The CIA World Factbook Edition 1993 Government
Government type In 36 editions of 36.
Government type was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1993 edition carries it in 257 entries, in its Government section, under the heading “Type”. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.
- entries in the 1993 edition
- 257
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2025
Published as “Government type” (1997 to 2025), “Type” (1990 to 1995) and “Type of government” (1996).
the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Government type, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.
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Entries with Government type in each edition
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Africa
62 entriesBassas da India
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in Reunion
Benin
- republic under multiparty democratic rule dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989;
- democratic reforms adopted February 1990;
- transition to multiparty system completed 4 April 1991
Eritrea
transitional government
note: on 29 May 1991 ISSAIAS Afeworke, secretary general of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional Government in Eritrea (PGE), in preparation for the 23-25 April 1993 referendum on independence for the autonomous region of Eritrea; the result was a landslide vote for independence that was announced on 27 April 1993
Ethiopia
transitional government
note: on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), announced a two-year transitional period
Glorioso Islands
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Guinea-Bissau
- republic highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991;
- the African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993
Juan de Nova Island
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Libya
- Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory,
- governed by the populace through local councils;
- in fact,
- a military dictatorship
Malawi
one-party republic
note: a referendum to determine whether Malawi should remain a one-party state is scheduled to be held on 14 June 1993
Niger
- transition government as of November 1991, appointed by national reform conference;
- scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected government in March 1993
Nigeria
military government since 31 December 1983; plans to turn over power to elected civilians in August 1993
Rwanda
republic; presidential system
note: a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later this year, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalition
Western Sahara
- legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved;
- territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR);
- territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds;
- Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
- Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control;
- the Polisario's government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984;
- guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991
Antarctic Region
5 entriesAntarctica
- Antarctic Treaty Summary:
- The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings--the 17th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was in Venice in November 1992.
- Currently, there are 41 treaty member nations:
- 26 consultative and 15 acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 19 nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made no claims have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize the claims of others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are--Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia. Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Switzerland (1990), and Ukraine (1992).
- Article 1:
- area to be used for peaceful purposes only;
- military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose
- Article 2:
- freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue
- Article 3:
- free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and other international agencies
- Article 4:
- does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force
- Article 5:
- prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes
- Article 6:
- includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south
- Article 7:
- treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment;
- advance notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must be given
- Article 8:
- allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states
- Article 9:
- frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations
- Article 10:
- treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty
- Article 11:
- disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or,
- ultimately,
- by the ICJ
- Article 12, 13, 14:
- deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations
- Other agreements:
- more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964);
- Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972);
- Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980);
- a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but was subsequently rejected;
- in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification;
- this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas;
- it also prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research;
- four parties have ratified Protocol as of June 1993
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
- territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts,
- Sport,
- the Environment,
- Tourism and Territories
Arctic Region
4 entriesSvalbard
- territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen;
- by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
Asia
23 entriesCentral America and the Caribbean
32 entriesAruba
part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles
Virgin Islands
organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Europe
46 entriesAndorra
- parliamentary coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called veguers;
- to be changed to a parliamentary form of government
Middle East
15 entriesCyprus
republic
note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government
United Arab Emirates
federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and other powers reserved to member emirates
North America
6 entriesClipperton Island
French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High Commissioner of the Republic
Oceania
34 entriesAmerican Samoa
unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and International Affairs
Baker Island
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Cook Islands
- self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New Zealand;
- Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs;
- New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands
Coral Sea Islands
territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories
Fiji
republic
note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987
Guam
organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Howland Island
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System
Jarvis Island
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System
Johnston Atoll
unincorportated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Marshall Islands
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986
Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
Midway Islands
- unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System;
- legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within the State of Hawaii
Niue
- self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand;
- Niue fully responsible for internal affairs;
- New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs
Northern Mariana Islands
- commonwealth in political union with the US;
- self-governing with locally elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature;
- federal funds to the Commonwealth administered by the US Department of the Interior, Office of Territorial and International Affairs
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) now Palau
UN trusteeship administered by the US
note: constitutional government signed a Compact of Free Association with the US on 10 January 1986, which was never approved in a series of UN-observed plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is terminated with entry into force of the Compact, Palau remains under US administration as the Palau District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; administrative authority resides in the Department of the Interior and is exercised by the Assistant Secretary for Territorial and International Affairs through the Palau Office, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, J. Victor HOBSON Jr., Director (since 16 December 1990)
Palmyra Atoll
- unincorporated territory of the US;
- privately owned,
- but administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs,
- US Department of the Interior
Wake Island
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972
South America
14 entriesSoutheast Asia
16 entriesAshmore and Cartier Islands
territory of Australia administered by the Australian Ministry for Arts, Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories
Cambodia
transitional government currently administered by the Supreme National Council (SNC), a body set up under United Nations' auspices, in preparation for an internationally supervised election in 1993 and including representatives from each of the country's four political factions
Malaysia
constitutional monarchy
note: Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are appointed by Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government
Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1993, “Government type”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/government-type/1993.