Romania

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
• sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

• soil erosion and degradation;
• water pollution;
• air pollution in south from industrial effluents;
• contamination of Danube delta wetlands

party to:

Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

0-14 years:

19% (male 2,169,581; female 2,078,515)

15-64 years:

68% (male 7,571,619; female 7,668,689)

65 years and over:

13% (male 1,213,406; female 1,694,038) (July 1998 est.)

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.71 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

noun:

Romanian(s)

adjective:

Romanian

conventional long form :

none

conventional short form:

Romania

local long form:

none

local short form:

Romania

• 40 counties (judete, singular-judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);
• Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

chief of state:

President Emil CONSTANTINESCU (since 29 November 1996)

head of government:

Prime Minister Radu VASILE (since 17 April 1998)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
• election last held 3 November 1996, with runoff between the top two candidates held 17 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2000);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

percent of vote-Emil CONSTANTINESCU 54.4%, Ion ILIESCU 45.6%

• Democratic Party or PD [Petre ROMAN];
• Romanian Social Democratic Party or PSDR [Sergiu CUNESCU];
• Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR [Ion ILIESCU];
• Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO];
• National Liberal Party or PNL [Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS];
• National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party or PNTCD [Ion DIACONESCU];
• Romanian National Unity Party or PUNR [Valeriu TABARA];
• Socialist Labor Party or PSM [Ilie VERDET];
• Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania or PDAR [Victor SURDU];
• The Democratic Convention or CDR [Ion DIACONESCU];
• Romania Mare Party (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR];
• Civic Alliance Party or PAC [Nicolae MANOLESCU, chairman];
• Liberal Party '93 or PL-93 [Dinu PATRICIU];
• National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention or PNL-CD [Nicolae CERVENI];
• Socialist Party or PS [Tudor MOHORA]

note: to increase their voting strength several of the above-mentioned

parties united under umbrella organizations:

• PNTCD, PNL, and PNL-CD form the bulk of the Democratic Convention or CDR [Ion DIACONESCU];
• PD and PSDR form the Union of Social Democrats or USD [Petre ROMAN];
• and PAC and PL-93 form the National Liberal Alliance or ANL [Nicolae MANOLESCU];
• PSM, PS, ANL, and numerous other small parties failed to gain representation in the most recent election

chief of mission:

Ambassador Mircea Dan GEOANA

chancery :

1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851

chief of mission:

Ambassador James C. ROSAPEPE

embassy:

Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest

mailing address:

American Embassy Bucharest, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)

telephone:

[40] (1) 210 01 49, 210 40 42

• three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;
• the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed;
• now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad

total:

10.1 million (1996 est.)

by occupation:

industry 28.6%, agriculture 34.4%, trade 10.4%, construction 5.1%, other 21.5% (1995)

total value:

$8.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997 est.)

commodities:

textiles and footwear 27.5%, metals and metal products 16.2%, mineral products 9.0%, chemicals 11.2%, other 36.1% (1996)

partners:

Germany 18.1%, Italy 16.7%, France 5.6%, Turkey 5%, Netherlands 4.2%, China 3.0% (1996)

total value:

$10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997 est.)

commodities:

fuels and minerals 24%, machinery and transport equipment 25%, food and agricultural goods 7.6%, chemicals 12.5%, other 30.9% (1996)

partners:

Germany 17.1%, Italy 15.6%, Russia 12.6%, France 5.0%, US 3.8%, Egypt 3.8% (1996)

domestic:

• poor service;
• 89% of telephone network is automatic;
• trunk network is microwave radio relay;
• roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990 est.)

international:

satellite earth station-1 Intelsat; new digital international direct-dial exchanges are in Bucharest (1993 est.)

total:

11,365 km

broad gauge:

45 km 1.524-m gauge

standard gauge:

10,893 km 1.435-m gauge (3,723 km electrified; 3,060 km double track)

narrow gauge:

427 km 0.760-m gauge (1994)

total:

153,170 km

paved:

78,117 km (including 113 km of expressways)

unpaved:

75,053 km (1995 est.)

total:

19

over 3,047 m:

4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 (1997 est.)

• dispute with Ukraine over continental shelf of the Black Sea under which significant gas and oil deposits may exist;
• agreed in 1997 to two-year negotiating period, after which either party can refer dispute to the International Court of Justice