The CIA World Factbook Edition 1998 Government
Government type In 36 editions of 36.
Government type was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1998 edition carries it in 234 entries, in its Government section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.
- entries in the 1998 edition
- 234
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2025
Published as “Government type” (1997 to 2025), “Type” (1990 to 1995) and “Type of government” (1996).
the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Government type, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.
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Entries with Government type in each edition
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Africa
57 entriesBenin
- republic under multiparty democratic rule;
- dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989;
- democratic reforms adopted February 1990;
- transition to multiparty system completed 4 April 1991
Congo, Democratic Republic of the now Democratic Republic of the Congo
dictatorship; presumably undergoing a transition to representative government
Eritrea
transitional government
note: following a successful referendum on independence for the Autonomous Region of Eritrea on 23-25 April 1993, a National Assembly, composed entirely of the Peoples' Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, was established as a transitional legislature; a Constitutional Commission was also established to draft a constitution; ISAIAS Afworki was elected president by the transitional legislature
Libya
- Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory,
- governed by the populace through local councils;
- in fact,
- a military dictatorship
Nigeria
- military government;
- Nigeria has been ruled by one military regime after another since 31 December 1983;
- on 1 October 1995, the present military government announced it will turn power over to democratically elected civilian authorities on 1 October 1998
Sudan
- transitional-previously ruling military junta;
- presidential and National Assembly elections held in March 1996;
- new constitution drafted by Presidential Committee, will go before public in national referendum in May-June 1998
Western Sahara
- legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved;
- territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR);
- territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds;
- Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
- Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control;
- the Polisario's government-in-exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984;
- guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991
Antarctic Region
1 entryAntarctica
Antarctic Treaty Summary-The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings-the 18th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was in Japan in April 1993. Currently,
- there are 42 treaty member nations:
- 26 consultative and 16 acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 19 nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made no claims have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize the claims of others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are-Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are-Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia. Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, are-Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), and Ukraine (1992). Article 1-area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2-freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3-free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4-does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5-prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6-includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south; Article 7-treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8-allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9-frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10-treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11-disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14-deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations; other agreements-more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include-Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but was subsequently rejected; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into force 14 January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; 27 parties have ratified the Protocol as of April 1998
Arctic Region
3 entriesAsia
22 entriesUzbekistan
republic; effectively authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch and executive power concentrated in the presidency
Central America and the Caribbean
31 entriesEurope
46 entriesAndorra
- parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its heads of state a coprincipality;
- the two princes are the president of France and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called veguers
Middle East
15 entriesCyprus
republic
note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish intervention in July 1974 following a Greek junta-based coup attempt, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government
United Arab Emirates
federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE federal government and other powers reserved to member emirates
North America
5 entriesOceania
25 entriesFiji
republic
note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987
Marshall Islands
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986
Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
Northern Mariana Islands
commonwealth; self-governing with locally elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature
Palau
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 1 October 1994
Tuvalu
constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy; began debating republic status in 1992
South America
14 entriesSoutheast Asia
15 entriesMalaysia
constitutional monarchy
note: Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular Malaysian states-hereditary rulers in all but Melaka and Penang, where governors are appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments are limited by the federal constitution; Sabah-self-governing state, holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak-self-governing state, holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government
Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1998, “Government type”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/government-type/1998.