The CIA World Factbook Edition 2023 Economy

Public debt In 22 editions of 36.

Public debt was published in 22 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 2004 to 2025. The 2023 edition carries it in 212 entries, in its Economy section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 2023 edition
212
the first edition with it
2004
the latest edition with it
2025

Published as “Public debt” (2004 to 2025).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Public debt, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

2023

Every edition with Public debt

Entries with Public debt in each edition

19902000201020202025

Select a bar to open that edition.

World

1 entry

World

67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 67.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Africa

54 entries

Algeria

27.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 20.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt

Angola

65% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 75.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Benin

54.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 49.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Botswana

19.66% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 16.22% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 15.23% of GDP (2018 est.)

Burkina Faso

72.53% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 46.64% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 45.57% of GDP (2018 est.)

Burundi

51.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 48.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Cabo Verde

125.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 127.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

Cameroon

36.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 32.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Central African Republic

52.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 56% of GDP (2016 est.)

Chad

52.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 52.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Comoros

32.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 27.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the now Democratic Republic of the Congo

18.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 19.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Congo, Republic of the now Republic of the Congo

130.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 128.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire

47% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 47% of GDP (2016 est.)

Djibouti

31.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 33.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Egypt

103% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 96.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

Equatorial Guinea

37.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 43.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Eritrea

131.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 132.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Eswatini

28.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 25.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Ethiopia

31.45% of GDP (2019 est.)

  • 32.53% of GDP (2018 est.)
  • 30.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

Gabon

62.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 64.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Gambia, The now The Gambia

88% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 82.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Ghana

71.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 73.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Guinea

37.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 41.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Guinea-Bissau

53.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 57.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Kenya

54.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 53.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Lesotho

33.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 36.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Liberia

34.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 28.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Libya

4.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 7.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Madagascar

36% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 38.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Malawi

44.89% of GDP (2019 est.)

  • 41.7% of GDP (2018 est.)
  • 34.29% of GDP (2017 est.)

Mali

35.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 36% of GDP (2016 est.)

Mauritania

96.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 100% of GDP (2016 est.)

Mauritius

57.96% of GDP (2019 est.)

  • 55.38% of GDP (2018 est.)
  • 56.16% of GDP (2017 est.)

Morocco

65.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 64.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Mozambique

102.88% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 79.51% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 82.3% of GDP (2018 est.)

Namibia

4.64% of GDP (2019 est.)

  • 5.49% of GDP (2018 est.)
  • 5.44% of GDP (2017 est.)

Niger

45.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 45.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Nigeria

21.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 19.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

Rwanda

40.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 37.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe

88.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 93.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Senegal

48.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 47.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Seychelles

63.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 69.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Sierra Leone

63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 54.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Somalia

76.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 93% of GDP (2014 est.)

South Africa

53% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 51.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

South Sudan

62.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 86.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

Sudan

121.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 99.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Tanzania

37% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 38% of GDP (2016 est.)

Togo

75.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 81.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

Tunisia

70.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 62.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Uganda

44.19% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 38.48% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 34.67% of GDP (2018 est.)

Zambia

103.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 61.93% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 59.71% of GDP (2018 est.)

Zimbabwe

82.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 69.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Arctic Region

2 entries

Greenland

13% of GDP (2015 est.)

Iceland

100.02% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 89.59% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 81.95% of GDP (2018 est.)

Asia

21 entries

Afghanistan

7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 7.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Armenia

63.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 50.03% of GDP (2019 est.)

Azerbaijan

54.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 50.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Bangladesh

33.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 33.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Bhutan

117.33% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 97.49% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 101.19% of GDP (2018 est.)

China

47% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 44.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: official data; data cover both central and local government debt, including debt officially recognized by China's National Audit Office report in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, and China Asset Management Company debt

Georgia

65.88% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 45.15% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 38.89% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities; Georgia does not maintain intragovernmental debt or social funds

India

46.52% of GDP (2018 est.)

  • 47.58% of GDP (2017 est.)
  • 47.63% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Japan

216.28% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 197.8% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 197.45% of GDP (2018 est.)

Kazakhstan

26.63% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 18.48% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 21.99% of GDP (2018 est.)

Korea, South now South Korea

46.43% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 39.97% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 37.56% of GDP (2018 est.)

Kyrgyzstan

72.23% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 54.23% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 51.66% of GDP (2018 est.)

Maldives

63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 61.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Mongolia

73.94% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 60.84% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 65.97% of GDP (2018 est.)

Nepal

39.05% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 31.78% of GDP (2019 est.)

Pakistan

67% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 67.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

Russia

23.05% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 17.28% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 16.17% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Sri Lanka

79.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 79.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: covers central government debt and excludes debt instruments directly owned by government entities other than the treasury (e.g. commercial bank borrowings of a government corporation); the data includes treasury debt held by foreign entities as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement; sub-national entities are usually not permitted to sell debt instruments

Tajikistan

50.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 42% of GDP (2016 est.)

Turkmenistan

28.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 24.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Uzbekistan

24.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 10.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Central America and the Caribbean

25 entries

Anguilla

20.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

  • 20.8% of GDP (2014 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda

86.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 86.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Aruba

86% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 84.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Bahamas, The now The Bahamas

84.45% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 57.05% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 56.78% of GDP (2018 est.)

Barbados

146.93% of GDP (2016 est.)

  • 149.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Belize

99% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 95.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Costa Rica

48.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 44.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Cuba

47.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 42.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Curacao

33.2% of GDP (2012 est.)

  • 40.6% of GDP (2011 est.)

Dominica

82.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 71.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Dominican Republic

37.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 34.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

El Salvador

71.41% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 53.88% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 52.21% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: El Salvador's total public debt includes non-financial public sector debt, financial public sector debt, and central bank debt

Grenada

70.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 82% of GDP (2016 est.)

Guatemala

31.56% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 26.49% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 26.48% of GDP (2018 est.)

Haiti

31.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 33.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Honduras

39.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 38.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Jamaica

106.28% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 92.25% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 102.46% of GDP (2017 est.)

Nicaragua

33.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 31.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; Nicaragua rebased its GDP figures in 2012, which reduced the figures for debt as a percentage of GDP

Panama

37.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 37.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Puerto Rico

51.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 50.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

62.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 61.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Saint Lucia

70.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 69.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

73.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 82.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago

41.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 37% of GDP (2016 est.)

Virgin Islands

53.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

  • 45.9% of GDP (2014 est.)

Europe

43 entries

Albania

84.06% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 75.7% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 64.57% of GDP (2018 est.)

Andorra

41% of GDP (2014 est.)

  • 41.4% of GDP (2013 est.)

Austria

99.91% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 83.05% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 84.16% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices

Belarus

33.24% of GDP (2019 est.)

  • 37.1% of GDP (2018 est.)
  • 39.88% of GDP (2017 est.)

Belgium

119.43% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 103.38% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 101.39% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds

Bosnia and Herzegovina

46.05% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 44.63% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 45.56% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.

Bulgaria

32.24% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 26.92% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 28.69% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Croatia

104.89% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 87.08% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 89.45% of GDP (2018 est.)

Czechia

34.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 36.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Denmark

35.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 37.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Estonia

23.77% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 14.05% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 13.46% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

European Union

86.8% of GDP (2014)

  • 85.5% of GDP (2013)

Faroe Islands

35% of GDP (2014 est.)

Finland

61.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 62.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

France

123.01% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 104.99% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 101.62% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Germany

63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 67.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank

Gibraltar

7.5% of GDP (2008 est.)

  • 8.4% of GDP (2006 est.)

Greece

252.29% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 212.38% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 208.84% of GDP (2018 est.)

Hungary

96.11% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 83.29% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 86.55% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds.

Ireland

71.58% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 69.7% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 75.19% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Italy

131.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 132% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds

Kosovo

21.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 19.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Latvia

36.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 37.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Lithuania

53.28% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 42.66% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 39% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

Luxembourg

23% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 20.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Malta

50.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 56.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central, state, and local governments, and social security funds

Moldova

33.01% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 24.95% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 27.02% of GDP (2018 est.)

Montenegro

67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Netherlands

56.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 61.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

North Macedonia

39.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 39.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds

Norway

36.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 36.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Poland

50.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 54.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Portugal

125.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 129.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Romania

57.11% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 43.21% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 42.56% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

San Marino

98.35% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 55.09% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 55.94% of GDP (2018 est.)

Serbia

62.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 73.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Slovakia

77.36% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 61.99% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 62.29% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general Government Gross Debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central, state, local government, and social security funds

Slovenia

73.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 78.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds

Spain

141.22% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 108.99% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 104.74% of GDP (2018 est.)

Sweden

44% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 38.69% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 42.28% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Switzerland

20.91% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 18.95% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 18.68% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the Government Financial Systems Manual 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options

Ukraine

58.72% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 48.33% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 56.91% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)

United Kingdom

195.39% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 160.02% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 157.8% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Middle East

16 entries

Bahrain

88.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 81.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Cyprus

97.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 106.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment

Iran

39.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 47.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: includes publicly guaranteed debt

Iraq

27.44% of GDP (2018 est.)

  • 35.86% of GDP (2017 est.)
  • 29.48% of GDP (2016 est.)

Israel

72.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 59.6% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 60.4% of GDP (2018 est.)

Jordan

75.14% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 78.48% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 75.38% of GDP (2017 est.)

note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Kuwait

20.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 9.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Lebanon

146.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 145.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment

Oman

46.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 32.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: excludes indebtedness of state-owned enterprises

Qatar

53.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 46.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Saudi Arabia

17.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 13.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Syria

94.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 91.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Turkey (Turkiye) now Turkiye

41.97% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 34.13% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 29.41% of GDP (2018 est.)

United Arab Emirates

19.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 20.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

West Bank

24.4% of GDP (2014 est.)

  • 23.8% of GDP (2013 est.)

Yemen

74.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 68.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

North America

4 entries

Bermuda

43% of GDP (FY14/15)

Canada

72.09% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 48.01% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 48.18% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level

Mexico

54.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 56.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

United States

126.39% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 100.9% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 99.15% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover only what the United States Treasury denotes as "Debt Held by the Public," which includes all debt instruments issued by the Treasury that are owned by non-US Government entities; the data include Treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by individual US states, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of Treasury borrowings from surpluses in the trusts for Federal Social Security, Federal Employees, Hospital and Supplemental Medical Insurance (Medicare), Disability and Unemployment, and several other smaller trusts; if data for intragovernment debt were added, "gross debt" would increase by about one-third of GDP

Oceania

19 entries

American Samoa

12.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Australia

69.41% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 60.25% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 54.49% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiji

48.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 47.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Guam

22.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

  • 32.1% of GDP (2013)

Kiribati

26.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 22.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Marshall Islands

41.71% of GDP (2019 est.)

  • 44.14% of GDP (2018 est.)
  • 47.95% of GDP (2017 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia

25.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 23.1% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 23.11% of GDP (2018 est.)

Nauru

62% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 65% of GDP (2016 est.)

New Caledonia

6.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

  • 6.5% of GDP (2014 est.)

New Zealand

46.33% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 32.7% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 36.61% of GDP (2018 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands

7.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

Palau

86.13% of GDP (2019 est.)

  • 84.75% of GDP (2018 est.)
  • 79.83% of GDP (2017 est.)

Papua New Guinea

48.68% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 40.15% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 36.67% of GDP (2018 est.)

Samoa

49.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 52.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

Solomon Islands

11.46% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 7.74% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 7.69% of GDP (2018 est.)

Tonga

49.41% of GDP (2016 est.)

51.8% of GDP (FY2016 est.)

Tuvalu

37% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 47.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Vanuatu

48.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 46.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Wallis and Futuna

5.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

note: offical data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

South America

13 entries

Argentina

57.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 55% of GDP (2016 est.)

Bolivia

49% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 44.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

Brazil

100.59% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 92.57% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 86.61% of GDP (2018 est.)

Chile

23.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 21% of GDP (2016 est.)

Colombia

90.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 72.7% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 71.65% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

Ecuador

45.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 43.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

0% of GDP (2015 est.)

Guyana

52.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 50.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Paraguay

19.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 18.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Peru

34.67% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 26.54% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 25.7% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

Suriname

69.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 75.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Uruguay

60.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 50.94% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 47.95% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.

Venezuela

38.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 31.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

Southeast Asia

14 entries

Brunei

2.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

33.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 35.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Cambodia

30.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 29.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Hong Kong

0.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 0.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Indonesia

42.92% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 33.73% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 33.14% of GDP (2018 est.)

Laos

63.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 58.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Macau

0% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 0% of GDP (2016 est.)

Malaysia

62.03% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 52.42% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 51.19% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: this figure is based on the amount of federal government debt, RM501.6 billion ($167.2 billion) in 2012; this includes Malaysian Treasury bills and other government securities, as well as loans raised externally and bonds and notes issued overseas; this figure excludes debt issued by non-financial public enterprises and guaranteed by the federal government, which was an additional $47.7 billion in 2012

Philippines

39.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 39% of GDP (2016 est.)

Singapore

153.41% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 128.31% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 110.73% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: Singapore's public debt consists largely of Singapore Government Securities (SGS) issued to assist the Central Provident Fund (CPF), which administers Singapore's defined contribution pension fund; special issues of SGS are held by the CPF, and are non-tradable; the government has not borrowed to finance deficit expenditures since the 1980s; Singapore has no external public debt

Taiwan

35.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 36.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data for central government

Thailand

50.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

  • 40.13% of GDP (2019 est.)
  • 39.25% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

Timor-Leste

3.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 3.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Vietnam

58.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

  • 59.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 2023, “Public debt”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/public-debt/2023.

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