Togo

Togolese RepublicRepublique Togolaise

republic under transition to multiparty democratic

Togo as the 1998 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 96 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalLome

Position8 00 N, 1 10 E

Area56,790 sq km

LocationWestern Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin

Populationas each edition published it

4.91 million July 1998 est. · 3.67m in 1990

Population growth% a year

3.52% 1998 est. · 3.61% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 17.3 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

58.78 years 1998 est. · 56.46 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

6.6 children per woman 1998 est. · 7.2 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

79.8 deaths per 1,000 live births 1998 est. · 112 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$1,300 1997 est. · $400 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

4.8% 1997 est. · 0% in 1993

Geography

Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin | and Ghana

17 fields

Land useshare of 56,790 sq km

arable land 38%permanent crops 7%permanent pastures 4%forests and woodland 17%other 34% (1993 est.)irrigated 70 sq km (1993 est.)

Area

56,790sq km

land: 54,390 sq kmwater: 2,400 sq kmslightly smaller than West Virginia

Coastline

56km

exclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 30 nm

Highest point

986m

Pic Agoulowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Land boundaries

1,647km

border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km

Location

Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid in south;
semiarid in north

Terrain

gently rolling savanna in north;
central hills;
southern plateau;
low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes

Natural hazards

hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts

Environment-current issues

deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; recent droughts affecting agriculture

Environment-international agreements

party to:: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:: none of the selected agreements

People

15 fields

Population

4,905,827

(July 1998 est.)growth rate: 3.52% (1998 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1998 est.)

Birth

45.23Death

10Net migration

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (1998 est.)58.78

56.52 · 61.12

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (1995 est.)51.7%

67% · 37%

MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Religions

indigenous beliefs 70%Christian 20%Muslim 10%

Age structure

0-14 years:: 48% (male 1,190,812; female 1,180,739)
15-64 years:: 49% (male 1,175,570; female 1,252,274)
65 years and over:: 3% (male 48,483; female 57,949) (July 1998 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years:: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years:: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over:: 0.83 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

Infant mortality rate

79.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective:: Togolese

Ethnic groups

native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)

Government

Republic under transition to multiparty democratic; President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967); Prime Minister Kwassi KLUTSE (since August 1996)

21 fields

National Assembly, 81 seats, elected 6 and 20 February 1994one dot, one seat

CAR 36RPT 35UTD 7UJD 2CFN 1

Country name

conventional long form:: Togolese Republic
conventional short form:: Togo
local long form:: Republique Togolaise
local short form:: none
former:: French Togo

Data code

Government type

republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule

National capital

Lome

Administrative divisions

21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular-circonscription);
Amlame, Aneho, Atakpame, Badou, Bafilo, Bassar, Dapaong, Kande, Kara, Kpalime, Lome, Niamtougou, Notse, Pagouda, Sansanne-Mango, Sokode, Sotouboua, Tabligbo, Tchamba, Tsevie, Vogan

note: the 21 units may have become second-order administrative divisions with the imposition of a new first-order level of five prefectures (singular - prefecture) named De La Kara,

Des Plateaux, Des Savanes, Du Centre, and Maritime

Independence

27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday

Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

Constitution

multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

Legal system

French-based court system

Suffrage

NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)
head of government:: Prime Minister Kwassi KLUTSE (since August 1996)
cabinet:: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister
elections:: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results:: Gnassingbe EYADEMA elected president; percent of vote-Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:: last held 6 and 20 February 1994 (next to be held NA 1999)
election results:: percent of vote by party-NA; seats by party-CAR 36, RPT 35, UTD 7, UJD 2, CFN 1

note: as a result of a byelection in August 1996, ordered by the Supreme Court for three seats of the Action Committee for Renewal and the Togolese Union for Democracy, representation in the National Assembly changed to RPT 38, CAR 34, UTD 6, UJD 2, and CFN 1; as a result of subsequent defections from the CAR to the RPT and the merging of the UJD with the RPT, representation in the National Assembly in August 1997 was RPT 42, CAR 32, UTD 5, CFN 1, independent 1

Judicial branch

Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders

Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Coordination des Forces Nouvelles or CFN [Joseph KOFFIGOH]; Togolese Union for Democracy or UTD [Edem KODJO]; Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yao AGBOYIBOR]; Union for Democracy and Solidarity or UDS [Antoine FOLLY]; Pan-African

Sociodemocrats Group or GSP, an alliance of three radical parties

CDPA, PDR, and PSP;
Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Leopold GNININVI];
Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR [Zarifou AYEVA];
Pan-African Social Party or PSP [Francis AGBAGLI];
Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile); Jeane-Pierre FABRE, general secretary in Togo];
Union of Justice and Democracy or UJD [Lal TAXPANDJAN]

note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991

International organization participation

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MINURSO, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Pascal BODJONA
chancery:: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:: [1] (202) 234-4212

FAX

[1] (202) 232-3190

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Brenda Brown SCHOONOVER
embassy:: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address:: B. P. 852, Lome
telephone:: [228] 21 77 17, 21 29 91 through 21 29 94

FAX

[228] 21 79 52

Flag description

five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow;
there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent | on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides | employment for more than 60% of the labor force.

28 fields

GDP, purchasing power parity

-$6.2billion

purchasing power parity · (1997 est.)

GDP per capita, PPP

-$1,300

purchasing power parity · (1997 est.)

Real growth rate

4.8%

(1997 est.)industrial production growth: 13.6% (1995)

Inflation, consumer prices

15.7%

(1995)

GDP-composition by sector(1995)

agriculture 32%industry 23%services 45% (1995)

Budget

Revenues

$232 millionExpenditures

$252 million (1997 est.)

expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Economy-overview

This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for more than 60% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal, with occasional regional supply difficulties.

In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled.

Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, has jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment;

these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. The 1998 presidential elections provide an important opportunity for Togo's evolving political system to demonstrate that the country can participate in a peaceful and effective manner with World Bank and IMF programs.

Progress depends on continuing privatization, increased transparency in government accounting to accommodate increased social service outlays, and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place.

Labor force

total:: 1.538 million (1993 est.)
by occupation:: agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Industries

phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts, textiles, beverages

Electricity-capacity

34,000 kW (1995)

Electricity-production

90 million kWh (1995) note: imports electricity from Ghana

Electricity-consumption per capita

92 kWh (1995)

Agriculture-products

coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum;
meat;
annual fish catch of 10,000-14,000 tons

Exports

total value:: $196 million (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities:: cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa
partners:: Canada 9.2%, US 8.1%, Taiwan 7.5%, Nigeria 6.7% (1995 est.)

Imports

total value:: $404 million (c.i.f., 1996)
commodities:: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, petroleum products
partners:: Ghana 17.1%, China 13.3%, France 12.5%, Cameroon 6.0% (1995 est.)

Debt-external

$1.4 billion (1995)

Economic aid

recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1-608.36 (January 1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993) note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

Telephones

47,000, not including those in the 10,000 telephone capacity cellular system (1998 est.)

Telephone system

fair system based on network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and cellular system

domestic:: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
international:: satellite earth stations-1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie