Togo

Togolese RepublicRepublique Togolaise

republic under transition to multipartyIndependence 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN

Togo as the 1999 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 102 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalLome

Position8 00 N, 1 10 E

Area56,790 sq km

LocationWestern Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between

Populationas each edition published it

5.08 million July 1999 est. · 3.67m in 1990

Population growth% a year

3.51% 1999 est. · 3.61% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 17.3 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

59.25 years 1999 est. · 56.46 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

6.53 children per woman 1999 est. · 7.2 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

77.55 deaths per 1,000 live births 1999 est. · 112 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$1,670 1998 est. · $400 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

3.8% 1998 est. · 0% in 1993

Geography

Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between | Benin and Ghana

17 fields

Land useshare of 56,790 sq km

arable land 38%permanent crops 7%permanent pastures 4%forests and woodland 17%other 34% (1993 est.)irrigated 70 sq km (1993 est.)

Area

56,790sq km

land: 54,390 sq kmwater: 2,400 sq kmslightly smaller than West Virginia

Coastline

56km

exclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 30 nm

Highest point

986m

Pic Agoulowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Land boundaries

1,647km

border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km

Location

Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid in south;
semiarid in north

Terrain

gently rolling savanna in north;
central hills;
southern plateau;
low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes

Natural hazards

hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts

Environment--current issues

deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; recent droughts affecting agriculture

Environment--international agreements

party to:: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:: none of the selected agreements

People

15 fields

Population

5,081,413

(July 1999 est.)growth rate: 3.51% (1999 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1999 est.)

Birth

44.78Death

9.69Net migration

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (1999 est.)59.25

56.93 · 61.64

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (1995 est.)51.7%

67% · 37%

MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Religions

indigenous beliefs 70%Christian 20%Muslim 10%

Age structure

0-14 years:: 48% (male 1,229,026; female 1,218,956)
15-64 years:: 50% (male 1,223,371; female 1,299,519)
65 years and over:: 2% (male 49,890; female 60,651) (1999 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years:: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years:: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over:: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population:: 0.97 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate

77.55 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective:: Togolese

Ethnic groups

native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)

Government

Republic under transition to multiparty; President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967); Prime Minister Kwassi KLUTSE (since August 1996)

18 fields

National Assembly, 81 seats, elected 6 and 20 February 1994one dot, one seat

-CAR 36RPT 35UTD 7UJD 2CFN 1

Country name

conventional long form:: Togolese Republic
conventional short form:: Togo
local long form:: Republique Togolaise
local short form:: none
former:: French Togo

Data code

Government type

republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule

Capital

Lome

Administrative divisions

5 regions (regions, singular--region); De La Kara, Des Plateaux, Des Savanes, Du Centre, Maritime

Independence

27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday

Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

Constitution

multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

Legal system

French-based court system

Suffrage

NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)
head of government:: Prime Minister Kwassi KLUTSE (since August 1996)
cabinet:: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister
elections:: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results:: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent of vote--Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:: last held 6 and 20 February 1994 (next to be held NA February 1999)
election results:: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--CAR 36, RPT 35, UTD 7, UJD 2, CFN 1

note: as a result of defections from the CAR to the RPT and the merging of the UJD with the RPT, representation in the National Assembly in August 1997 was RPT 42, CAR 32, UTD 5, CFN 1, independent 1

Judicial branch

Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders

Rally of the Togolese People or FOLLY]; Pan-African Sociodemocrats Group or GSP, an alliance of note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991

International organization participation

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MINURCA, MINURSO, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Akosita FINEANGANOFO
chancery:: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Brenda Brown SCHOONOVER
embassy:: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address:: B. P. 852, Lome

Flag description

five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow;
there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy

This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily | dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which | provides employment for 65% of the labor force.

31 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$1,670

purchasing power parity? · (1998 est.)

Real growth rate

3.8%

(1998 est.)industrial production growth: 13.6% (1995)

Inflation, consumer prices

7.2%

(1997)

Population below poverty line

32.3%

(1987-89 est.)

GDP--composition by sector(1995)

agriculture 32%industry 23%services 45% (1995)

Trading partnersexports left, imports right

Ghana

19.1%

France

10.8%

China

8.2%

7.6%

Canada

7.1%

Taiwan

6.8%

Nigeria

Cameroon

6.8%

5.2%

South Africa

Exports $345 million (f.o.b., 1997)Imports $400 million (f.o.b., 1997)(1996 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$232 millionExpenditures

$252 million (1997 est.)

expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Electricity

fossil fuel 93.18%hydro 6.82%nuclear 0% · other 0%

Electricity production

88 million (1996)Electricity consumption

408 million (1996)Electricity imports

320 million (1996)

Economy--overview

This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal, with occasional regional supply difficulties.

In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled.

Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment;

these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased transparency in government accounting to accommodate increased social service outlays, and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place.

However, in late 1998 the EU suspended aid and trade preferences for Togo because of grave doubts over the conduct of the presidential elections. The World Bank also suspended its disbursements at yearend 1998 because Togo was unable to pay its arrears.

GDP

purchasing power parity--$8.2 billion (1998 est.)

Labor force

1.538 million (1993 est.)

Labor force--by occupation

agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Industries

phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts, textiles, beverages

Agriculture--products

coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum;
livestock;
fish

Exports

$345 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Exports--commodities

cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa

Imports

$400 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Imports--commodities

machinery and equipment, consumer goods, petroleum products

Debt--external

$1.5 billion (1996)

Economic aid--recipient

$201.1 million (1995)

Currency

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

6 fields

Fixed lines

47,000

(10,000 cellular telephone subscribers) (1998 est.)

Telephone system

fair system based on network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and cellular system

domestic:: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
international:: satellite earth stations--1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie