The CIA World Factbook Edition 1991 Government
Government type In 36 editions of 36.
Government type was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1991 edition carries it in 238 entries, in its Government section, under the heading “Type”. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.
- entries in the 1991 edition
- 238
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2025
Published as “Government type” (1997 to 2025), “Type” (1990 to 1995) and “Type of government” (1996).
the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Government type, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.
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Entries with Government type in each edition
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Africa
61 entriesAngola
in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system
Bassas da India
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
Benin
- dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989;
- democratic reforms adopted February 1990;
- transition to multiparty system completed 4 April 1991
Ethiopia
- on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) took control in Addis Ababa;
- on 29 May 1991 Issayas AFEWORKE, secretary general of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), announced the formation of a provisional government in Eritrea, in preparation for an eventual referendum on independence for the province
Europa Island
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
Glorioso Islands
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
Guinea-Bissau
- republic;
- highly centralized one-party regime since September 1974;
- the African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993
Juan de Nova Island
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
Libya
- Jamahiriya (a state of the masses);
- in theory, governed by the populace through local councils;
- in fact, a military dictatorship
Mali
- republic;
- the single-party constitutional government was overthrown on 26 March 1991;
- the new ruling National Reconciliation Council has promised a multiparty democracy
Mauritania
- republic;
- military first seized power in bloodless coup 10 July 1978;
- a palace coup that took place on 12 December 1984 brought President Taya to power
Rwanda
- republic;
- presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices;
- on 31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political system;
- the charter will be voted upon in a national referendum to be held June 1991
Tromelin Island
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
Western Sahara
- legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved;
- territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR);
- territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds;
- Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
- Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control;
- the Polisario's government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984;
- guerrilla activities continue sporadically.
Zambia
multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty system in Zambia and ending 17 years of one-party rule
Antarctic Region
5 entriesAntarctica
The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, established for at least 30 years a legal framework for peaceful use, scientific research, and deferral of legal questions regarding territorial claims. Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings--the last meeting was held in Madrid (Spain) in April 1991. Consultative (voting) members include seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and nonclaimant nations.
The US and other nations have made no claims, but have reserved the right to claim territory. The US does not recognize the claims of others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are--Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and the USSR. Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parenthesis, are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), and Switzerland (1990). Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1--area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for peaceful scientific and logistics purposes; Article 2--freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3--free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4--does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5--prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6--includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60o 00%19 south, but that the water areas be covered by international law; Article 7--treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities and the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8--allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9--frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10--treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11--disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14--deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations.
Other agreements: more than 150 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include--Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but was subsequently rejected by some signatories and is likely to be replaced in 1991 by a comprehensive environmental protection agreement that defers minerals development for a long period.
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator Bernard de GOUTTES (since NA May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
territory of Australia administered by the Antarctic Division of the Department of Science in Canberra (Australia)
Arctic Region
4 entriesSvalbard
- territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen;
- by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
Asia
14 entriesCentral America and the Caribbean
32 entriesAruba
part of the Dutch realm--full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles
Virgin Islands
organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Europe
36 entriesMiddle East
16 entriesCyprus
- republic;
- a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963;
- this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north;
- Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government;
- on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf Denktash declared independence and the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has been recognized only by Turkey;
- both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government
Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone
- joint administration by Iraq and Saudi Arabia;
- in December 1981, Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed a boundary agreement that divides the zone between them, but the agreement must be ratified before it becomes effective
United Arab Emirates
federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and other powers reserved to member emirates
North America
6 entriesClipperton Island
- French possession administered from French Polynesia by High Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT;
- note--may have become a dependency of French Polynesia
Oceania
34 entriesBaker Island
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Cook Islands
- self-governing in free association with New Zealand;
- Cook Islands fully responsible for internal affairs;
- New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands
Coral Sea Islands
territory of Australia administered by the Minister for Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories Roslyn KELLY
Fiji
military coup leader Major General Sitiveni Rabuka formally declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987
Howland Island
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System
Jarvis Island
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System
Johnston Atoll
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Marshall Islands
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986
Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
Midway Islands
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System
Niue
- self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand;
- Niue fully responsible for internal affairs;
- New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs
Northern Mariana Islands
commonwealth associated with the US and administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the now Palau
- UN trusteeship administered by the US;
- constitutional government signed a Compact of Free Association with the US on 10 January 1986, after approval in a series of UN-observed plebiscites;
- until the UN trusteeship is terminated with entry into force of the Compact, Palau remains under US administration as the Palau District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Palmyra Atoll
- unincorporated territory of the US;
- privately owned,
- but administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs,
- US Department of the Interior
Wake Island
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972
South America
14 entriesSoutheast Asia
16 entriesAshmore and Cartier Islands
territory of Australia administered by the Australian Ministry for Territories and Local Government
Cambodia
disputed between the National Government of Cambodia (NGC) led by Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, and the State of Cambodia (SOC) led by HENG SAMRIN
Malaysia
- Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963;
- constitutional monarchy nominally headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament;
- Peninsular Malaysian states--hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Melaka, where governors are appointed by Malaysian Government;
- powers of state governments are limited by federal Constitution;
- Sabah--self-governing state, holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government;
- Sarawak--self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government
Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1991, “Government type”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/government-type/1991.