourdes FLORES Nano];
• Peru Possible (Peru Posible) or PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique];
• Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA);
• Peruvian Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano) or PNP [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso];
• Union for Peru (Union por el Peru) or UPP [Aldo ESTRADA Choque]

• Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group);
• Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)

chief of mission:

Ambassador Felipe ORTIZ de Zevallos

chancery:

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

FAX:

[1] (202) 659-8124

consulate(s) general:

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington, DC

chief of mission:

Ambassador P. Michael MCKINLEY

embassy:

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33

mailing address:

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone:

[51] (1) 434-3000

FAX:

[51] (1) 618-2397

• three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band;
• the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath

agriculture:

9%

industry:

18%

services:

73% (2001)

lowest 10%:

1.3%

highest 10%:

40.9% (2003)

• asparagus, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca;
• poultry, beef, dairy products;
• fish, guinea pigs

• mining and refining of minerals;
• steel, metal fabrication;
• petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas;
• fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, food processing

general assessment:

adequate for most requirements

domestic:

• fixed-line teledensity is only about 9 per 100 persons;
• mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, has increased to roughly 55 telephones per 100 persons;
• nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international:

• country code - 51;
• the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

• gas 1,181 km;
• gas/liquid petroleum gas 61 km;
• liquid natural gas 106 km;
• liquid petroleum gas 517 km;
• oil 1,749 km;
• refined products 13 km (2007)

total:

1,989 km

standard gauge:

1,726 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:

263 km 0.914-m gauge (2006)

total:

78,829 km

paved:

11,351 km (includes 276 km of expressways)

unpaved:

67,478 km (2004)

total:

8

by type:

cargo 3, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 4

foreign-owned:

1 (Bahamas 1)

registered in other countries:

17 (Belize 1, Panama 16) (2008)

males age 16-49:

7,653,898

females age 16-49:

7,531,329 (2008 est.)

males age 16-49:

5,796,449

females age 16-49:

6,217,524 (2008 est.)

male:

306,260

female:

296,819 (2008 est.)

• Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru;
• organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border;
• Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

• until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia;
• cultivation of coca in Peru declined to 36,000 hectares in 2007;
• second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 210 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2007;
• finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market;
• increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa;
• increasing domestic drug consumption