Climate In 36 editions of 36.

two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates

• arid to semiarid;
• mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast;
• drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau;
• sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

• semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda;
• north has cool,
• dry season (May to October) and hot,
• rainy season (November to April)

tropical

• tropical;
• hot, humid in south;
• semiarid in north

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

• tropical;
• warm, dry winters;
• hot, wet summers

• temperate;
• warm;
• occasional frost in uplands;
• dry season from June to September

• temperate;
• warm, dry, summer;
• precipitation very erratic

varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

• tropical;
• hot, dry winters;
• mild to hot, wet summers

tropical in south, desert in north

tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

• tropical;
• hot and humid in equatorial river basin;
• cooler and drier in southern highlands;
• cooler and wetter in eastern highlands;
• north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February;
• south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October

• tropical;
• rainy season (March to June);
• dry season (June to October);
• constantly high temperatures and humidity;
• particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

• tropical along coast,
• semiarid in far north;
• three seasons - warm and dry (November to March),
• hot and dry (March to May),
• hot and wet (June to October)

desert; torrid, dry

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

tropical; always hot, humid

• hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast;
• cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually);
• semiarid in western hills and lowlands;
• rainfall heaviest during June-September except on coastal desert

varies from tropical to near temperate

tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

tropical

tropical; always hot, humid

• tropical;
• hot, rainy season (June to November);
• cooler, dry season (November to May)

• tropical;
• warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
• hot and humid in southwest;
• hot and dry in north

tropical

• generally hot and humid;
• monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
• dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

• tropical;
• generally hot and humid;
• monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
• dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

tropical

varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

• temperate;
• cool to cold, dry winters;
• hot, wet summers

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights;
• wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

• tropical along coast,
• temperate inland,
• arid in south

• tropical;
• rainy season (November to May);
• dry season (May to November)

• subtropical to arid;
• hot and dry February to June;
• rainy, humid, and mild June to November;
• cool and dry November to February

• desert;
• constantly hot,
• dry,
• dusty

• tropical, modified by southeast trade winds;
• warm, dry winter (May to November);
• hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

• tropical;
• marine;
• hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May);
• dry season is cooler (May to November)

Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

tropical to subtropical

• desert;
• hot, dry;
• rainfall sparse and erratic

• desert;
• mostly hot, dry, dusty;
• tropical in extreme south

• varies;
• equatorial in south,
• tropical in center,
• arid in north

• tropical,
• but moderates with elevation;
• cool and dry from May to November,
• hot and rainy from November to April

• temperate;
• two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January);
• mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

• tropical;
• marine;
• mild, tempered by trade winds

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• one rainy season (October to May)

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast winds;
• dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind

• tropical marine;
• humid;
• cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September);
• warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• summer rainy season (May to December);
• winter dry season (December to April)

• principally desert;
• December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south;
• May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

• mostly semiarid;
• subtropical along east coast;
• sunny days, cool nights

• tropical in south;
• arid desert in north;
• rainy season (April to October)

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

• tropical;
• hot, humid in south;
• semiarid in north

tropical

• temperate in north with mild,
• rainy winters and hot,
• dry summers;
• desert in south

• tropical;
• generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August);
• semiarid in northeast

• hot, dry desert;
• rain is rare;
• cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

• tropical;
• modified by altitude;
• rainy season (October to April)

• tropical;
• moderated by altitude;
• rainy season (November to March)

• severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean;
• East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation;
• Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate;
• higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing

antarctic

antarctic

antarctic

• variable,
• with mostly westerly winds throughout the year,
• interspersed with periods of calm;
• nearly all precipitation falls as snow

arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

• temperate;
• moderated by North Atlantic Current;
• mild, windy winters;
• damp, cool summers

arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

• arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current;
• cool summers, cold winters;
• North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year

arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

• highland continental,
• hot summers,
• cold winters

dry, semiarid steppe

• tropical;
• cool, dry winter (October to March);
• hot, humid summer (March to June);
• cool, rainy monsoon (June to October)

• varies;
• tropical in southern plains;
• cool winters and hot summers in central valleys;
• severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

• tropical marine;
• hot,
• humid,
• moderated by trade winds

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

• continental,
• cold winters and hot summers,
• arid and semiarid

temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

• dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan;
• subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley);
• temperate in northern foothill zone

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• dry, northeast monsoon (November to March);
• rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south

• mostly hot, dry desert;
• temperate in northwest;
• arctic in north

• ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia;
• subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;
• winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia;
• summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

• tropical monsoon;
• northeast monsoon (December to March);
• southwest monsoon (June to October)

• midlatitude continental,
• hot summers,
• mild winters;
• semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

subtropical desert

• mostly midlatitude desert,
• long,
• hot summers,
• mild winters;
• semiarid grassland in east

tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

tropical; rainy season (June to October)

• tropical;
• very hot and humid;
• rainy season (May to February)

• subtropical;
• humid;
• temperatures moderated by trade winds

• tropical marine;
• warm,
• rainy summers (May to October) and cool,
• relatively dry winters (November to April)

• tropical;
• dry season (December to April);
• rainy season (May to November)

• tropical;
• moderated by trade winds;
• dry season (November to April);
• rainy season (May to October)

• tropical;
• moderated by northeast trade winds;
• heavy rainfall

• tropical maritime;
• little seasonal temperature variation;
• seasonal variation in rainfall

• tropical;
• rainy season (May to October);
• dry season (November to April)

tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity

• tropical;
• hot, humid in lowlands;
• cooler in highlands

tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• temperate interior

• tropical;
• moderated by trade winds;
• rainy season (June to October)

tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

marine, tropical

tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds

tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

• tropical;
• hot, humid, cloudy;
• prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)

• tropical marine,
• mild,
• little seasonal temperature variation

• subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes;
• little seasonal temperature variation;
• rainy season (May to November)

• tropical,
• moderated by northeast trade winds;
• dry season from January to April,
• rainy season from May to August

• tropical;
• little seasonal temperature variation;
• rainy season (May to November)

tropical; rainy season (June to December)

• tropical;
• marine;
• moderated by trade winds;
• sunny and relatively dry

• subtropical,
• tempered by easterly tradewinds,
• relatively low humidity,
• little seasonal temperature variation;
• rainy season May to November

• mild temperate;
• cool, cloudy, wet winters;
• hot, clear, dry summers;
• interior is cooler and wetter

• temperate;
• snowy,
• cold winters and warm,
• dry summers

• temperate;
• continental, cloudy;
• cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains;
• cool summers with occasional showers

cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime

• temperate;
• mild winters, cool summers;
• rainy, humid, cloudy

• hot summers and cold winters;
• areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters;
• mild, rainy winters along coast

• temperate;
• cold, damp winters;
• hot, dry summers

• Mediterranean and continental;
• continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters;
• mild winters, dry summers along coast

• temperate;
• cool summers;
• cold, cloudy, humid winters

• temperate;
• humid and overcast;
• mild, windy winters and cool summers

• maritime,
• wet,
• moderate winters,
• cool summers

• mild winters, cool summers;
• usually overcast;
• foggy, windy

cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean

• temperate and marine;
• cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
• occasional warm, tropical foehn wind;
• high relative humidity

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

• temperate;
• mild, wet winters;
• hot, dry summers

temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast

• temperate;
• mild,
• rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot,
• dry summers (May to September)

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy, humid winters;
• warm summers

• temperate maritime;
• modified by North Atlantic Current;
• mild winters, cool summers;
• consistently humid;
• overcast about half the time

• cool summers and mild winters;
• humid;
• overcast about half the time

• predominantly Mediterranean;
• Alpine in far north;
• hot, dry in south

temperate; mild winters and cool summers

maritime; wet, moderate winters

• continental;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain;
• cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

maritime; wet, moderate winters and summers

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

• Mediterranean with mild,
• rainy winters and hot,
• dry summers

moderate winters, warm summers

• Mediterranean with mild,
• wet winters and hot,
• dry summers

• temperate;
• marine;
• cool summers and mild winters

hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

• temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
• colder interior;
• rainy year-round on west coast

• temperate with cold,
• cloudy,
• moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation;
• mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

• temperate;
• cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
• sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

• Mediterranean;
• mild to cool winters;
• warm, sunny summers

• in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall);
• central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate;
• to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

• temperate;
• cool summers;
• cold, cloudy, humid winters