Climate In 36 editions of 36.

a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates - bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates

• arid to semiarid;
• mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast;
• drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau;
• sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

• semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda;
• north has cool,
• dry season (May to October) and hot,
• rainy season (November to April)

• tropical;
• hot, humid in south;
• semiarid in north

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

• tropical;
• warm, dry winters;
• hot, wet summers

• equatorial;
• high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level);
• average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
• average annual rainfall is about 150 cm;
• two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)

• temperate;
• warm, dry summer;
• precipitation meager and erratic

varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

• tropical;
• hot, dry winters;
• mild to hot, wet summers

tropical in south, desert in north

tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

• tropical;
• hot and humid in equatorial river basin;
• cooler and drier in southern highlands;
• cooler and wetter in eastern highlands;
• north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February);
• south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)

• tropical;
• rainy season (March to June);
• dry season (June to October);
• persistent high temperatures and humidity;
• particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

• tropical along coast,
• semiarid in far north;
• three seasons - warm and dry (November to March),
• hot and dry (March to May),
• hot and wet (June to October)

desert; torrid, dry

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

tropical; always hot, humid

• hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast;
• cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September);
• semiarid in western hills and lowlands

varies from tropical to near temperate

tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

tropical; always hot, humid

• tropical;
• hot, rainy season (June to November);
• cooler, dry season (November to May)

• tropical;
• warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
• hot and humid in southwest;
• hot and dry in north

• generally hot and humid;
• monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
• dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

• tropical;
• generally hot and humid;
• monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
• dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

• temperate;
• cool to cold, dry winters;
• hot, wet summers

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights;
• wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

• tropical along coast,
• temperate inland,
• arid in south

• sub-tropical;
• rainy season (November to May);
• dry season (May to November)

• subtropical to arid;
• hot and dry (February to June);
• rainy, humid, and mild (June to November);
• cool and dry (November to February)

• desert;
• constantly hot,
• dry,
• dusty

• tropical, modified by southeast trade winds;
• warm, dry winter (May to November);
• hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

• tropical;
• marine;
• hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May);
• dry season is cooler (May to November)

Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

tropical to subtropical

• desert;
• hot, dry;
• rainfall sparse and erratic

• desert;
• mostly hot, dry, dusty;
• tropical in extreme south

• varies;
• equatorial in south,
• tropical in center,
• arid in north

• temperate;
• two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January);
• mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Saint Helena:

tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds

Ascension Island:

tropical marine; mild, semi-arid

Tristan da Cunha:

temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• one rainy season (October to May)

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds;
• dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind

• tropical marine;
• humid;
• cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September);
• warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• summer rainy season (May to December);
• winter dry season (December to April)

• principally desert;
• northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south;
• southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

• mostly semiarid;
• subtropical along east coast;
• sunny days, cool nights

• tropical in south;
• arid desert in north;
• rainy season varies by region (April to November)

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

• tropical;
• hot, humid in south;
• semiarid in north

• temperate in north with mild,
• rainy winters and hot,
• dry summers;
• desert in south

• tropical;
• generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August);
• semiarid in northeast

• hot, dry desert;
• rain is rare;
• cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

• tropical;
• modified by altitude;
• rainy season (October to April)

• tropical;
• moderated by altitude;
• rainy season (November to March)

• severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean;
• East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation;
• Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate;
• higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing

antarctic

Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:

oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity

Iles Crozet:

windy, cold, wet, and cloudy

Iles Kerguelen:

• oceanic,
• cold,
• overcast,
• windy

Iles Eparses:

tropical

antarctic

variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

• temperate;
• moderated by North Atlantic Current;
• mild, windy winters;
• damp, cool summers

arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

• arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current;
• cool summers, cold winters;
• North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year

arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

• highland continental,
• hot summers,
• cold winters

dry, semiarid steppe

• tropical;
• mild winter (October to March);
• hot, humid summer (March to June);
• humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

• varies;
• tropical in southern plains;
• cool winters and hot summers in central valleys;
• severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

• tropical marine;
• hot,
• humid,
• moderated by trade winds

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

• continental,
• cold winters and hot summers,
• arid and semiarid

temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

• dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains;
• subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley);
• temperate in northern foothill zone

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• dry, northeast monsoon (November to March);
• rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south

• mostly hot, dry desert;
• temperate in northwest;
• arctic in north

• ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia;
• subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;
• winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia;
• summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

• tropical monsoon;
• northeast monsoon (December to March);
• southwest monsoon (June to October)

• midlatitude continental,
• hot summers,
• mild winters;
• semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

subtropical desert

• mostly midlatitude desert,
• long,
• hot summers,
• mild winters;
• semiarid grassland in east

tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

tropical; rainy season (June to October)

• tropical;
• very hot and humid;
• rainy season (May to November);
• dry season (February to May)

• subtropical;
• humid;
• temperatures moderated by trade winds

• tropical marine;
• warm,
• rainy summers (May to October) and cool,
• relatively dry winters (November to April)

• tropical and subtropical;
• dry season (December to April);
• rainy season (May to November);
• cooler in highlands

• tropical;
• moderated by trade winds;
• dry season (November to April);
• rainy season (May to October)

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semi-arid with average rainfall of 600 mm/year

• tropical;
• moderated by northeast trade winds;
• heavy rainfall

• tropical maritime;
• little seasonal temperature variation;
• seasonal variation in rainfall

• tropical;
• rainy season (May to October);
• dry season (November to April);
• tropical on coast;
• temperate in uplands

tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

• tropical;
• hot, humid in lowlands;
• cooler in highlands

tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• temperate interior

tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

marine, tropical

tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds

tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

• tropical maritime;
• hot, humid, cloudy;
• prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)

tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation

tropical, with practically no variation in temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)

• tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes;
• little seasonal temperature variation;
• rainy season (May to November)

• tropical,
• moderated by northeast trade winds;
• dry season January to April,
• rainy season May to August

• temperature averages 80-85 degrees all year long;
• low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers;
• July-November is the hurricane season

• tropical;
• little seasonal temperature variation;
• rainy season (May to November)

• tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in moderate temperatures;
• average rainfall of 1500 mm/year;
• July-November is the hurricane season

tropical; rainy season (June to December)

• tropical;
• marine;
• moderated by trade winds;
• sunny and relatively dry

• subtropical,
• tempered by easterly trade winds,
• relatively low humidity,
• little seasonal temperature variation;
• rainy season September to November

• mild temperate;
• cool, cloudy, wet winters;
• hot, clear, dry summers;
• interior is cooler and wetter

• temperate;
• snowy,
• cold winters and warm,
• dry summers

• temperate;
• continental, cloudy;
• cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains;
• moderate summers with occasional showers

cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime

• temperate;
• mild winters, cool summers;
• rainy, humid, cloudy

• hot summers and cold winters;
• areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters;
• mild, rainy winters along coast

• temperate;
• cold, damp winters;
• hot, dry summers

• Mediterranean and continental;
• continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters;
• mild winters, dry summers along coast

• temperate;
• cool summers;
• cold, cloudy, humid winters

• temperate;
• humid and overcast;
• mild, windy winters and cool summers

• maritime;
• wet,
• moderate winters,
• cool summers

• cold temperate;
• potentially subarctic in the north to temperate;
• mild wet winters;
• hot dry summers in the south

• mild winters, cool summers;
• usually overcast;
• foggy, windy

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

metropolitan France:

• generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean;
• occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral

French Guiana:

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• little seasonal temperature variation

Guadeloupe and Martinique:

• subtropical tempered by trade winds;
• moderately high humidity;
• rainy season (June to October);
• vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average

Reunion:

• tropical,
• but temperature moderates with elevation;
• cool and dry (May to November),
• hot and rainy (November to April)

• temperate and marine;
• cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
• occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

• temperate;
• mild, wet winters;
• hot, dry summers

temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast

• temperate;
• mild,
• rainy winters (September to May) with hot,
• dry summers (May to September)

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy, humid winters;
• warm summers

• temperate maritime;
• modified by North Atlantic Current;
• mild winters, cool summers;
• consistently humid;
• overcast about half the time

• temperate;
• cool summers and mild winters;
• overcast about a third of the time

• predominantly Mediterranean;
• Alpine in far north;
• hot, dry in south

temperate; mild winters and cool summers

• influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns;
• Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation;
• maximum rainfall between October and December

maritime; wet, moderate winters

• continental;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain;
• cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

• transitional,
• between maritime and continental;
• wet,
• moderate winters and summers

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

• Mediterranean;
• mild, rainy winters;
• hot, dry summers

moderate winters, warm summers

• Mediterranean with mild,
• wet winters and hot,
• dry summers

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

• temperate;
• marine;
• cool summers and mild winters

warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

• temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
• colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
• rainy year-round on west coast

• temperate with cold,
• cloudy,
• moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation;
• mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
• sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

• Mediterranean;
• mild to cool winters;
• warm, sunny summers

• in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall);
• in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

• temperate;
• cool summers;
• cold, cloudy, humid winters