Romania

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
• sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

• urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations;
• Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

• controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine;
• the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

noun:

Romanian(s)

adjective:

Romanian

• urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations;
• Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

at birth:

1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years:

1 male(s)/female

55-64 years:

0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.75 male(s)/female

total population:

0.94 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

total:

10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer:

5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine:

3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits:

2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols:

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total:

28% (2020 est.)

male:

35.9% (2020 est.)

female:

20% (2020 est.)

• soil erosion, degradation, and desertification;
• water pollution;
• air pollution in south from industrial effluents;
• contamination of Danube delta wetlands

particulate matter emissions:

14.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions:

69.26 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions:

27.62 megatons (2020 est.)

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
• sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

urban population:

54.7% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:

-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually:

4.895 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually:

277,547 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled:

5.7% (2015 est.)

municipal:

1.048 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial:

4.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural:

1.491 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Romania

local long form:

none

local short form:

Romania

former:

Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania

etymology:

the name derives from the Latin "Romanus" meaning "citizen of Rome" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century

name:

Bucharest

geographic coordinates:

44 26 N, 26 06 E

time difference:

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time:

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology:

• related to the Romanian word "bucura" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is "to be glad (happy)";
• Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to "city of joy"

• 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);
• Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

history:

several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991

amendments:

• initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties;
• passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum;
• articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended;
• amended 2003

citizenship by birth:

no

citizenship by descent only:

at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania

dual citizenship recognized:

yes

residency requirement for naturalization:

5 years

chief of state:

President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)

head of government:

• Prime Minister Nicolae CIUCA (since 25 November 2021);
• Deputy Prime Ministers Sorin GRINDEANU (since 25 November 2021) and Kelemen HUNOR (since 23 December 2020)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections/appointments:

• president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
• election last held on 10 November 2019 with a runoff on 24 November 2019 (next to be held in November 2024);
• prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament

election results:

• 2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round;
• percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%;
• Nicolae CIUCA approved as prime minister with 318 votes

; 2014: Klaus IOHANNIS elected president in the second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%

highest court(s):

• High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections);
• Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office:

• High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists;
• judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms;
• Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president;
• members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms

subordinate courts:

• Courts of Appeal;
• regional tribunals;
• first instance courts;
• military and arbitration courts

• 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance [Dan BARNA and Dacian CIOLOS] (dissolved 16 April 2021)
• Alliance for the Fatherland or APP [Codrin STEFANESCU]
• Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR [George SIMION]
• Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]
• Civic Hungarian Party [Zsolt BIRO]
• Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]
• Ecologist Party of Romania or PER [Danut POP]
• Force of the Right or FD [Ludovic ORBAN]
• Greater Romania Party or PRM [Victor IOVICI]
• Green Party [Marius LAZAR and Lavinia COSMA]
• National Liberal Party or PNL [Nicolae CIUCA]
• Party of Liberty, Unity, and Solidarity or PLUS [Dacian CIOLOS] (dissolved 16 April 2021)
• Popular Movement Party or PMP [Eugen TOMAC]
• PRO Romania or PRO [Victor PONTA]
• Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR [Ninel PEIA]
• Save Romania Union Party or USR [Catalin DRULA]
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Marcel CIOLACU]
• Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL [Daniel IONASCU] (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)
• United Romania Party or PRU [Robert BUGA]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)

chancery:

1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 332-4829; [1] (202) 332-4846

FAX:

[1] (202) 232-4748

email address and website:

[email protected] (chancery); [email protected] (consular section); https://washington.mae.ro/en

consulate(s) general:

Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

chief of mission:

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires David MUNIZ (since 20 January 2021)

embassy:

4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118

mailing address:

5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260

telephone:

[40] (21) 200-3300

FAX:

[40] (21) 200-3442

email address and website:

[email protected]; https://ro.usembassy.gov/

• three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red;
• modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania;
• the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed

note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

name:

"Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

lyrics/music:

Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

total World Heritage Sites:

9 (7 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:

• Danube Delta (n);
• Churches of Moldavia (c);
• Monastery of Horezu (c);
• Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c);
• Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c);
• Historic Center of Sighişoara (c);
• Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c);
• Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n);
• Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c)

Fitch rating:

BBB- (2011)

Moody's rating:

Baa3 (2006)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2014)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

agriculture:

28.3%

industry:

28.9%

services:

42.8% (2014)

total:

21%

male:

20.9%

female:

21.2% (2021 est.)

lowest 10%:

15.3%

highest 10%:

7.6% (2014 est.)

production:

15.002 million metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption:

16.412 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports:

2,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports:

1.384 million metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves:

291 million metric tons (2019 est.)

total petroleum production:

74,000 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption:

222,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports:

1,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports:

161,600 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves:

600 million barrels (2021 est.)

production:

10,367,941,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

consumption:

11,087,528,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

exports:

11.185 million cubic meters (2019 est.)

imports:

2,800,985,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

proven reserves:

105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

• a mixture of public and private TV stations;
• there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting;
• state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting;
• there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting

number of registered air carriers:

8 (2020); inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 60

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:

4,908,235 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:

2.71 million (2018) mt-km

total:

11,268 km (2014)

standard gauge:

10,781 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (3,292 km electrified)

narrow gauge:

427 km (2014) 0.760-m gauge

broad gauge:

60 km (2014) 1.524-m gauge

total:

84,185 km (2012)

paved:

49,873 km (2012) (includes 337 km of expressways)

unpaved:

34,312 km (2012)

total:

121

by type:

general cargo 11, oil tanker 6, other 104 (2021)

major seaport(s):

Constanta, Midia

river port(s):

Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)

• the inventory of the Romanian Armed Forces is comprised mostly of Soviet-era and older domestically-produced weapons systems;
• there is also a smaller mix of Western-origin equipment received in more recent years from European countries and the US (2021)

• 18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women;
• all military inductees contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36;
• conscription ended in 2006 (2021)