Togo
Togolese RepublicRepublique Togolaise
presidential republic
Togo as the 2022 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 168 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
From the 11th to the 16th centuries, various ethnic groups settled the Togo region. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the coastal region became a major trading center for enslaved people, and the surrounding region took on the name of "The Slave Coast." In 1884, Germany declared a region including present-day Togo as a protectorate called Togoland. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. French Togoland became Togo upon independence in 1960.
Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multi-party elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government was largely dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has been in power almost continually since 1967 and its successor, the Union for the Republic, maintains a majority of seats in today's legislature.
Upon EYADEMA's death in February 2005, the military installed the president's son, Faure GNASSINGBE, and then engineered his formal election two months later. Togo held its first relatively free and fair legislative elections in October 2007. Since then, President GNASSINGBE has started the country along a gradual path to democratic reform. Togo has held multiple presidential and legislative elections, and in 2019 held its first local elections in 32 years.
Despite those positive moves, political reconciliation has moved slowly, and the country experiences periodic outbursts of protests by frustrated citizens that have led to violence between security forces and protesters. Constitutional changes in 2019 to institute a runoff system in presidential elections and to establish term limits has done little to reduce the resentment many Togolese feel after more than 50 years of one-family rule. GNASSINGBE became eligible for his current fourth term and one additional fifth term under the new rules. The next presidential election will be in 2025.
Geography
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana
18 fieldsLand useshare of 56,785 sq km
Terrain
- gently rolling savanna in north;
- central hills;
- southern plateau;
- low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Population distribution
one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts
Geography - note
the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna
People and Society
39 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2020 est.)
Per 1,000 population(2022 est.)
Male · female
Ethnic groups(2013-14 est.)
Languages
French (official, the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
Religions
Christian 42.3%, folk religion 36.9%, Muslim 14%, Hindu <1%, Buddhist <1%, Jewish <1%, other <1%, none 6.2% (2020 est.)
Demographic profile
Togo’s population is estimated to have grown to four times its size between 1960 and 2010. With nearly 60% of its populace under the age of 25 and a high annual growth rate attributed largely to high fertility, Togo’s population is likely to continue to expand for the foreseeable future.
Reducing fertility, boosting job creation, and improving education will be essential to reducing the country’s high poverty rate. In 2008, Togo eliminated primary school enrollment fees, leading to higher enrollment but increased pressure on limited classroom space, teachers, and materials.
Togo has a good chance of achieving universal primary education, but educational quality, the underrepresentation of girls, and the low rate of enrollment in secondary and tertiary schools remain concerns.
Togo is both a country of emigration and asylum. In the early 1990s, southern Togo suffered from the economic decline of the phosphate sector and ethnic and political repression at the hands of dictator Gnassingbe EYADEMA and his northern, Kabye-dominated administration. The turmoil led 300,000 to 350,000 predominantly southern Togolese to flee to Benin and Ghana, with most not returning home until relative stability was restored in 1997.
In 2005, another outflow of 40,000 Togolese to Benin and Ghana occurred when violence broke out between the opposition and security forces over the disputed election of EYADEMA’s son Faure GNASSINGBE to the presidency. About half of the refugees reluctantly returned home in 2006, many still fearing for their safety. Despite ethnic tensions and periods of political unrest, Togo in September 2017 was home to more than 9,600 refugees from Ghana.
Population distribution
one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.03 male(s)/female
- 0-14 years:
- 1.03 male(s)/female
- 15-24 years:
- 1 male(s)/female
- 25-54 years:
- 0.94 male(s)/female
- 55-64 years:
- 0.85 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.55 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Major infectious diseases
- degree of risk:
- very high (2020)
- food or waterborne diseases:
- bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
- vectorborne diseases:
- malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever
- water contact diseases:
- schistosomiasis
- animal contact diseases:
- rabies
- respiratory diseases:
- meningococcal meningitis
Alcohol consumption per capita
- total:
- 1.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- beer:
- 0.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- wine:
- 0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- spirits:
- 0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- other alcohols:
- 0.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Child marriage
- women married by age 15:
- 6.4%
- women married by age 18:
- 24.8%
- men married by age 18:
- 2.6% (2017 est.)
Environment
13 fieldsLand use(2018 est.)
Environment - current issues
- deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel;
- very little rain forest still present and what remains is highly degraded;
- desertification;
- water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry;
- air pollution increasing in urban areas
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
- signed, but not ratified:
- none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants
- particulate matter emissions:
- 32.71 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
- carbon dioxide emissions:
- 3 megatons (2016 est.)
- methane emissions:
- 3.06 megatons (2020 est.)
Urbanization
- urban population:
- 44.5% of total population (2023)
- rate of urbanization:
- 3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major infectious diseases
- degree of risk:
- very high (2020)
- food or waterborne diseases:
- bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
- vectorborne diseases:
- malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever
- water contact diseases:
- schistosomiasis
- animal contact diseases:
- rabies
- respiratory diseases:
- meningococcal meningitis
Waste and recycling
- municipal solid waste generated annually:
- 1,109,030 tons (2014 est.)
- municipal solid waste recycled annually:
- 22,181 tons (2012 est.)
- percent of municipal solid waste recycled:
- 2% (2012 est.)
Total water withdrawal
- municipal:
- 140.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
- industrial:
- 6.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
- agricultural:
- 76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Government
Presidential republic; President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005); Prime Minister Victoire Tomegah DOGBE (since 28 September 2020)
22 fieldsPresidential electionpercent of vote
National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale, 91 seats, elected 20 December 2018one dot, one seat
Composition: men 74, women 17, percent of women 18.7%
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Togolese Republic
- conventional short form:
- Togo
- local long form:
- Republique Togolaise
- local short form:
- none
- former:
- French Togoland
- etymology:
- derived from the Ewe words "to" (river) and "godo" (on the other side) to give the sense of "on the other side of the river";
- originally, this designation applied to the town of Togodo (now Togoville) on the northern shore of Lake Togo, but the name was eventually extended to the entire nation
Capital
- name:
- Lome
- geographic coordinates:
- 6 07 N, 1 13 E
- time difference:
- UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- etymology:
- Lome comes from "alotime" which in the native Ewe language means "among the alo plants"; alo trees dominated the city's original founding site
Administrative divisions
5 regions (regions, singular - region); Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes
Constitution
- history:
- several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1992, effective 14 October 1992
- amendments:
- proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one fifth of the National Assembly membership;
- passage requires four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly;
- a referendum is required if approved by only two-thirds majority of the Assembly or if requested by the president;
- constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government cannot be amended;
- amended 2002, 2007, last in 2019 when the National Assembly unanimously approved a package of amendments, including setting presidential term limits of two 5-year mandates
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
- citizenship by birth:
- no
- citizenship by descent only:
- at least one parent must be a citizen of Togo
- dual citizenship recognized:
- yes
- residency requirement for naturalization:
- 5 years
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Victoire Tomegah DOGBE (since 28 September 2020)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits);
- election last held on 22 February 2020 (next to be held February 2025);
- prime minister appointed by the president
- election results:
- Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE (UNIR) 70.8%, Agbeyome KODJO (MPDD) 19.5%, Jean-Pierre FABRE (ANC) 4.7%, other 5% (2020)
Legislative branch
- description:
- unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (91 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed, party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)
- elections:
- last held on 20 December 2018 (next to be held in 2023)
- election results:
- percent of vote by coalition/party - NA;
- seats by party - UNIR 59, UFC 6, NET 3, MPDD 3, other 2, independent 18;
- composition - men 74, women 17, percent of women 18.7%
Judicial branch
- highest court(s):
- Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (organized into criminal and administrative chambers, each with a chamber president and advisors);
- Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including the court president)
- judge selection and term of office:
- Supreme Court president appointed by decree of the president of the republic upon the proposal of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy, a 9-member judicial, advisory, and disciplinary body;
- other judicial appointments and judge tenure NA;
- Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly;
- judge tenure NA
- subordinate courts:
- Court of Assizes (sessions court);
- Appeal Court;
- tribunals of first instance (divided into civil, commercial, and correctional chambers; Court of State Security; military tribunal
Political parties and leaders
- Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Dodji APEVON]
- Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development or ADDI [Tchaboure GOGUE]
- Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Léopold GNININVI]
- Democratic Forces for the Republic or FDR [Dodji APEVON]
- National Alliance for Change or ANC [Jean-Pierre FABRE]
- New Togolese Commitment [Gerry TAAMA]
- Pan-African National Party or PNP [Tikpi ATCHADAM]
- Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]
- Patriotic Movement for Democracy and Development or MPDD [Agbeyome KODJO]
- Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR [Abi TCHESSA]
- The Togolese Party [Nathaniel OLYMPIO]
- Union of Forces for Change or UFC [N/A]
- Union for the Republic or UNIR [Faure GNASSINGBE]
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Frederic Edem HEGBE (since 24 April 2017)
- chancery:
- 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 234-4212
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 232-3190
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://embassyoftogousa.com/
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Elizabeth FITZSIMMONS (since 26 April 2022)
- embassy:
- Boulevard Eyadema, B.P. 852, Lome
- mailing address:
- 2300 Lome Place, Washington, DC 20521-2300
- telephone:
- [228] 2261-5470
- FAX:
- [228] 2261-5501
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://tg.usembassy.gov/
Flag description
- five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow;
- a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner;
- the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country;
- the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people, green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture, while yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity;
- the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
National anthem
- name:
- "Salut a toi, pays de nos aieux" (Hail to Thee, Land of Our Forefathers)
- lyrics/music:
- Alex CASIMIR-DOSSEH
note: adopted 1960, restored 1992; this anthem was replaced by another during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992
National heritage
- total World Heritage Sites:
- 1 (cultural)
- selected World Heritage Site locales:
- Koutammakou; the Land of the Batammariba
Economy
34 fieldsGDP - composition, by sector of origin(2017 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
By end use% of GDP · (2017 est.)
Budget(2017 est.)
Economic overview
Togo has enjoyed a period of steady economic growth fueled by political stability and a concerted effort by the government to modernize the country’s commercial infrastructure, but discontent with President Faure GNASSINGBE has led to a rapid rise in protests, creating downside risks.
The country completed an ambitious large-scale infrastructure improvement program, including new principal roads, a new airport terminal, and a new seaport. The economy depends heavily on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, providing employment for around 60% of the labor force.
Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton and other agricultural products generate about 20% of export earnings with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is among the world's largest producers of phosphate and seeks to develop its carbonate phosphate reserves, which provide more than 20% of export earnings.
Supported by the World Bank and the IMF, the government's decade-long effort to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Togo completed its IMF Extended Credit Facility in 2011 and reached a Heavily Indebted Poor Country debt relief completion point in 2010 at which 95% of the country's debt was forgiven.
Togo continues to work with the IMF on structural reforms, and in January 2017, the IMF signed an Extended Credit Facility arrangement consisting of a three-year $238 million loan package. Progress depends on follow through on privatization, increased transparency in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors.
Togo’s 2017 economic growth probably remained steady at 5.0%, largely driven by infusions of foreign aid, infrastructure investment in its port and mineral industry, and improvements in the business climate. Foreign direct investment inflows have slowed in recent years.
Credit ratings
Moody's rating: B3 (2019); Standard & Poors rating: B (2019) note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Agricultural products
cassava, maize, yams, sorghum, beans, oil palm fruit, rice, vegetables, cotton, groundnuts
Exports
$1.67 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars; $1.7 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, electricity, calcium phosphates, cotton (2019)
Imports
$2.26 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars; $2.33 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, motorcycles, crude petroleum, rice, broadcasting equipment (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$77.8 million (31 December 2017 est.) · $42.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 617.4 (2017 est.) · 593.01 (2016 est.) · 593.01 (2015 est.) · 591.45 (2014 est.) · 494.42 (2013 est.)
Energy
11 fieldsElectrification% of population · (2019)
Installed generating capacity, 210,000 kW(2020 est.)
Coal
- production:
- 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
- consumption:
- 46,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
- exports:
- 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
- imports:
- 46,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum
- total petroleum production:
- 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
- refined petroleum consumption:
- 10,000 bbl/day (2019 est.)
- crude oil and lease condensate exports:
- 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
- crude oil and lease condensate imports:
- 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
- crude oil estimated reserves:
- 0 barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
- production:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- consumption:
- 0 cubic meters (2020 est.)
- exports:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- imports:
- 44.797 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
2.244 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from coal and metallurgical coke:
- 706,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from petroleum and other liquids:
- 1.451 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from consumed natural gas:
- 87,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Communications
7 fieldsPer 100 inhabitants(2019–20 est.)
Telecommunication systems
- general assessment:
- system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile-cellular system;
- telecoms supply 8% of GDP;
- 3 mobile operators;
- 12% of residents have access to the Internet;
- mobile subscribers and mobile broadband both increasing (2020)
- domestic:
- fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular nearly 79 telephones per 100 persons with mobile-cellular use predominating (2020)
- international:
- country code - 228;
- landing point for the WACS submarine cable, linking countries along the west coast of Africa with each other and with Portugal;
- satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Symphonie (2020)
note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production;
progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
Broadcast media
- 1 state-owned TV station with multiple transmission sites;
- five private TV stations broadcast locally;
- cable TV service is available;
- state-owned radio network with two stations (in Lome and Kara);
- several dozen private radio stations and a few community radio stations;
- transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019)
Transportation
11 fieldsMerchant marine, 411 ships by type(2021)
Airports by runway lengthpaved only
Airports by runway lengthunpaved only
Networkskm
National air transport system
- number of registered air carriers:
- 1 (2020); inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 8
- annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:
- 566,295 (2018)
- annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:
- 10.89 million (2018) mt-km
Military and Security
8 fieldsPersonnel strengthsone square, 100 people · (2022)
Military and security forces
Togolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Togolaise, FAT): Togolese Army (l'Armee de Terre), Togolese Navy (Forces Naval Togolaises), Togolese Air Force (Armee de l’Air), National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale Togolaise or GNT) (2022); note: the GNT falls under the Ministry of the Armed Forces but also reports to the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection on many matters involving law enforcement and internal security
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the FAT has a small, mixed inventory of mostly older equipment from a variety of countries, including Brazil, China, France, Germany, Russia/former Soviet Union, South Africa, the UK, and the US (2022)
Military service age and obligation
- 18 years of age for military service;
- 2-year service obligation;
- no conscription;
- women have been able to serve since 2007 (2022)
Military - note
the first Togolese Army unit was created in 1963, while the Air Force was established in 1964; the Navy was not established until 1976; since its creation, the Togolese military has a history of interfering in the country’s politics with assassinations, coups, influence, and a large military crackdown in 2005 that killed hundreds;
over the past decade, it has made some efforts to reform and professionalize, as well as increase its role in UN peacekeeping activities; Togolese police have also been deployed on peacekeeping operations, and Togo maintains a regional peacekeeping training center for military and police in Lome; the Navy and Air Force has increased focus on combating piracy and smuggling in the Gulf of Guinea
in June 2022, the Togolese Government declared a state of emergency in its northern border region due to the threat from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida-affiliated militant groups based in Mali that also operates in neighboring Burkina Faso; the declaration followed an attack on a Togolese military post in May that killed 8 soldiers and a Togolese military operation launched the same month to boost border security and prevent terrorist infiltrations (2022)
Maritime threats
- the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships;
- in 2021, there were 34 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region;
- although a significant decrease from the total number of 81 incidents in 2020, it included the one hijacking and three of five ships fired upon worldwide;
- while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping;
- in 2021, 57 crew members were kidnapped in seven separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 100% of kidnappings worldwide;
- Nigerian pirates in particular are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore;
- the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2022-001 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 4 January 2022, which states in part, "Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea"
Terrorism
1 fieldTerrorist group(s)
Jama’at Nusrat al Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T
Transnational Issues
3 fieldsDisputes - international
- Togo-Benin :
- in 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary;
- Benin’s and Togo’s Adjrala hydroelectric dam project on the Mona River, proposed in the 1990s, commenced in 2017 with funding from a Chinese bank
- Togo-Burkina Faso :
- none identified
- Togo-Ghana :
- none identified
Illicit drugs
transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Togo.” The World Factbook 2022. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/togo/2022.