The CIA World Factbook Edition 1991 Economy

Exports In 36 editions of 36.

Exports was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1991 edition carries it in 212 entries, in its Economy section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 1991 edition
212
the first edition with it
1990
the latest edition with it
2025

Published as “Exports” (1990 to 2025).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Exports, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

1991

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World

1 entry

World

  • $3.33 trillion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services;
  • partners--in value, 74% of exports from industrial countries

Africa

56 entries

Algeria

  • $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum and natural gas 98%;
  • partners--Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, France, US

Angola

  • $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--oil,liquified petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton;
  • partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France

Benin

  • $250 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa;
  • partners--FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4%

Botswana

  • $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--diamonds 77%, copper and nickel 12%, meat 4%, cattle, animal products;
  • partners--Switzerland, UK, US, SACU (Southern African Customs Union)

Burkina now Burkina Faso

  • $262 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--oilseeds, cotton, live animals, gold;
  • partners--EC 42% (France 30%, other 12%), Taiwan 17%, Ivory Coast 15% (1985)

Burundi

  • $81 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--coffee 88%, tea, hides, and skins;
  • partners--EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2%

Cape Verde now Cabo Verde

  • $10.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--fish, bananas, salt;
  • partners--Portugal, Angola, Algeria, France, Italy

Cameroon

  • $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum products 56%, coffee, cocoa, timber, manufactures;
  • partners--EC (particularly the French) about 50%, US 10%

Central African Republic

  • $148 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco;
  • partners--France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US

Chad

  • $174 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish;
  • partners--France, Nigeria, Cameroon

Comoros

  • $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra;
  • partners--US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988)

Zaire now Democratic Republic of the Congo

  • $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil;
  • partners--US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa

Congo now Republic of the Congo

  • $751 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds;
  • partners--US, France, other EC

Ivory Coast now Cote d'Ivoire

  • $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton;
  • partners--France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)

Djibouti

  • $190 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--hides and skins, coffee (in transit);
  • partners--Middle East 50%, Africa 43%, Western Europe 7%

Egypt

  • $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--crude and refined petroleum, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals;
  • partners--EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan

Equatorial Guinea

  • $41 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--coffee, timber, cocoa beans;
  • partners--Spain 44%, FRG 19%, Italy 12%, Netherlands 11% (1987)

Swaziland now Eswatini

  • $543 million (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit;
  • partners--South Africa 40% (est.), EC, Canada

Ethiopia

  • $429 million (f.o.b., FY88);
  • commodities--coffee 60%, hides;
  • partners--US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia

Gabon

  • $1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--crude oil 70%, manganese 11%, wood 12%, uranium 6%;
  • partners--France 53%, US 22%, FRG, Japan

The Gambia

  • $116 million (f.o.b., FY90);
  • commodities--peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels;
  • partners--Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1% other 5% (1989)

Ghana

  • $826 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum;
  • partners--US 23%, UK, other EC

Guinea

  • $645 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels;
  • partners--US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada

Guinea-Bissau

  • $14.2 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels;
  • partners--Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, Spain

Kenya

  • $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--tea 25%, coffee 21%, petroleum products 7% (1989);
  • partners--EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1988)

Lesotho

  • $66 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets;
  • partners--South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989)

Liberia

  • $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee;
  • partners--US, EC, Netherlands

Libya

  • $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum, peanuts, hides;
  • partners--Italy, USSR, FRG, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey

Madagascar

  • $290 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--coffee 45%, vanilla 15%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products;
  • partners--France, Japan, Italy, FRG, US

Malawi

  • $390 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts;
  • partners--US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, FRG

Mali

  • $285 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins;
  • partners--mostly franc zone and Western Europe

Mauritania

  • $519 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum, unrecorded but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal;
  • partners--EC 57%, Japan 39%, Ivory Coast 2%

Mauritius

  • $993 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10%;
  • partners--EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15%

Mayotte

  • $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984);
  • commodities--ylang-ylang, vanilla;
  • partners--France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9%

Morocco

  • $4.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17%;
  • partners--EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, USSR 3%, US 2%

Mozambique

  • $90 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%;
  • partners--US, Western Europe, GDR, Japan

Namibia

  • $1,021 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--uranium, diamonds, zinc, copper, cattle, processed fish, karakul skins;
  • partners--Switzerland, South Africa, FRG, Japan

Niger

  • $308 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--uranium 75%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions;
  • partners--France 65%, Nigeria 11%, Ivory Coast, Italy

Nigeria

  • $13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--oil 95%, cocoa, rubber;
  • partners--EC 51%, US 32%

Reunion

  • $166 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1%;
  • partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy

Rwanda

  • $117 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum;
  • partners--FRG, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US

Saint Helena now Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

  • $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984);
  • commodities--fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts;
  • partners--South Africa, UK

Sao Tome and Principe

  • $5.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil;
  • partners--FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China

Senegal

  • $801 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%, petroleum products 11%, phosphates 10%;
  • partners--US, France, other EC, Ivory Coast, India

Seychelles

  • $31 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports);
  • partners--France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)

Sierra Leone

  • $138 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3%;
  • partners--US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe

Somalia

  • $58.0 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--livestock, hides, skins, bananas, fish;
  • partners--US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986)

South Africa

  • $23.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--gold 39%, minerals and metals 33%, food 5%, chemicals 3%;
  • partners--Italy, Japan, US, FRG, UK, other EC, Hong Kong

Sudan

  • $465 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.);
  • commodities--cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts;
  • partners--Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% (FY88)

Tanzania

  • $380 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar);
  • partners--FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US

Togo

  • $331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels;
  • partners--EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)

Tunisia

  • $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals;
  • partners--EC 73%, Middle East 9%, US 1%, Turkey, USSR

Uganda

  • $273 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--coffee 97%, cotton, tea;
  • partners--US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%

Western Sahara

  • $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.);
  • commodities--phosphates 62%;
  • partners--Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts

Zambia

  • $1.1 million (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco;
  • partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US

Zimbabwe

  • $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5%;
  • partners--Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 10%), Africa 20% (South Africa 10%, other 10%), US 5%

Arctic Region

2 entries

Greenland

  • $417 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--fish and fish products 78%, metallic ores and concentrates 19%;
  • partners--Denmark 74%, FRG 11%, Sweden 6%

Iceland

  • $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite;
  • partners--EC 67.7% (UK 25.3%, FRG 12.7%), US 9.9%, Japan 6%

Asia

13 entries

Afghanistan

  • $236 million (f.o.b., FY90);
  • commodities--natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides, and pelts;
  • partners--mostly USSR and Eastern Europe

Bangladesh

  • $1.5 billion (FY90 est.);
  • commodities--jute, tea, leather, shrimp, textiles;
  • partners--US 25%, Western Europe 22%, Middle East 9%, Japan 8%, Eastern Europe 7%

Bhutan

  • $70.9 million (f.o.b., FY89);
  • commodities--cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit;
  • partners--India 93%

China

  • $62.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, minerals;
  • partners--Hong Kong, US, Japan, USSR, Singapore, FRG (1989)

India

  • $17.0 billion (f.o.b., FY90);
  • commodities--gems and jewelry, engineering goods, clothing, textiles, chemicals, tea, coffee, fish products;
  • partners--EC 25%, US 19%, USSR and Eastern Europe 17%, Japan 10%

Japan

  • $286.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--manufactures 97% (including machinery 38%, motor vehicles 17%, consumer electronics 10%);
  • partners--US 31%, Southeast Asia 29%, Western Europe 21%, Communist countries 3%, Middle East 3%

Korea, North now North Korea

  • $1.95 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures;
  • partners--USSR, China, Japan, Hong Kong, FRG, Singapore

Korea, South now South Korea

  • $65 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish;
  • partners--US 30%, Japan 19%

Maldives

  • $39.4 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--fish 57%, clothing 39%;
  • partners--Thailand, Western Europe, Sri Lanka

Mongolia

  • $784 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--livestock, animal products, wool, hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals, minerals;
  • partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with USSR)

Nepal

  • $125 million (f.o.b., FY90), but does not include unrecorded border trade with India;
  • commodities--clothing, carpets, leather goods, grain;
  • partners--India 38%, US 23%, UK 6%, other Europe 9% (FY88)

Pakistan

  • $4.8 billion (f.o.b., FY90);
  • commodities--rice, cotton, textiles, clothing;
  • partners--EC 31%, Japan 11.6%, US 11.5% (FY89)

Sri Lanka

  • $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--tea, textiles and garments, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products;
  • partners--US 26%, FRG, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China

Central America and the Caribbean

31 entries

Anguilla

  • $NA;
  • commodities--lobster and salt;
  • partners--NA

Antigua and Barbuda

  • $33.2 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%, machinery and transport equipment 17%;
  • partners--OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3%

Aruba

  • $131.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--mostly petroleum products;
  • partners--US 64%, EC

The Bahamas

  • $300 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish;
  • partners--US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4%

Barbados

  • $165 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum, machinery and transport equipment;
  • partners: CARICOM 30%, US 20%, UK 20%

Belize

  • $108 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--sugar, clothing, seafood, molasses, citrus, wood and wood products;
  • partners--US 47%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada (1987)

British Virgin Islands

  • $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals;
  • partners--Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Cayman Islands

  • $1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.);
  • commodities--turtle products, manufactured consumer goods;
  • partners--mostly US

Costa Rica

  • $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar;
  • partners--US 75%, FRG, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan

Cuba

  • $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--sugar, nickel, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee;
  • partners--USSR 67%, GDR 6%, China 4% (1988)

Dominica

  • $59 million (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--bananas, coconuts, grapefruit, soap, galvanized sheets;
  • partners--UK 72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%, other 9%

Dominican Republic

  • $922 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--sugar, coffee, cocoa, gold, ferronickel;
  • partners--US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990)

El Salvador

  • $571 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--coffee 45%, sugar, cotton, shrimp;
  • partners--US 49%, FRG 24%, Guatemala 7%, Costa Rica 4%, Japan 4%

Grenada

  • $27.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5;
  • partners--US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989)

Guadeloupe

  • $153 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--bananas, sugar, rum;
  • partners--France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987)

Guatemala

  • $1.24 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--coffee 24%, sugar 9%, bananas 8%, beef 4%;
  • partners--US 28%, El Salvador, FRG, Costa Rica, Italy

Haiti

  • $169 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--light manufactures 69%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8%;
  • partners--US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial 6%, less developed countries 3% (1987)

Honduras

  • $939 million (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, lumber;
  • partners--US 52%, FRG 11%, Japan, Italy, Belgium

Jamaica

  • $1.02 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--bauxite, alumina, sugar, bananas;
  • partners--US 36%, UK, Canada, Norway, Trinidad and Tobago

Martinique

  • $196 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples;
  • partners--France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, FRG (1987)

Montserrat

  • $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
  • commodities--electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle;
  • partners--NA

Netherlands Antilles

  • $959 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--petroleum products 98%;
  • partners--US 55%, UK 7%, Jamaica 5%

Nicaragua

  • $298 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals;
  • partners--OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10%

Panama

  • $355 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--bananas 27%, shrimp 21%, clothing 6%, coffee 4%, sugar 4%;
  • partners--US 90%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1989 est.)

Puerto Rico

  • $16.4 billion (f.o.b., FY89);
  • commodities--pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments;
  • partners--US 87%

Saint Kitts and Nevis

  • $32.8 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps;
  • partners--US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)

Saint Lucia

  • $111.9 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--bananas 54%, clothing 17%, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil;
  • partners--UK 51%, CARICOM 20%, US 19%, other 10%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

  • $74.6 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--bananas 45%, eddoes and dasheen (taro), sweet potatoes, spices, light manufactures;
  • partners--UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15%

Trinidad and Tobago

  • $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--includes reexports--petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988);
  • partners--US 53%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989)

Turks and Caicos Islands

  • $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84);
  • commodities--lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells;
  • partners--US, UK

Virgin Islands

  • $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--refined petroleum products;
  • partners--US, Puerto Rico

Europe

34 entries

Albania

  • $378 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.);
  • commodities--asphalt, bitumen, petroleum products, metals and metallic ores, electricity, oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco;
  • partners--Italy, Yugoslavia, FRG, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary

Andorra

  • $0.017 million (f.o.b., 1986);
  • commodities--electricity;
  • partners--France, Spain

Austria

  • $40.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products, chemicals;
  • partners--EC 64.8%, EFTA 10.3%, CEMA 7.7%, US 3.2%, Japan 1.5%

Belgium

  • $106 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union;
  • commodities--iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum products;
  • partners--EC 74%, US 5%, Communist countries 2% (1989)

Bulgaria

  • $16.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--machinery and equipment 60.5%;
  • agricultural products 14.7%;
  • manufactured consumer goods 10.6%;
  • fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 8.5%;
  • other 5.7%;
  • partners--Communist countries 82.5% (USSR 61%, GDR 5.5%, Czechoslovakia 4.9%);
  • developed countries 6.8% (FRG 1.2%, Greece 1.0%);
  • less developed countries 10.7% (Libya 3.5%, Iraq 2.9%)

Czechoslovakia

  • $14.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--machinery and equipment 42.7%;
  • fuels, minerals, and metals 16.4%;
  • agricultural and forestry products 12.5%, other 28.4%;
  • partners--USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania, US

Denmark

  • $34.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment, fish, chemicals, industrial machinery;
  • partners--EC 52.2% (Germany 19.5%, UK 10.9%, France 6.1%), Sweden 12.5%, Norway 5.8%, US 5.0%, Japan 4.3% (1990)

Faroe Islands

  • $343 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment;
  • partners--Denmark 16%, UK 14%, FRG 13.4%, US 10%, France 9%, Japan 5%

Finland

  • $23.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear;
  • partners--EC 44.0% (UK 12.0%, FRG 10.8%), USSR 14.5%, Sweden 14.3%, US 6.4%

France

  • $181.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing;
  • partners--FRG 16%, Italy 12.1%, UK 9.5%, Spain 9.5%, Netherlands 9.2%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.9%, US 6.6%, Japan 1.9%, USSR 1.0% (1989 est.)

Gibraltar

  • $82 million (1988);
  • commodities--(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8%;
  • partners--UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG

Greece

  • $9.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--manufactured goods, food and live animals, fuels and lubricants, raw materials;
  • partners--FRG 20%, Italy 17%, France 8%, UK 7%, US 6%

Guernsey

  • $NA;
  • commodities--tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables;
  • partners--UK (regarded as internal trade)

Hungary

  • $10.2 billion (f.o.b. 1989);
  • commodities--capital goods 33%, foods 25%, consumer goods 16%, fuels 1.5%, other 24.5%;
  • partners USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, developed countries 37.4%, less developed countries 20.6% (1989)

Ireland

  • $24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, animal products;
  • partners--EC 74% (UK 34%, FRG 11%, France 10%), US 8%

Man, Isle of now Isle of Man

  • $NA;
  • commodities--tweeds, herring, processed shellfish meat;
  • partners--UK

Italy

  • $170.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation equipment, chemicals;
  • partners--EC 57%, US 8%, OPEC 4%

Jersey

  • $NA;
  • commodities--light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles;
  • partners--UK

Liechtenstein

  • $1.28 billion (1988);
  • commodities--small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery;
  • partners--EC 40%, EFTA 22% (Switzerland 18%) (1988)

Luxembourg

  • $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other industrial products;
  • partners--EC 75%, US 5%

Malta

  • $866 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--clothing, textiles, footwear, ships;
  • partners--Italy 30%, FRG 22%, UK 11%

Monaco

  • $NA;
  • full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties;
  • also participates in EC market system through customs union with France

Netherlands

  • $107.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing;
  • partners--EC 74.9% (FRG 28.3%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14.2%, France 10.7%, UK 10.2%), US 4.7% (1988)

Norway

  • $33.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--petroleum and petroleum products 25%, natural gas 11%, fish 7%, aluminum 6%, ships 3.5%, pulp and paper;
  • partners--EC 64.9%, Nordic countries 19.5%, developing countries 6.9%, US 6.2%, Japan 1.7% (1990)

Poland

  • $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--machinery and equipment 38%;
  • fuels, minerals, and metals 21%;
  • manufactured consumer goods 15%;
  • agricultural and forestry products 4% (1989);
  • partners--USSR 25%, FRG 14%, UK 6.5%, Czechoslovakia 5.5% (1989)

Portugal

  • $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances;
  • partners--EC 72%, other developed countries 13%, US 5%

Romania

  • $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--machinery and equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods 16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
  • partners--USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)

San Marino

  • trade data are included with the statistics for Italy;
  • commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer manufactures

Soviet Union

  • $109.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods (primarily capital goods and arms);
  • partners--Eastern Europe 46%, EC 16%, Cuba 6%, US, Afghanistan (1989)

Spain

  • $55.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--foodstuffs, live animals, wood, footwear, machinery, chemicals;
  • partners--EC 67.8%, US 6.5%, other developed countries 9%

Sweden

  • $57.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products;
  • partners--EC 54.4%, (FRG 14.2%, UK 10.1%, Denmark 6.6%), US 8.6%, Norway 8.2%

Switzerland

  • $63.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles and clothing;
  • partners--Western Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4%

United Kingdom

  • $188.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment;
  • partners--EC 50.7% (FRG 11.9%, France 10.2%, Netherlands 7.0%), US 13.1%

Yugoslavia

  • $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%;
  • partners--EC 53%, USSR and Eastern Europe 27%, less developed countries 12.9%, US 4.8%, other 2.3%

Middle East

16 entries

Bahrain

  • $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum 80%, aluminum 7%, other 13%;
  • partners--UAE, Japan, US, India

Cyprus

  • $770 million (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes;
  • partners--UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 9%, Saudi Arabia 4%

Gaza Strip

  • $88 million; commodities--citrus; partners--Israel, Egypt (1989 est.)

Iran

  • $12.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides;
  • partners--Japan, Turkey, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, France, FRG

Iraq

  • $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur;
  • partners--US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, France, Italy, USSR (1989)

Israel

  • $10.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics;
  • partners--US, UK, FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy

Jordan

  • $0.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--fruits and vegetables, phosphates, fertilizers;
  • partners--Iraq, Saudi Arabia, India, Kuwait, Japan, China, Yugoslavia, Indonesia

Kuwait

  • $11.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--oil 90%;
  • partners--Japan, Italy, FRG, US

Lebanon

  • $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals and jewelry, metals and metal products;
  • partners--Saudi Arabia 16%, Switzerland 8%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 6%, US 5%

Oman

  • $3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--petroleum, reexports, processed copper, dates, nuts, fish;
  • partners--Japan, South Korea, Taiwan

Qatar

  • $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers;
  • partners--Japan, Italy, Thailand, Singapore

Saudi Arabia

  • $28.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum and petroleum products 85%;
  • partners--US 22%, Japan 20%, Singapore 7%, France 5%

Syria

  • $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum 40%, textiles 30%, farm products 13%, phosphates (1989);
  • partners--USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, EC 31%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 2% (1989)

Turkey now Turkiye

  • $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--industrial products 78%, crops and livestock products 20%;
  • partners--FRG 18%, Italy 8%, Iraq 8%, US 8%, UK 5%, France 4%

United Arab Emirates

  • $15.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--crude oil 65%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates;
  • partners--US, EC, Japan

West Bank

  • $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
  • commodities--NA;
  • partners--Jordan, Israel

North America

5 entries

Bermuda

  • $30 million (f.o.b., FY88);
  • commodities--semitropical produce, light manufactures;
  • partners--US 25%, Italy 25%, UK 14%, Canada 5%, other 31%

Canada

  • $126.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--newsprint, wood pulp, timber, grain, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, ferrous and nonferrous ores, motor vehicles and parts;
  • partners--US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, USSR

Mexico

  • $26.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, cotton;
  • partners--US 66%, EC 16%, Japan 11%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

  • $24.1 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts;
  • partners--US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal

United States

  • $393.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products;
  • partners--Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989)

Oceania

25 entries

American Samoa

  • $288 million (f.o.b., 1987);
  • commodities--canned tuna 93%;
  • partners--US 99.6%

Australia

  • $39.8 billion (f.o.b., FY90);
  • commodities--metals, minerals, coal, wool, cereals, meat, manufacturers;
  • partners--Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong Kong

Cook Islands

  • $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing;
  • partners--NZ 80%, Japan

Fiji

  • $646 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.);
  • commodities--sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber;
  • partners--EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6%

French Polynesia

  • $75 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat;
  • partners--France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17%

Guam

  • $39 million (f.o.b., 1983);
  • commodities--mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, fish, food and beverage products;
  • partners--US 25%, other 75%

Kiribati

  • $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--fish 55%, copra 42%;
  • partners--EC 20%, Marshall Islands 12%, US 8%, American Samoa 4% (1985)

Marshall Islands

  • $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985);
  • commodities--copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts;
  • partners--NA

Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia

  • $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1983);
  • commodities--copra;
  • partners--NA

Nauru

  • $93 million (f.o.b., 1984);
  • commodities--phosphates;
  • partners--Australia, NZ

New Caledonia

  • $344 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--nickel metal 87%, nickel ore;
  • partners--France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4%

New Zealand

  • $8.8 billion (f.o.b., FY90);
  • commodities--wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, forestry products;
  • partners--EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea 3.1%

Niue

  • $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985);
  • commodities--canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts;
  • partners--NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia

Norfolk Island

  • $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86);
  • commodities--postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small quantities of avocados;
  • partners--Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe

Northern Mariana Islands

  • $153.9 million (1989);
  • commodities--manufactured goods, garments;
  • partners--NA

Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the now Palau

  • $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986);
  • commodities--NA;
  • partners--US, Japan

Papua New Guinea

  • $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--gold, copper ore, coffee, cocoa, copra, palm oil, timber, lobster;
  • partners--FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, US

Pitcairn Islands

  • $NA;
  • commodities--fruits, vegetables, curios;
  • partners--NA

Western Samoa now Samoa

  • $9.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3%;
  • partners--NZ 28%, EC 23%, American Samoa 23%, Australia 11%, US 6% (1990)

Solomon Islands

  • $75 million (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5%;
  • partners--Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985)

Tokelau

  • $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983);
  • commodities--stamps, copra, handicrafts;
  • partners--NZ

Tonga

  • $9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.);
  • commodities--coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish;
  • partners--NZ 54%, Australia 30%, US 8%, Fiji 5% (FY87)

Tuvalu

  • $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.);
  • commodities--copra;
  • partners--Fiji, Australia, NZ

Vanuatu

  • $14.5 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4%;
  • partners--Netherlands 34%, France 27%, Japan 17%, Belgium 4%, New Caledonia 3%, Singapore 2% (1987)

Wallis and Futuna

  • negligible;
  • commodities--copra, handicrafts;
  • partners--NA

South America

14 entries

Argentina

  • $12.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool;
  • partners--US 12%, USSR, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands

Bolivia

  • $927 million (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--metals 45%, natural gas 30%, other 25% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, timber);
  • partners--US 15%, Argentina

Brazil

$31.4 billion (1990); commodities--iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee partners--EC 29%, US 23%, Latin America 10%, Japan 7% (1989)

Chile

  • $8.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--copper 48%, industrial products 33%, molybdenum, iron ore, wood pulp, fishmeal, fruits;
  • partners--EC 34%, US 22%, Japan 10%, Brazil 7%

Colombia

  • $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--coffee 24%, petroleum, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers;
  • partners--US 36%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3%

Ecuador

  • $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--petroleum 47%, coffee, bananas, cocoa products, shrimp, fish products;
  • partners--US 60%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries

Falkland Islands now Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

  • at least $14.7 million;
  • commodities--wool, hides and skins, and other;
  • partners--UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.)

French Guiana

  • $54.0 million (f.o.b., 1987);
  • commodities--shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence;
  • partners--France 31%, US 22%, Japan 10% (1987)

Guyana

  • $234 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.);
  • commodities--bauxite, sugar, gold, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum;
  • partners--UK 31%, US 23%, CARICOM 7%, Canada 6% (1988)

Paraguay

  • $980 million (registered f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products;
  • partners--EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6%

Peru

  • $3.01 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts;
  • partners--EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Latin America 8%, USSR 4%

Suriname

  • $425 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
  • commodities--alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products, shrimp and fish, bananas;
  • partners--Norway 33%, Netherlands 20%, US 15%, FRG 9%, Brazil 5%, UK 5%, Japan 3%, other 10%

Uruguay

  • $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4%;
  • partners--Brazil 17%, US 15%, FRG 10%, Argentina 10% (1987)

Venezuela

  • $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
  • commodities--petroleum 81%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic manufactures;
  • partners--US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989)

Southeast Asia

15 entries

Brunei

  • $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
  • commodities--crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products;
  • partners--Japan 60%, Thailand 10%, Singapore 4% (1988)

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

$228 million (f.o.b., FY89) commodities--teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems; partners--Southeast Asia, India, China, EC, Africa

Cambodia

  • $32 million (f.o.b., 1988);
  • commodities--natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood;
  • partners--Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India

Christmas Island

  • $NA;
  • commodities--phosphate;
  • partners--Australia, NZ

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

  • $NA;
  • commodities--copra;
  • partners--Australia

Hong Kong

  • $80.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990), including reexports of $51.2 billion;
  • commodities--clothing, textile yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances, watches and clocks, toys;
  • partners--US 32%, China 19%, FRG 7%, UK 6%, Japan 6% (1989)

Indonesia

  • $25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3%;
  • partners--Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990)

Laos

  • $72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--electricity, wood products, coffee, tin;
  • partners--Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US

Macau

  • $1.7 billion (1989 est.);
  • commodities--textiles, clothing, toys;
  • partners--US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987)

Malaysia

  • $28.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--natural rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, electronics, light manufactures;
  • partners--Singapore, US, Japan, EC

Philippines

  • revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4%;
  • partners--US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%

Singapore

  • $52.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--includes transshipments to Malaysia--petroleum products, rubber, electronics, manufactured goods;
  • partners--US 21%, EC 14%, Malaysia 13%, Japan 9%

Taiwan

  • $67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
  • commodities--textiles 15.6%, electrical machinery 18.2%, general machinery and equipment 14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and wood products 1.6% (1989);
  • partners--US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989)

Thailand

  • $23.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--light manufactures 66%, fishery products 12%, rice 8%, tapioca 8%, manufactured gas, corn, tin;
  • partners--US 22%, Japan 17%, Singapore 7%, Netherlands, FRG, Hong Kong, UK, Malaysia, China (1989)

Vietnam

  • $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
  • commodities--agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude petroleum, ores, seafood;
  • partners--USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, Singapore

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1991, “Exports”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/exports/1991.

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