Romania

• certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania;
• this territory was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
• sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

current issues:

• soil erosion and degradation;
• water pollution;
• air pollution in south from industrial effluents;
• contamination of Danube delta wetlands

natural hazards:

earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

international agreements:

• party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands;
• signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea

0-14 years:

20% (male 2,180,023; female 2,088,496)

15-64 years:

68% (male 7,261,160; female 7,393,531)

65 years and over:

12% (male 1,138,583; female 1,595,369) (July 1996 est.)

at birth:

1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.71 male(s)/female

all ages:

0.96 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

noun:

Romanian(s)

adjective:

Romanian

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Romania

local long form:

none

local short form:

Romania

• 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);
• Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

chief of state:

• President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989) was elected for a four-year term by universal suffrage;
• election last held 27 September 1992, with runoff between top two candidates on 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA 1996);
• results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil CONSTANTINESCU 38.6%

head of government:

Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since NA November 1992) was appointed by the president

cabinet:

Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister

• elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996);
• results - PSDR 34.3%, CDR 18.2%, DP-FSN 12.6%, others 34.9%;
• seats - (143 total) PSDR 49, CDR 26, DP-FSN 18, PUNR 13, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PAC 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5, PL-93 2, other 1

• elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996);
• results - PSDR 34.0%, CDR 16.4%, DP-FSN 12.3%, others 37.3%;
• seats - (341 total) PSDR 116, CDR 56, DP-FSN 42, PUNR 29, UDMR 27, PL-93 19, PRM 15, PSM 13, PAC 5, other 19

• Democratic Party (DP-FSN), Petre ROMAN;
• Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR), Adrian NASTASE;
• Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), Bela MARKO;
• National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS;
• National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Ion DIACONESCU;
• Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR;
• Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie VERDET;
• Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU;
• The Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU;
• Romania Mare Party (PRM), Corneliu Vadim TUDOR;
• Civic Alliance Party (PAC), Nicolae MANOLESCU, chairman;
• Liberal Party 1993 (PL-93)

note: numerous other small parties exist but almost all failed to gain representation in the most recent election

chief of mission:

Ambassador Mircea Dan GEOANA

chancery:

1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851

chief of mission:

Ambassador Alfred H. MOSES

embassy:

Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest

mailing address:

American Consulate General (Bucharest), Unit 1315, APO AE 09213-1315

telephone:

[40] (1) 210 01 49, 210 40 42

• three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;
• the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed;
• now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad

total:

11,374 km

broad gauge:

60 km 1.524-m gauge

standard gauge:

10,887 km 1.435-m gauge (3,866 km electrified; 3,060 km double track)

narrow gauge:

427 km 0.760-m gauge (1994)

total:

153,014 km

paved:

78,037 km (including 113 km of expressways)

unpaved:

74,977 km (1992 est.)

total:

233 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,425,729 GRT/3,641,741 DWT

ships by type:

bulk 39, cargo 166, container 2, oil tanker 13, passenger 1, passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 9

note: Romania owns an additional 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,078,490 DWT operating under the registries of Liberia, Malta, Cyprus, and The Bahamas (1995 est.)

domestic:

• poor service;
• 89% of telephone network is automatic;
• trunk network is microwave radio relay;
• roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990 est.)

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital international direct-dial exchanges are in Bucharest (1993 est.)

males age 15-49:

5,572,383

males fit for military service:

4,693,376

males reach military age (20) annually:

198,125 (1996 est.)