Romania

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
• sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

• controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine;
• the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, and the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

noun:

Romanian(s)

adjective:

Romanian

total:

45.8 years (2025 est.)

male:

44 years

female:

46.9 years

at birth:

1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.7 male(s)/female

total population:

0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

total:

5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

male:

5.8 deaths/1,000 live births

female:

5.2 deaths/1,000 live births

total population:

76.9 years (2024 est.)

male:

73.4 years

female:

80.5 years

total:

10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer:

5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine:

3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits:

2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols:

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total:

26.7% (2025 est.)

male:

36.2% (2025 est.)

female:

17.9% (2025 est.)

women married by age 15:

0.5% (2021)

women married by age 18:

6.9% (2021)

• soil erosion, degradation, and desertification;
• water pollution;
• air pollution in south from industrial effluents;
• contamination of Danube delta wetlands

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
• sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

urban population:

54.7% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:

-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

energy:

325.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)

agriculture:

355.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)

waste:

247.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

other:

11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually:

5.42 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled:

13% (2022 est.)

municipal:

1.256 billion cubic meters (2022)

industrial:

3.94 billion cubic meters (2022)

agricultural:

2.955 billion cubic meters (2022)

total global geoparks and regional networks:

2

global geoparks and regional networks:

Buzău; Haţeg (2023)

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Romania

local long form:

none

local short form:

Romania

former:

Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania

etymology:

the name derives from the Latin Romani , meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861

name:

Bucharest

geographic coordinates:

44 26 N, 26 06 E

time difference:

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time:

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology:

• the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site;
• the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner

• 41 counties ( judete , singular - judet ) and 1 municipality* ( municipiu );
• Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

history:

several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991

amendment process:

• initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties;
• passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum;
• articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended

citizenship by birth:

no

citizenship by descent only:

at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania

dual citizenship recognized:

yes

residency requirement for naturalization:

5 years

chief of state:

President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)

head of government:

Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

election/appointment process:

• president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
• prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament

most recent election date:

18 May 2025

election results:

2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4%; 2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%

expected date of next election:

2030

note: the prime ministerial position will be rotated in 2027 from BOLOJAN to another coalition party member as part of a power-sharing agreement

legislature name:

Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)

legislative structure:

bicameral

chamber name:

Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)

number of seats:

331 (all directly elected)

electoral system:

proportional representation

scope of elections:

full renewal

term in office:

4 years

most recent election date:

12/1/2024

parties elected and seats per party:

• Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86);
• Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63);
• National Liberal Party (PNL) (49);
• Save Romania Union (USR) (40);
• S.O.S. Romania (28);
• Party of Young People (POT) (24);
• Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)

percentage of women in chamber:

22.4%

expected date of next election:

November 2028

chamber name:

Senate (Senatul)

number of seats:

136 (all directly elected)

electoral system:

proportional representation

scope of elections:

full renewal

term in office:

4 years

most recent election date:

12/1/2024

parties elected and seats per party:

• Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36);
• Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28);
• National Liberal Party (PNL) (22);
• Save Romania Union (USR) (19);
• S.O.S. Romania (12);
• Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10);
• Party of Young People (POT) (7)

percentage of women in chamber:

20.9%

expected date of next election:

November 2028

highest court(s):

• High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections);
• Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office:

• High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists;
• judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms;
• Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president;
• members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms

subordinate courts:

• Courts of Appeal;
• regional tribunals;
• first instance courts;
• military and arbitration courts

• Alliance for the Fatherland or APP
• Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR
• Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD
• Civic Hungarian Party
• Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR
• Ecologist Party of Romania or PER
• Force of the Right or FD
• Greater Romania Party or PRM
• Green Party
• National Liberal Party or PNL
• Popular Movement Party or PMP
• PRO Romania or PRO
• Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR
• Save Romania Union Party or USR
• Social Democratic Party or PSD
• Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)
• S.O.S. Romania
• The Right Alternative or AD
• United Romania Party or PRU
• We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER

chief of mission:

Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)

chancery:

1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 332-4829

FAX:

[1] (202) 232-4748

email address and website:

[email protected]; https://washington.mae.ro/en

consulate(s) general:

Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

chief of mission:

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025)

embassy:

4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118

mailing address:

5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260

telephone:

[40] (21) 200-3300

FAX:

[40] (21) 200-3442

email address and website:

[email protected]; https://ro.usembassy.gov/

title:

"Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

lyrics/music:

Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

history:

adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

total World Heritage Sites:

11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:

• Danube Delta (n);
• Churches of Moldavia (c);
• Monastery of Horezu (c);
• Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c);
• Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c);
• Historic Center of Sighişoara (c);
• Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c);
• Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n);
• Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c);
• Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c);
• Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)

• high-income, EU-member economy;
• euro membership delayed over macroeconomic indicators;
• persistent inflation, but consumption and EU-funded investments driving recovery;
• skilled labor shortage;
• high public debt and budget deficit;
• challenges include fiscal sustainability and political instability

agriculture:

3.3% (2024 est.)

industry:

25% (2024 est.)

services:

62.5% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

total:

21.3% (2024 est.)

male:

21.1% (2024 est.)

female:

21.8% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

on food:

25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco:

6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

lowest 10%:

1.9% (2022 est.)

highest 10%:

22.6% (2022 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Number of operational nuclear reactors:

2 (2025)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors:

1.3GW (2025 est.)

Percent of total electricity production:

18.9% (2023 est.)

production:

14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption:

15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports:

290,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports:

736,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves:

291 million metric tons (2023 est.)

total petroleum production:

67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption:

220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves:

600 million barrels (2021 est.)

production:

9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

consumption:

9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports:

2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports:

2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves:

105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

• a mixture of public and private TV stations;
• 7 public (2 national, 5 regional) and 187 private TV stations using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting;
• state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks, as well as regional and local stations;
• 502 private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting, and 26 using satellite broadcasting

total ports:

11 (2024)

large:

0

medium:

2

small:

1

very small:

8

ports with oil terminals:

4

key ports:

Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea

• 470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR);
• 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO);
• up to 120 Poland (NATO);
• Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025)

• develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications;
• program is integrated into the ESA;
• participates in EU and international space programs;
• works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US;
• also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy;
• has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities (2025)

• 1967-1968 - began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities
• 1981 - first Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft
• 2010 - domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi)
• 2012 - first domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate)
• 2022 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration
• 2023 - digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket

refugees:

184,991 (2024 est.)

stateless persons:

297 (2024 est.)