Tajikistan

Republic of TajikistanJumhurii Tojikistan

republicIndependence 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Tajikistan as the 1995 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 79 fields, one of 34 editions from 1992 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalDushanbe

Area143,100 sq km

LocationCentral Asia, west of China

Populationas each edition published it

6.16 million July 1995 est. · 5.68m in 1992

Population growth% a year

2.6% 1995 est. · 2.72% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 19.3 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

69.03 years 1995 est. · 68.5 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

4.55 children per woman 1995 est. · 5.3 in 1992

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

60.4 deaths per 1,000 live births 1995 est. · 74 in 1992

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$1,415 1994 est. · $1,180 in 1994

GDP real growth% a year

-12% 1994 est. · -34% in 1993

Geography

Central Asia, west of China

14 fields

Land useshare of 143,100 sq km

arable land 6%permanent crops 0%meadows and pastures 23%forest and woodland 0%other 71%irrigated 6,940 sq km (1990)

Area

143,100sq km

land area: 142,700 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Wisconsin

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

3,651km

total · Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km

Map references

Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States

International disputes

boundary with China in dispute;
territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan on northern boundary in Isfara Valley area;
Afghanistan's and other foreign support to Tajik rebels based in northern Afghanistan

Climate

midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Terrain

Pamir and Altay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest

Natural resources

significant hydropower potential, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten

Environment

current issues:: inadequate sanitation facilities;
increasing levels of soil salinity;
industrial pollution;
excessive pesticides;
part of the basin of the shrinking Aral Sea which suffers from severe overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated pollution
natural hazards:: NA
international agreements:: NA

People

15 fields

Population

6,155,474

(July 1995 est.)growth rate: 2.6% (1995 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1995 est.)

Birth

34.06Death

6.58Net migration

-1.44

Male · female(1995 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years69.03

66.11 · 72.1

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy98%

99% · 97%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 15 and over can read and write (1989)

Ethnic divisions

Tajik 64.9%Uzbek 25%Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration)other 6.6%

Labor force

1.95million

(1992)by occupation: agriculture and forestry 43%, government and services 24%, industry 14%, trade and communications 11%, construction 8% (1990)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 43% (female 1,303,627; male 1,340,086)
15-64 years:: 53% (female 1,612,429; male 1,624,379)
65 years and over:: 4% (female 157,841; male 117,112) (July 1995 est.)

Infant mortality rate

60.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Tajik(s)
adjective:: Tajik

Languages

Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business

Government

Republic; President Emomili RAKHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; Prime Minister Jamshed KARIMOV (since 2 December 1994)

20 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

58%

Emomili RAKHMONOV 58%Abdumalik ABDULLAJANOV 40%

Names

conventional long form:: Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form:: Tajikistan
local long form:: Jumhurii Tojikistan
local short form:: none
former:: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

Administrative divisions

2 oblasts (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and one autonomous oblast* (viloyati avtonomii);
Viloyati Avtonomii Badakhshoni Kuni* (Khorugh - formerly Khorog), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa - formerly Kurgan-Tyube), Viloyati Leninobad (Khujand - formerly Leninabad)

note: the administrative center names are in parentheses

Constitution

new constitution adopted 6 November 1994

Legal system

based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Emomili RAKHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; was Head of State and Assembly Chairman since NA November 1992);
election last held 6 November 1994 (next to be held NA 1998);
results - Emomili RAKHMONOV 58%, Abdumalik ABDULLAJANOV 40%
head of government:: Prime Minister Jamshed KARIMOV (since 2 December 1994)
cabinet:: Council of Ministers

Supreme Soviet

elections last held 26 February 1994 (next to be held NA);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
estimated seats - (181 total) Communist Party and affiliates 100, Popular Party 10, Party of Political and Economic Progress 1, Party of Popular Unity 6, other 64

Political parties and leaders

Communist Party (People's Party of Tajikistan - PPT), Abdumalik ABDULAJANOV;
Party of Economic Freedom (PEF), Abdumalik ABDULAJANOV;
Tajik Socialist Party (TSP), Shodi SHABDOLOV;
Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Abdu-Nabi SATARZADE, chairman;
note - suspended for six months;
Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), Sayed Abdullo NURI, chairman;
Rebirth (Rastokhez), Takhir ABDUZHABOROV;
Lali Badakhshan Society, Atobek AMIRBEK;
People's Democratic Party (PDP), Abdujalil HAMIDOV, chairman;
Tajikistan Party of Economic and Political Renewal (TPEPR), Mukhtor BOBOYEV

note: all the above-listed parties except the Communist Party, the Party of National Unity, and the People's Party were banned in June 1993

Other political or pressure groups

Tajikistan Opposition Movement based in northern Afghanistan

Member of

CIS, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: NA
chancery:: NA
telephone:: NA

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO
embassy:: Interim Chancery, #39 Ainii Street, Oktyabrskaya Hotel, Dushanbe
mailing address:: use embassy street address
telephone:: [7] (3772) 21-03-56

Flag

three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green;
a crown surmounted by seven five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe

Economy

Tajikistan had the next-to-lowest per capita GDP in the | former USSR, the highest rate of population growth, and an extremely | low standard of living.

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GDP per capita, PPP

$1,415

(1994 est.)

Real growth rate

-12%

(1994 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate -31% (1994)

Unemployment rate

1.5%

includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers and unregistered unemployed people (September 1994)

Installed generating capacity, 3,800,000 kW

Electricity production

17 billionElectricity consumption per capita

2,800 (1994)

Tajikistan had the next-to-lowest per capita GDP in the former USSR, the highest rate of population growth, and an extremely low standard of living. Agriculture dominates the economy, cotton being the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten.

Industry is limited to a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The Tajik economy has been gravely weakened by three years of civil war and by the loss of subsidies and markets for its products, which has left Tajikistan dependent on Russia and Uzbekistan and on international humanitarian assistance for much of its basic subsistence needs.

Moreover, constant political turmoil and the continued dominance by former Communist officials have impeded the introduction of meaningful economic reforms. In the meantime, Tajikistan's efforts to adopt the Russian ruble as its domestic currency despite Russia's unwillingness to supply sufficient rubles left the country in a severe monetary crisis throughout 1994, keeping inflation low but leaving workers and pensioners unpaid for months at a time. The government has announced plans to introduce its own currency in 1995 to help resolve the problem.

National product

GDP - purchasing power parity - $8.5 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

NA%

Budget

revenues:: $NA
expenditures:: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports

$320 million to outside the FSU countries (1994)

commodities:: cotton, aluminum, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
partners:: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan

Imports

$318 million from outside the FSU countries (1994)

commodities:: fuel, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs
partners:: Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan

External debt

$NA

Industries

aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers

Agriculture

cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep and goats

Illicit drugs

illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy;
mostly for CIS consumption;
used as transshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe and North America

Economic aid

recipient:: Russia and Uzbekistan reportedly provided substantial general assistance throughout 1993 and 1994;
Western aid and credits promised through the end of 1993 were $700 million but disbursements were only $104 million;
large scale development loans await IMF approval of a reform and stabilization plan

Currency

1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks;
Tajikistan uses the Russian ruble as its currency by agreement with Russia;
government has plans to introduce its own currency, the Tajik ruble, in 1995

Exchange rates

Fiscal year

calendar year

Transportation

5 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 59 in all

over 3,047 m

2,438 to 3,047 m

1,524 to 2,437 m

914 to 1,523 m

under 914 m

PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways

29,900Railroads

480 (1990)

Highways: paved: 21,400 km · unpaved: earth 8,500 km (1990) · Railroads: ; does not include industrial lines

Railroads

total: 480 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways

total:: 29,900 km
paved:: 21,400 km
unpaved:: earth 8,500 km (1990)

Pipelines

natural gas 400 km (1992)

Ports

none

Communications

3 fields

Telephone system

303,000 telephones (December 1991);
about 55 telephones/1,000 persons (1991);
poorly developed and not well maintained;
many towns are not reached by the national network

local:: NA
intercity:: cable and microwave radio relay
international:: linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics, and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch;
Dushanbe linked by INTELSAT to international gateway switch in Ankara;
1 Orbita and 2 INTELSAT earth stations