The CIA World Factbook Edition 2021 Geography

Climate In 36 editions of 36.

Climate was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 2021 edition carries it in 260 entries, in its Geography section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 2021 edition: 260
the first edition with it: 1990
the latest edition with it: 2025

Published as “Climate” (1990 to 2025).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Climate, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

Entries with Climate in each edition

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World

1 entry

World

Published as “Climate”

a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates, bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates
Ten Driest Places on Earth (Average Annual Precipitation): McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)
Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)
Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)
Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)
Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)
Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)
El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)
Ten Wettest Places on Earth (Average Annual Precipitation): Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)
Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)
Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)
Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)
San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)
Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)
Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)
Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)
Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)
Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)
Ten Coldest Places on Earth (Lowest Average Monthly Temperature): Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January
Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January
Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February
Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February
Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February
Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March
Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February
Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February
Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January
Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February
Ten Hottest Places on Earth (Highest Average Monthly Temperature): Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July
Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June
Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July
Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July
Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July
Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July
Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June
Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July
Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January
Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June

Published as “Climate”

a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates, bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates
Ten Driest Places on Earth (Average Annual Precipitation): McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)
Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)
Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)
Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)
Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)
Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)
El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)
Ten Wettest Places on Earth (Average Annual Precipitation): Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)
Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)
Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)
Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)
San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)
Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)
Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)
Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)
Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)
Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)
Ten Coldest Places on Earth (Lowest Average Monthly Temperature): Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January
Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January
Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February
Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February
Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February
Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March
Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February
Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February
Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January
Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February
Ten Hottest Places on Earth (Highest Average Monthly Temperature): Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July
Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June
Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July
Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July
Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July
Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July
Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June
Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July
Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January
Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June

Africa

55 entries

Algeria

Published as “Climate”

arid to semiarid;
mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast;
drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau;
sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

Published as “Climate”

arid to semiarid;
mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast;
drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau;
sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

Angola

Published as “Climate”

semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda;
north has cool,
dry season (May to October) and hot,
rainy season (November to April)

Published as “Climate”

semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda;
north has cool,
dry season (May to October) and hot,
rainy season (November to April)

Benin

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid in south;
semiarid in north

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid in south;
semiarid in north

Botswana

Published as “Climate”

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Published as “Climate”

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Burkina Faso

Published as “Climate”

three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert

Published as “Climate”

Burundi

Published as “Climate”

equatorial;
high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level);
average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees Celsius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
average annual rainfall is about 150 cm;
two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)

Published as “Climate”

equatorial;
high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level);
average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees Celsius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
average annual rainfall is about 150 cm;
two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)

Cabo Verde

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
warm, dry summer;
precipitation meager and erratic

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
warm, dry summer;
precipitation meager and erratic

Cameroon

Published as “Climate”

varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

Published as “Climate”

varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

Central African Republic

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, dry winters;
mild to hot, wet summers

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, dry winters;
mild to hot, wet summers

Chad

Published as “Climate”

tropical in south, desert in north

Published as “Climate”

tropical in south, desert in north

Comoros

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the now Democratic Republic of the Congo

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot and humid in equatorial river basin;
cooler and drier in southern highlands;
cooler and wetter in eastern highlands;
north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February);
south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot and humid in equatorial river basin;
cooler and drier in southern highlands;
cooler and wetter in eastern highlands;
north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February);
south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)

Congo, Republic of the now Republic of the Congo

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
rainy season (March to June);
dry season (June to October);
persistent high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
rainy season (March to June);
dry season (June to October);
persistent high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

Cote d'Ivoire

Published as “Climate”

tropical along coast,
semiarid in far north;
three seasons - warm and dry (November to March),
hot and dry (March to May),
hot and wet (June to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical along coast,
semiarid in far north;
three seasons - warm and dry (November to March),
hot and dry (March to May),
hot and wet (June to October)

Djibouti

Published as “Climate”

desert; torrid, dry

Published as “Climate”

desert; torrid, dry

Egypt

Published as “Climate”

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Published as “Climate”

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Equatorial Guinea

Published as “Climate”

tropical; always hot, humid

Published as “Climate”

tropical; always hot, humid

Eritrea

Published as “Climate”

hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast;
cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September);
semiarid in western hills and lowlands

Published as “Climate”

hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast;
cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September);
semiarid in western hills and lowlands

Eswatini

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical to near temperate

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical to near temperate

Ethiopia

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Gabon

Published as “Climate”

tropical; always hot, humid

Published as “Climate”

tropical; always hot, humid

Gambia, The now The Gambia

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, rainy season (June to November);
cooler, dry season (November to May)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, rainy season (June to November);
cooler, dry season (November to May)

Ghana

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
hot and humid in southwest;
hot and dry in north

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
hot and humid in southwest;
hot and dry in north

Guinea

Published as “Climate”

generally hot and humid;
monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Published as “Climate”

generally hot and humid;
monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guinea-Bissau

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
generally hot and humid;
monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
generally hot and humid;
monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Kenya

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Lesotho

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cool to cold, dry winters;
hot, wet summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cool to cold, dry winters;
hot, wet summers

Liberia

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights;
wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights;
wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Libya

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Madagascar

Published as “Climate”

tropical along coast,
temperate inland,
arid in south

Published as “Climate”

tropical along coast,
temperate inland,
arid in south

Malawi

Published as “Climate”

sub-tropical;
rainy season (November to May);
dry season (May to November)

Published as “Climate”

sub-tropical;
rainy season (November to May);
dry season (May to November)

Mali

Published as “Climate”

subtropical to arid;
hot and dry (February to June);
rainy, humid, and mild (June to November);
cool and dry (November to February)

Published as “Climate”

subtropical to arid;
hot and dry (February to June);
rainy, humid, and mild (June to November);
cool and dry (November to February)

Mauritania

Published as “Climate”

desert;
constantly hot,
dry,
dusty

Published as “Climate”

desert;
constantly hot,
dry,
dusty

Mauritius

Published as “Climate”

tropical, modified by southeast trade winds;
warm, dry winter (May to November);
hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Published as “Climate”

tropical, modified by southeast trade winds;
warm, dry winter (May to November);
hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Morocco

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior;
in the south, hot, dry desert;
rain is rare;
cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

note: data does not include former Western Sahara

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior;
in the south, hot, dry desert;
rain is rare;
cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

note: data does not include former Western Sahara

Mozambique

Published as “Climate”

tropical to subtropical

Published as “Climate”

tropical to subtropical

Namibia

Published as “Climate”

desert;
hot, dry;
rainfall sparse and erratic

Published as “Climate”

desert;
hot, dry;
rainfall sparse and erratic

Niger

Published as “Climate”

desert;
mostly hot, dry, dusty;
tropical in extreme south

Published as “Climate”

desert;
mostly hot, dry, dusty;
tropical in extreme south

Nigeria

Published as “Climate”

varies;
equatorial in south,
tropical in center,
arid in north

Published as “Climate”

varies;
equatorial in south,
tropical in center,
arid in north

Rwanda

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January);
mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January);
mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

Published as “Climate”

Saint Helena:: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds;
Ascension Island:: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid;
Tristan da Cunha:: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Published as “Climate”

Saint Helena:: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds;
Ascension Island:: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid;
Tristan da Cunha:: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Sao Tome and Principe

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
one rainy season (October to May)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
one rainy season (October to May)

Senegal

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds;
dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds;
dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind

Seychelles

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
humid;
cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September);
warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
humid;
cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September);
warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)

Sierra Leone

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
summer rainy season (May to December);
winter dry season (December to April)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
summer rainy season (May to December);
winter dry season (December to April)

Somalia

Published as “Climate”

principally desert;
northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south;
southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

Published as “Climate”

principally desert;
northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south;
southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

South Africa

Published as “Climate”

mostly semiarid;
subtropical along east coast;
sunny days, cool nights

Published as “Climate”

mostly semiarid;
subtropical along east coast;
sunny days, cool nights

South Sudan

Published as “Climate”

hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone;
rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north

Published as “Climate”

hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone;
rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north

Sudan

Published as “Climate”

hot and dry;
arid desert;
rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Published as “Climate”

hot and dry;
arid desert;
rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Tanzania

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Togo

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid in south;
semiarid in north

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid in south;
semiarid in north

Tunisia

Published as “Climate”

temperate in north with mild,
rainy winters and hot,
dry summers;
desert in south

Published as “Climate”

temperate in north with mild,
rainy winters and hot,
dry summers;
desert in south

Uganda

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August);
semiarid in northeast

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August);
semiarid in northeast

Zambia

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
modified by altitude;
rainy season (October to April)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
modified by altitude;
rainy season (October to April)

Zimbabwe

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by altitude;
rainy season (November to March)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by altitude;
rainy season (November to March)

Antarctic Region

5 entries

Antarctica

Published as “Climate”

the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth;
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean;
East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation;
Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate;
higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing;
summers characterized by continuous daylight, while winters bring continous darkness;
persistent high pressure over the interior brings dry, subsiding air that results in very little cloud cover

Published as “Climate”

the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth;
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean;
East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation;
Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate;
higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing;
summers characterized by continuous daylight, while winters bring continous darkness;
persistent high pressure over the interior brings dry, subsiding air that results in very little cloud cover

Bouvet Island

Published as “Climate”

antarctic

Published as “Climate”

antarctic

French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Published as “Climate”

Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:: oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity;
Iles Crozet:: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy;
Iles Kerguelen:: oceanic,
cold,
overcast,
windy;
Iles Eparses:: tropical

Published as “Climate”

Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:: oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity;
Iles Crozet:: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy;
Iles Kerguelen:: oceanic,
cold,
overcast,
windy;
Iles Eparses:: tropical

Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Published as “Climate”

antarctic

Published as “Climate”

antarctic

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands now South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Published as “Climate”

variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Published as “Climate”

variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Arctic Region

4 entries

Greenland

Published as “Climate”

arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Published as “Climate”

arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Iceland

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
moderated by North Atlantic Current;
mild, windy winters;
damp, cool summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
moderated by North Atlantic Current;
mild, windy winters;
damp, cool summers

Jan Mayen

Published as “Climate”

arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Published as “Climate”

arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Svalbard

Published as “Climate”

arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current;
cool summers, cold winters;
North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year

Published as “Climate”

arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current;
cool summers, cold winters;
North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year

Asia

23 entries

Afghanistan

Published as “Climate”

arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Published as “Climate”

arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Armenia

Published as “Climate”

highland continental,
hot summers,
cold winters

Published as “Climate”

highland continental,
hot summers,
cold winters

Azerbaijan

Published as “Climate”

dry, semiarid steppe

Published as “Climate”

dry, semiarid steppe

Bangladesh

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
mild winter (October to March);
hot, humid summer (March to June);
humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
mild winter (October to March);
hot, humid summer (March to June);
humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Bhutan

Published as “Climate”

varies;
tropical in southern plains;
cool winters and hot summers in central valleys;
severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

Published as “Climate”

varies;
tropical in southern plains;
cool winters and hot summers in central valleys;
severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

British Indian Ocean Territory

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
hot,
humid,
moderated by trade winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
hot,
humid,
moderated by trade winds

China

Published as “Climate”

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Published as “Climate”

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Georgia

Published as “Climate”

warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

Published as “Climate”

warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

India

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Japan

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Kazakhstan

Published as “Climate”

continental,
cold winters and hot summers,
arid and semiarid

Published as “Climate”

continental,
cold winters and hot summers,
arid and semiarid

Korea, North now North Korea

Published as “Climate”

temperate,
with rainfall concentrated in summer;
long,
bitter winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate,
with rainfall concentrated in summer;
long,
bitter winters

Korea, South now South Korea

Published as “Climate”

temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter; cold winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter; cold winters

Kyrgyzstan

Published as “Climate”

dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains;
subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley);
temperate in northern foothill zone

Published as “Climate”

dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains;
subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley);
temperate in northern foothill zone

Maldives

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
dry, northeast monsoon (November to March);
rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
dry, northeast monsoon (November to March);
rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

Mongolia

Published as “Climate”

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Published as “Climate”

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Nepal

Published as “Climate”

varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Published as “Climate”

varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Pakistan

Published as “Climate”

mostly hot, dry desert;
temperate in northwest;
arctic in north

Published as “Climate”

mostly hot, dry desert;
temperate in northwest;
arctic in north

Russia

Published as “Climate”

ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia;
subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;
winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia;
summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Published as “Climate”

ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia;
subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;
winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia;
summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Sri Lanka

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon;
northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon;
northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)

Tajikistan

Published as “Climate”

mid-latitude continental,
hot summers,
mild winters;
semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Published as “Climate”

mid-latitude continental,
hot summers,
mild winters;
semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Turkmenistan

Published as “Climate”

subtropical desert

Published as “Climate”

subtropical desert

Uzbekistan

Published as “Climate”

mostly mid-latitude desert,
long,
hot summers,
mild winters;
semiarid grassland in east

Published as “Climate”

mostly mid-latitude desert,
long,
hot summers,
mild winters;
semiarid grassland in east

Central America and the Caribbean

33 entries

Anguilla

Published as “Climate”

tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

Antigua and Barbuda

Published as “Climate”

tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

Aruba

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Bahamas, The now The Bahamas

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Barbados

Published as “Climate”

tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Belize

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
very hot and humid;
rainy season (May to November);
dry season (February to May)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
very hot and humid;
rainy season (May to November);
dry season (February to May)

British Virgin Islands

Published as “Climate”

subtropical;
humid;
temperatures moderated by trade winds

Published as “Climate”

subtropical;
humid;
temperatures moderated by trade winds

Cayman Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
warm,
rainy summers (May to October) and cool,
relatively dry winters (November to April)

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
warm,
rainy summers (May to October) and cool,
relatively dry winters (November to April)

Costa Rica

Published as “Climate”

tropical and subtropical;
dry season (December to April);
rainy season (May to November);
cooler in highlands

Published as “Climate”

tropical and subtropical;
dry season (December to April);
rainy season (May to November);
cooler in highlands

Cuba

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by trade winds;
dry season (November to April);
rainy season (May to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by trade winds;
dry season (November to April);
rainy season (May to October)

Curacao

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semiarid with average rainfall of 60 cm/year

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semiarid with average rainfall of 60 cm/year

Dominica

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by northeast trade winds;
heavy rainfall

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by northeast trade winds;
heavy rainfall

Dominican Republic

Published as “Climate”

tropical maritime;
little seasonal temperature variation;
seasonal variation in rainfall

Published as “Climate”

tropical maritime;
little seasonal temperature variation;
seasonal variation in rainfall

El Salvador

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
rainy season (May to October);
dry season (November to April);
tropical on coast;
temperate in uplands

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
rainy season (May to October);
dry season (November to April);
tropical on coast;
temperate in uplands

Grenada

Published as “Climate”

tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Guatemala

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid in lowlands;
cooler in highlands

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid in lowlands;
cooler in highlands

Haiti

Published as “Climate”

tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Honduras

Published as “Climate”

subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Published as “Climate”

subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Jamaica

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
temperate interior

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
temperate interior

Montserrat

Published as “Climate”

tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Navassa Island

Published as “Climate”

marine, tropical

Published as “Climate”

marine, tropical

Nicaragua

Published as “Climate”

tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Published as “Climate”

tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Panama

Published as “Climate”

tropical maritime;
hot, humid, cloudy;
prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Published as “Climate”

tropical maritime;
hot, humid, cloudy;
prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Puerto Rico

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation

Saint Barthelemy

Published as “Climate”

tropical, with practically no variation in temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)

Published as “Climate”

tropical, with practically no variation in temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Published as “Climate”

tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes;
little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season (May to November)

Published as “Climate”

tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes;
little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season (May to November)

Saint Lucia

Published as “Climate”

tropical,
moderated by northeast trade winds;
dry season January to April,
rainy season May to August

Published as “Climate”

tropical,
moderated by northeast trade winds;
dry season January to April,
rainy season May to August

Saint Martin

Published as “Climate”

temperature averages 27-29 degrees Celsius all year long;
low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers;
hurricane season stretches from July to November

Published as “Climate”

temperature averages 27-29 degrees Celsius all year long;
low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers;
hurricane season stretches from July to November

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season (May to November)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season (May to November)

Sint Maarten

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in moderate temperatures;
average rainfall of 150 cm/year;
hurricane season stretches from July to November

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in moderate temperatures;
average rainfall of 150 cm/year;
hurricane season stretches from July to November

Trinidad and Tobago

Published as “Climate”

tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Published as “Climate”

tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Turks and Caicos Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
marine;
moderated by trade winds;
sunny and relatively dry

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
marine;
moderated by trade winds;
sunny and relatively dry

Virgin Islands

Published as “Climate”

subtropical,
tempered by easterly trade winds,
relatively low humidity,
little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season September to November

Published as “Climate”

subtropical,
tempered by easterly trade winds,
relatively low humidity,
little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season September to November

Europe

49 entries

Albania

Published as “Climate”

mild temperate;
cool, cloudy, wet winters;
hot, clear, dry summers;
interior is cooler and wetter

Published as “Climate”

mild temperate;
cool, cloudy, wet winters;
hot, clear, dry summers;
interior is cooler and wetter

Andorra

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
snowy,
cold winters and warm,
dry summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
snowy,
cold winters and warm,
dry summers

Austria

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
continental, cloudy;
cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains;
moderate summers with occasional showers

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
continental, cloudy;
cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains;
moderate summers with occasional showers

Belarus

Published as “Climate”

cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime

Published as “Climate”

cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime

Belgium

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
mild winters, cool summers;
rainy, humid, cloudy

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
mild winters, cool summers;
rainy, humid, cloudy

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Published as “Climate”

hot summers and cold winters;
areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters;
mild, rainy winters along coast

Published as “Climate”

hot summers and cold winters;
areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters;
mild, rainy winters along coast

Bulgaria

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cold, damp winters;
hot, dry summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cold, damp winters;
hot, dry summers

Croatia

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean and continental;
continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters;
mild winters, dry summers along coast

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean and continental;
continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters;
mild winters, dry summers along coast

Czechia

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cool summers;
cold, cloudy, humid winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cool summers;
cold, cloudy, humid winters

Denmark

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
humid and overcast;
mild, windy winters and cool summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
humid and overcast;
mild, windy winters and cool summers

Estonia

Published as “Climate”

maritime;
wet,
moderate winters,
cool summers

Published as “Climate”

maritime;
wet,
moderate winters,
cool summers

European Union

Published as “Climate”

cold temperate;
potentially subarctic in the north to temperate;
mild wet winters;
hot dry summers in the south

Published as “Climate”

cold temperate;
potentially subarctic in the north to temperate;
mild wet winters;
hot dry summers in the south

Faroe Islands

Published as “Climate”

mild winters, cool summers;
usually overcast;
foggy, windy

Published as “Climate”

mild winters, cool summers;
usually overcast;
foggy, windy

Finland

Published as “Climate”

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Published as “Climate”

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

France

Published as “Climate”

metropolitan France:: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean;
occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;
French Guiana:: tropical;
hot, humid;
little seasonal temperature variation;
Guadeloupe and Martinique:: subtropical tempered by trade winds;
moderately high humidity;
rainy season (June to October);
vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;
Mayotte:: tropical;
marine;
hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May);
dry season is cooler (May to November);
Reunion:: tropical,
but temperature moderates with elevation;
cool and dry (May to November),
hot and rainy (November to April)

Published as “Climate”

metropolitan France:: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean;
occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;
French Guiana:: tropical;
hot, humid;
little seasonal temperature variation;
Guadeloupe and Martinique:: subtropical tempered by trade winds;
moderately high humidity;
rainy season (June to October);
vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;
Mayotte:: tropical;
marine;
hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May);
dry season is cooler (May to November);
Reunion:: tropical,
but temperature moderates with elevation;
cool and dry (May to November),
hot and rainy (November to April)

Germany

Published as “Climate”

temperate and marine;
cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Published as “Climate”

temperate and marine;
cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Gibraltar

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Greece

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
mild, wet winters;
hot, dry summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
mild, wet winters;
hot, dry summers

Guernsey

Published as “Climate”

temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast

Published as “Climate”

temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast

Holy See (Vatican City)

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
mild,
rainy winters (September to May) with hot,
dry summers (May to September)

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
mild,
rainy winters (September to May) with hot,
dry summers (May to September)

Hungary

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cold, cloudy, humid winters;
warm summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cold, cloudy, humid winters;
warm summers

Ireland

Published as “Climate”

temperate maritime;
modified by North Atlantic Current;
mild winters, cool summers;
consistently humid;
overcast about half the time

Published as “Climate”

temperate maritime;
modified by North Atlantic Current;
mild winters, cool summers;
consistently humid;
overcast about half the time

Isle of Man

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cool summers and mild winters;
overcast about a third of the time

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cool summers and mild winters;
overcast about a third of the time

Italy

Published as “Climate”

predominantly Mediterranean;
alpine in far north;
hot, dry in south

Published as “Climate”

predominantly Mediterranean;
alpine in far north;
hot, dry in south

Jersey

Published as “Climate”

temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Kosovo

Published as “Climate”

influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns;
Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation;
maximum rainfall between October and December

Published as “Climate”

influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns;
Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation;
maximum rainfall between October and December

Latvia

Published as “Climate”

maritime; wet, moderate winters

Published as “Climate”

maritime; wet, moderate winters

Liechtenstein

Published as “Climate”

continental;
cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain;
cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Published as “Climate”

continental;
cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain;
cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Lithuania

Published as “Climate”

transitional,
between maritime and continental;
wet,
moderate winters and summers

Published as “Climate”

transitional,
between maritime and continental;
wet,
moderate winters and summers

Luxembourg

Published as “Climate”

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Published as “Climate”

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Malta

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean;
mild, rainy winters;
hot, dry summers

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean;
mild, rainy winters;
hot, dry summers

Moldova

Published as “Climate”

moderate winters, warm summers

Published as “Climate”

moderate winters, warm summers

Monaco

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean with mild,
wet winters and hot,
dry summers

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean with mild,
wet winters and hot,
dry summers

Montenegro

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Netherlands

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
marine;
cool summers and mild winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
marine;
cool summers and mild winters

North Macedonia

Published as “Climate”

warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Published as “Climate”

warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Norway

Published as “Climate”

temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
rainy year-round on west coast

Published as “Climate”

temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
rainy year-round on west coast

Poland

Published as “Climate”

temperate with cold,
cloudy,
moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation;
mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Published as “Climate”

temperate with cold,
cloudy,
moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation;
mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Portugal

Published as “Climate”

maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Published as “Climate”

maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Romania

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

San Marino

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean;
mild to cool winters;
warm, sunny summers

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean;
mild to cool winters;
warm, sunny summers

Serbia

Published as “Climate”

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall);
in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Published as “Climate”

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall);
in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Slovakia

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cool summers;
cold, cloudy, humid winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
cool summers;
cold, cloudy, humid winters

Slovenia

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Spain

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast;
cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast;
cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Sweden

Published as “Climate”

temperate in south with cold,
cloudy winters and cool,
partly cloudy summers;
subarctic in north

Published as “Climate”

temperate in south with cold,
cloudy winters and cool,
partly cloudy summers;
subarctic in north

Switzerland

Published as “Climate”

temperate, but varies with altitude;
cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters;
cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers

Published as “Climate”

temperate, but varies with altitude;
cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters;
cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers

Ukraine

Published as “Climate”

temperate continental;
Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast;
precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast;
winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland;
warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

Published as “Climate”

temperate continental;
Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast;
precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast;
winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland;
warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

United Kingdom

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current;
more than one-half of the days are overcast

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current;
more than one-half of the days are overcast

Middle East

19 entries

Akrotiri

Published as “Climate”

temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Bahrain

Published as “Climate”

arid;
mild, pleasant winters;
very hot, humid summers

Published as “Climate”

arid;
mild, pleasant winters;
very hot, humid summers

Cyprus

Published as “Climate”

temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Dhekelia

Published as “Climate”

temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Gaza Strip

Published as “Climate”

temperate,
mild winters,
dry and warm to hot summers

Published as “Climate”

temperate,
mild winters,
dry and warm to hot summers

Iran

Published as “Climate”

mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Published as “Climate”

mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Iraq

Published as “Climate”

mostly desert;
mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers;
northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq

Published as “Climate”

mostly desert;
mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers;
northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq

Israel

Published as “Climate”

temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Published as “Climate”

temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Jordan

Published as “Climate”

mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Published as “Climate”

mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Kuwait

Published as “Climate”

dry desert;
intensely hot summers;
short, cool winters

Published as “Climate”

dry desert;
intensely hot summers;
short, cool winters

Lebanon

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean;
mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers;
the Lebanon Mountains experience heavy winter snows

Published as “Climate”

Mediterranean;
mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers;
the Lebanon Mountains experience heavy winter snows

Oman

Published as “Climate”

dry desert;
hot, humid along coast;
hot, dry interior;
strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Published as “Climate”

dry desert;
hot, humid along coast;
hot, dry interior;
strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Qatar

Published as “Climate”

arid;
mild, pleasant winters;
very hot, humid summers

Published as “Climate”

arid;
mild, pleasant winters;
very hot, humid summers

Saudi Arabia

Published as “Climate”

harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

Published as “Climate”

harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

Syria

Published as “Climate”

mostly desert;
hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast;
cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Published as “Climate”

mostly desert;
hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast;
cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Turkey now Turkiye

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
harsher in interior

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
harsher in interior

United Arab Emirates

Published as “Climate”

desert; cooler in eastern mountains

Published as “Climate”

desert; cooler in eastern mountains

West Bank

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
temperature and precipitation vary with altitude,
warm to hot summers,
cool to mild winters

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
temperature and precipitation vary with altitude,
warm to hot summers,
cool to mild winters

Yemen

Published as “Climate”

mostly desert;
hot and humid along west coast;
temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon;
extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east

Published as “Climate”

mostly desert;
hot and humid along west coast;
temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon;
extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east

North America

6 entries

Bermuda

Published as “Climate”

subtropical;
mild, humid;
gales, strong winds common in winter

Published as “Climate”

subtropical;
mild, humid;
gales, strong winds common in winter

Canada

Published as “Climate”

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Published as “Climate”

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Clipperton Island

Published as “Climate”

tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees Celsius, wet season (May to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees Celsius, wet season (May to October)

Mexico

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical to desert

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical to desert

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Published as “Climate”

cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy

Published as “Climate”

cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy

United States

Published as “Climate”

mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest;
low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

note: many consider Denali, the highest peak in the US, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.

Published as “Climate”

mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest;
low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

Oceania

28 entries

American Samoa

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;
annual rainfall averages about 3 m;
rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October);
little seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;
annual rainfall averages about 3 m;
rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October);
little seasonal temperature variation

Australia

Published as “Climate”

generally arid to semiarid;
temperate in south and east;
tropical in north

Published as “Climate”

generally arid to semiarid;
temperate in south and east;
tropical in north

Cook Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical oceanic;
moderated by trade winds;
a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March

Published as “Climate”

tropical oceanic;
moderated by trade winds;
a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March

Coral Sea Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Fiji

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

French Polynesia

Published as “Climate”

tropical, but moderate

Published as “Climate”

tropical, but moderate

Guam

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds;
dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December);
little seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds;
dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December);
little seasonal temperature variation

Kiribati

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
marine,
hot and humid,
moderated by trade winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
marine,
hot and humid,
moderated by trade winds

Marshall Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot and humid;
wet season May to November;
islands border typhoon belt

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot and humid;
wet season May to November;
islands border typhoon belt

Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands;
located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands;
located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage

Nauru

Published as “Climate”

tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)

Published as “Climate”

tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)

New Caledonia

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
modified by southeast trade winds;
hot, humid

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
modified by southeast trade winds;
hot, humid

New Zealand

Published as “Climate”

temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Published as “Climate”

temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Niue

Published as “Climate”

tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Norfolk Island

Published as “Climate”

subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation

Northern Mariana Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation;
dry season December to June, rainy season July to October

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation;
dry season December to June, rainy season July to October

Palau

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot and humid;
wet season May to November

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot and humid;
wet season May to November

Papua New Guinea

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October);
slight seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October);
slight seasonal temperature variation

Pitcairn Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot and humid;
modified by southeast trade winds;
rainy season (November to March)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot and humid;
modified by southeast trade winds;
rainy season (November to March)

Samoa

Published as “Climate”

tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)

Solomon Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon; few temperature and weather extremes

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon; few temperature and weather extremes

Tokelau

Published as “Climate”

tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Published as “Climate”

tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Tonga

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
modified by trade winds;
warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
modified by trade winds;
warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)

Tuvalu

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November);
westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November);
westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges

Published as “Climate”

Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:: equatorial;
scant rainfall,
constant wind,
burning sun;
Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef:: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation;
Midway Islands:: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October);
moderated by prevailing easterly winds;
most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter;
Palmyra Atoll:: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year

Published as “Climate”

Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands:: equatorial;
scant rainfall,
constant wind,
burning sun;
Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef:: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation;
Midway Islands:: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October);
moderated by prevailing easterly winds;
most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter;
Palmyra Atoll:: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year

Vanuatu

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October;
moderate rainfall from November to April;
may be affected by cyclones from December to April

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October;
moderate rainfall from November to April;
may be affected by cyclones from December to April

Wake Island

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Wallis and Futuna

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, rainy season (November to April);
cool, dry season (May to October);
rains 250-300 cm per year (80% humidity);
average temperature 26.6 degrees Celsius

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, rainy season (November to April);
cool, dry season (May to October);
rains 250-300 cm per year (80% humidity);
average temperature 26.6 degrees Celsius

South America

13 entries

Argentina

Published as “Climate”

mostly temperate;
arid in southeast;
subantarctic in southwest

Published as “Climate”

mostly temperate;
arid in southeast;
subantarctic in southwest

Bolivia

Published as “Climate”

varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Published as “Climate”

varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Brazil

Published as “Climate”

mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Published as “Climate”

mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Chile

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
desert in north;
Mediterranean in central region;
cool and damp in south

Published as “Climate”

temperate;
desert in north;
Mediterranean in central region;
cool and damp in south

Colombia

Published as “Climate”

tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Published as “Climate”

tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Ecuador

Published as “Climate”

tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Published as “Climate”

tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Published as “Climate”

cold marine;
strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid;
rain occurs on more than half of days in year;
average annual rainfall is 60 cm in Stanley;
occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate

Published as “Climate”

cold marine;
strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid;
rain occurs on more than half of days in year;
average annual rainfall is 60 cm in Stanley;
occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate

Guyana

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds;
two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds;
two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)

Paraguay

Published as “Climate”

subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Published as “Climate”

subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Peru

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Published as “Climate”

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Suriname

Published as “Climate”

tropical; moderated by trade winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical; moderated by trade winds

Uruguay

Published as “Climate”

warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Published as “Climate”

warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Venezuela

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Southeast Asia

19 entries

Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Brunei

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot,
humid,
rainy

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot,
humid,
rainy

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon;
cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September);
less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon;
cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September);
less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Cambodia

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
rainy, monsoon season (May to November);
dry season (December to April);
little seasonal temperature variation

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
rainy, monsoon season (May to November);
dry season (December to April);
little seasonal temperature variation

Christmas Island

Published as “Climate”

tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

Published as “Climate”

tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year

Published as “Climate”

tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year

Hong Kong

Published as “Climate”

subtropical monsoon;
cool and humid in winter,
hot and rainy from spring through summer,
warm and sunny in fall

Published as “Climate”

subtropical monsoon;
cool and humid in winter,
hot and rainy from spring through summer,
warm and sunny in fall

Indonesia

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Laos

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon;
rainy season (May to November);
dry season (December to April)

Published as “Climate”

tropical monsoon;
rainy season (May to November);
dry season (December to April)

Macau

Published as “Climate”

subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Published as “Climate”

subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Malaysia

Published as “Climate”

tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons

Published as “Climate”

tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons

Paracel Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Philippines

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October)

Published as “Climate”

tropical marine;
northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October)

Singapore

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid, rainy;
two distinct monsoon seasons - northeastern monsoon (December to March) and southwestern monsoon (June to September);
inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid, rainy;
two distinct monsoon seasons - northeastern monsoon (December to March) and southwestern monsoon (June to September);
inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms

Spratly Islands

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Published as “Climate”

tropical

Taiwan

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
marine;
rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August);
persistent and extensive cloudiness all year

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
marine;
rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August);
persistent and extensive cloudiness all year

Thailand

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September);
dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
southern isthmus always hot and humid

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September);
dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
southern isthmus always hot and humid

Timor-Leste

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
distinct rainy and dry seasons

Published as “Climate”

tropical;
hot, humid;
distinct rainy and dry seasons

Vietnam

Published as “Climate”

tropical in south;
monsoonal in north with hot,
rainy season (May to September) and warm,
dry season (October to March)

Published as “Climate”

tropical in south;
monsoonal in north with hot,
rainy season (May to September) and warm,
dry season (October to March)

Oceans

5 entries

Arctic Ocean

Published as “Climate”

polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature range;
winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies;
summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

Published as “Climate”

polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature range;
winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies;
summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

Atlantic Ocean

Published as “Climate”

tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cabo Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea;
hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from August to November

Published as “Climate”

tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cabo Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea;
hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from August to November

Indian Ocean

Published as “Climate”

northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October);
tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

Published as “Climate”

northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October);
tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Published as “Climate”

planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east;
trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations;
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America;
continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean;
the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean;
tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December

Published as “Climate”

planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east;
trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations;
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America;
continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean;
the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean;
tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December

Southern Ocean

Published as “Climate”

sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius;
cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean;
the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth;
in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius;
at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter

Published as “Climate”

sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius;
cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean;
the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth;
in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius;
at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 2021, “Climate”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/climate/2021.

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