The CIA World Factbook Edition 2013 Economy

Exports In 36 editions of 36.

Exports was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 2013 edition carries it in 234 entries, in its Economy section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 2013 edition: 234
the first edition with it: 1990
the latest edition with it: 2025

Published as “Exports” (1990 to 2025).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Exports, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

Entries with Exports in each edition

Select a bar to open that edition.

World

1 entry

World

$18.26 trillion (2012 est.)

$18.05 trillion (2011 est.)

Africa

55 entries

Algeria

$71.74 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 49
$72.89 billion (2011 est.)

Angola

$71.09 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 50
$67.31 billion (2011 est.)

Benin

$1.071 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 153
$1.144 billion (2011 est.)

Botswana

$6.011 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 107
$6.432 billion (2011 est.)

Burkina Faso

$2.746 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 133
$2.394 billion (2011 est.)

Burundi

$134.7 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 186
$124 million (2011 est.)

Cabo Verde

$173.1 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 185
$196.6 million (2011 est.)

Cameroon

$6.015 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 106
$5.488 billion (2011 est.)

Central African Republic

$207.7 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 182
$186.3 million (2011 est.)

Chad

$4.126 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 120
$4.306 billion (2011 est.)

Comoros

$19.6 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 205
$25.18 million (2011 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the now Democratic Republic of the Congo

$8.872 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 99
$9.472 billion (2011 est.)

Congo, Republic of the now Republic of the Congo

$10.53 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 92
$11.13 billion (2011 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire

$12.53 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 86
$11.74 billion (2011 est.)

Djibouti

$87.9 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 191
$85 million (2011 est.)

Egypt

$24.93 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 69
$27.91 billion (2011 est.)

Equatorial Guinea

$14.86 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 79
$14.31 billion (2011 est.)

Eritrea

$454.9 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 175
$435.1 million (2011 est.)

Swaziland now Eswatini

$1.681 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 143
$1.906 billion (2011 est.)

Ethiopia

$3.039 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 130
$3.029 billion (2011 est.)

Gabon

$10.2 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 93
$10.72 billion (2011 est.)

Gambia, The now The Gambia

$111.8 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 189
$113.4 million (2011 est.)

Ghana

$13.54 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 82
$12.79 billion (2011 est.)

Guinea

$1.348 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 149
$1.428 billion (2011 est.)

Guinea-Bissau

$127.9 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 187
$242 million (2011 est.)

Kenya

$6.228 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 104
$5.792 billion (2011 est.)

Lesotho

$972.4 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 158
$1.175 billion (2011 est.)

Liberia

$774.8 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 166
$645.7 million (2011 est.)

Libya

$52.02 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 58
$12.99 billion (2011 est.)

Madagascar

$592.1 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 170
$543.4 million (2011 est.)

Malawi

$1.224 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 151
$1.531 billion (2011 est.)

Mali

$2.756 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 132
$2.373 billion (2011 est.)

Mauritania

$2.642 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 135
$2.814 billion (2011 est.)

Mauritius

$2.673 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 134
$2.565 billion (2011 est.)

Morocco

$16.99 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 76
$15.95 billion (2011 est.)

Mozambique

$3.47 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 125
$3.118 billion (2011 est.)

Namibia

$4.883 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 114
$4.373 billion (2011 est.)

Niger

$1.458 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 146
$1.274 billion (2011 est.)

Nigeria

$95.68 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 40
$96.37 billion (2011 est.)

Rwanda

$512 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 172
$469 million (2011 est.)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

$19 million (2004 est.)

country comparison to the world: 206

Sao Tome and Principe

$12.2 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 209
$10.9 million (2011 est.)

Senegal

$2.382 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 138
$2.414 billion (2011 est.)

Seychelles

$493.3 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 173
$478 million (2011 est.)

Sierra Leone

$953.4 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 160
$381.5 million (2011 est.)

Somalia

$515.8 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 171
$594.3 million (2011 est.)

South Africa

$93.48 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 42
$102.9 billion (2011 est.)

Sudan

$3.368 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 127
$9.656 billion (2011 est.)

Tanzania

$5.912 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 109
$5.098 billion (2011 est.)

Togo

$960.5 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 159
$1.018 billion (2011 est.)

Tunisia

$17.07 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 75
$17.88 billion (2011 est.)

Uganda

$2.811 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 131
$2.519 billion (2011 est.)

Western Sahara

$NA

Zambia

$9.414 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 97
$8.66 billion (2011 est.)

Zimbabwe

$3.314 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 128
$2.932 billion (2011 est.)

Arctic Region

3 entries

Greenland

$384.3 million (2010)

country comparison to the world: 178
$358 million (2009)

Iceland

$5.06 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 113
$5.344 billion (2011 est.)

Svalbard

$NA

Asia

22 entries

Afghanistan

$376 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 179
$2.908 billion (2011 est.)

note: not including illicit exports or reexports

Armenia

$1.588 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 144
$1.456 billion (2011 est.)

Azerbaijan

$32.63 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 64
$34.49 billion (2011 est.)

Bangladesh

$24.92 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 70
$24.54 billion (2011 est.)

Bhutan

$721.8 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 167
$662.2 million (2011 est.)

China

$1.971 trillion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2
$1.806 trillion (2011 est.)

Georgia

$3.458 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 126
$3.223 billion (2011 est.)

India

$301.9 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20
$307.2 billion (2011 est.)

Japan

$776.6 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 5
$789.9 billion (2011 est.)

Kazakhstan

$86.93 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 44
$85.19 billion (2011 est.)

Korea, North now North Korea

$4.707 billion (2011)

country comparison to the world: 115

Korea, South now South Korea

$552.7 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7
$551.8 billion (2011 est.)

Kyrgyzstan

$1.921 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 141
$2.267 billion (2011 est.)

Maldives

$283 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 180
$316 million (2011 est.)

Mongolia

$4.382 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 116
$4.816 billion (2011 est.)

Nepal

$1.004 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 156
$998.9 million (2011 est.)

Pakistan

$24.71 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 71
$26.31 billion (2011 est.)

Russia

$528 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 9
$515.4 billion (2011 est.)

Sri Lanka

$9.774 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 96
$10.56 billion (2011 est.)

Tajikistan

$826.6 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 163
$592.9 million (2011 est.)

Turkmenistan

$15.48 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 78
$13.91 billion (2011 est.)

Uzbekistan

$14.38 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 81
$15.03 billion (2011 est.)

Central America and the Caribbean

29 entries

Anguilla

$7.3 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 213
$7.2 million (2011 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda

$56.7 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 195
$56.2 million (2011 est.)

Aruba

$1.389 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 148
$5.18 billion (2011 est.)

Bahamas, The now The Bahamas

$984 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 157
$833.5 million (2011 est.)

Barbados

$1.039 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 154
$948.3 million (2011 est.)

Belize

$628.3 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 169
$603.6 million (2011 est.)

British Virgin Islands

$26 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 202
$25 million (2011 est.)

Cayman Islands

$15 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 207
$16.6 million (2011 est.)

Costa Rica

$11.44 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 89
$10.38 billion (2011 est.)

Cuba

$5.972 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 108
$6.34 billion (2011 est.)

Curacao

$1.5 billion (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 145
$1.4 billion (2010 est.)

Dominica

$40.6 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 199
$32.6 million (2011 est.)

Dominican Republic

$9.079 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 98
$8.492 billion (2011 est.)

El Salvador

$5.447 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 112
$5.401 billion (2011 est.)

Grenada

$40.5 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 200
$34.9 million (2011 est.)

Guatemala

$10.11 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 94
$10.52 billion (2011 est.)

Haiti

$785 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 165
$768.1 million (2011 est.)

Honduras

$7.931 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 100
$7.8 billion (2011 est.)

Jamaica

$1.747 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 142
$1.666 billion (2011 est.)

Montserrat

$2.3 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 217
$2.5 million (2011 est.)

Nicaragua

$4.157 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 119
$3.655 billion (2011 est.)

Panama

$18.88 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 74
$16.93 billion (2011 est.)

note: includes the Colon Free Zone

Puerto Rico

$67.3 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 52
$70.45 billion (2011 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

$68.6 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 193
$68 million (2011 est.)

Saint Lucia

$190.1 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 184
$191.5 million (2011 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

$48.7 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 197
$43.4 million (2011 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago

$12.98 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 83
$14.91 billion (2011 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands

$24.77 million (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 204

Virgin Islands

$4.234 billion (2001)

country comparison to the world: 117

Europe

48 entries

Albania

$1.123 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 152
$962.1 million (2011 est.)

Andorra

$70 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 192
$72 million (2011 est.)

Austria

$165.6 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 31
$160.1 billion (2011 est.)

Belarus

$45.57 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 62
$40.93 billion (2011 est.)

Belgium

$302.4 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19
$324.4 billion (2011 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

$3.306 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 129
$3.653 billion (2011 est.)

Bulgaria

$26.7 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 68
$28.2 billion (2011 est.)

Croatia

$12.6 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 85
$13.6 billion (2011 est.)

Czech Republic now Czechia

$131.7 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 34
$138.5 billion (2011 est.)

Denmark

$104.9 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 38
$110.6 billion (2011 est.)

Estonia

$14.46 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 80
$14.54 billion (2011 est.)

European Union

$2.17 trillion (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1
$1.791 trillion (2010 est.)

note: external exports, excluding intra-EU trade

Faroe Islands

$824 million (2010)

country comparison to the world: 164
$767 million (2009)

Finland

$76.46 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 48
$82.76 billion (2011 est.)

France

$567.4 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6
$592.9 billion (2011 est.)

Germany

$1.46 trillion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4
$1.516 trillion (2011 est.)

Gibraltar

$271 million (2004 est.)

country comparison to the world: 181

Greece

$28.31 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 66
$28.16 billion (2011 est.)

Guernsey

$NA

Hungary

$90.23 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 43
$98.83 billion (2011 est.)

Ireland

$119.3 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 36
$127.5 billion (2011 est.)

Isle of Man

$NA

Italy

$478.9 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 10
$503.1 billion (2011 est.)

Jersey

$NA

Kosovo

$419 million (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 177
$400 million (2010 est.)

Latvia

$12.23 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 87
$11.5 billion (2011 est.)

Liechtenstein

$3.76 billion (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 124
$3.191 billion (2010 est.)

note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland

Lithuania

$28.76 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 65
$27.03 billion (2011 est.)

Luxembourg

$15.93 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 77
$18.81 billion (2011 est.)

Malta

$4.232 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 118
$4.112 billion (2011 est.)

Moldova

$2.228 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 139
$2.277 billion (2011 est.)

Monaco

$864.6 million (2011)

country comparison to the world: 162
$684.9 million (2010)

note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France

Montenegro

$489.2 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 174
$640 million (2011 est.)

Netherlands

$540.3 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 8
$549.1 billion (2011 est.)

Macedonia now North Macedonia

$3.975 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 121
$4.429 billion (2011 est.)

Norway

$166 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 30
$164.8 billion (2011 est.)

Poland

$191 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 27
$195.2 billion (2011 est.)

Portugal

$58.24 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 56
$60.01 billion (2011 est.)

Romania

$51.29 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 59
$55.81 billion (2011 est.)

San Marino

$3.827 billion (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 123
$2.576 billion (2010 est.)

Serbia

$11.33 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 90
$11.78 billion (2011 est.)

Slovakia

$80.67 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 46
$78.5 billion (2011 est.)

Slovenia

$27.81 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 67
$29.85 billion (2011 est.)

Spain

$291.6 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 22
$303.3 billion (2011 est.)

Sweden

$184.8 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 29
$197.3 billion (2011 est.)

Switzerland

$332.1 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18
$345.6 billion (2011 est.)

note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland

Ukraine

$70.24 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 51
$69.42 billion (2011 est.)

United Kingdom

$473 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 11
$479.1 billion (2011 est.)

Middle East

17 entries

Bahrain

$20.39 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 73
$19.65 billion (2011 est.)

Cyprus

$2.602 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 136
$2.748 billion (2011 est.)

Gaza Strip

see entry for West Bank

Iran

$67.04 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 53
$144.9 billion (2011 est.)

Iraq

$94.21 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 41
$79.68 billion (2011 est.)

Israel

$62.32 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 54
$64.29 billion (2011 est.)

Jordan

$7.898 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 101
$8.018 billion (2011 est.)

Kuwait

$121 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 35
$102.9 billion (2011 est.)

Lebanon

$5.615 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 110
$5.386 billion (2011 est.)

Oman

$52.14 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 57
$47.09 billion (2011 est.)

Qatar

$133 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 33
$114.3 billion (2011 est.)

Saudi Arabia

$388.4 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 15
$364.7 billion (2011 est.)

Syria

$3.876 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 122
$10.29 billion (2011 est.)

Turkey now Turkiye

$163.3 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 32
$143.5 billion (2011 est.)

United Arab Emirates

$350.1 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 17
$302 billion (2011 est.)

West Bank

$666.1 million (2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 168
$846.1 million (2011 est.)

note: includes Gaza Strip

Yemen

$7.57 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 103
$8.662 billion (2011 est.)

North America

5 entries

Bermuda

$12 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 210
$16 million (2011 est.)

Canada

$462.9 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 13
$461.6 billion (2011 est.)

Mexico

$371.4 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 16
$349.9 billion (2011 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

$6.641 million (2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 215
$5.5 million (2005 est.)

United States

$1.561 trillion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3
$1.496 trillion (2011 est.)

Oceania

25 entries

American Samoa

$445.6 million (FY04 est.)

country comparison to the world: 176

Australia

$257.9 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 23
$271.7 billion (2011 est.)

Cook Islands

$5.222 million (2005 est.)

country comparison to the world: 216

Fiji

$932.4 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 161
$847.7 million (2011 est.)

French Polynesia

$200 million (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 183
$211 million (2005 est.)

Guam

$44 million (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 198

Kiribati

$7.066 million (2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 214
$17 million (2004 est.)

Marshall Islands

$50.14 million (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 196
$9.1 million (2000 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia

$24.9 million (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 203
$14 million (2004 est.)

Nauru

$64,000 (2005 est.)

country comparison to the world: 220

New Caledonia

$1.321 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 150
$1.661 billion (2011 est.)

New Zealand

$37.87 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 63
$38.38 billion (2011 est.)

Niue

$201,400 (2004)

country comparison to the world: 219

Norfolk Island

$NA

Northern Mariana Islands

$98.2 million (2008)

country comparison to the world: 190

Palau

$12.3 million (2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 208
$5.882 million (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea

$5.602 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 111
$6.791 billion (2011 est.)

Pitcairn Islands

$NA

Samoa

$11.4 million (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 211

Solomon Islands

$415.2 million (2011 est.)

Tokelau

$0 (2002)

country comparison to the world: 222

Tonga

$8.4 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 212
$8 million (2011 est.)

Tuvalu

$600,000 (2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 218
$1 million (2004 est.)

Vanuatu

$57.5 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 194
$67.4 million (2011 est.)

Wallis and Futuna

$47,450 (2004)

country comparison to the world: 221

South America

13 entries

Argentina

$80.91 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 45
$83.98 billion (2011 est.)

Bolivia

$11.11 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 91
$8.175 billion (2011 est.)

Brazil

$242.6 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24
$256 billion (2011 est.)

Chile

$78.28 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 47
$81.46 billion (2011 est.)

Colombia

$59.85 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 55
$56.68 billion (2011 est.)

Ecuador

$24.65 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 72
$23.08 billion (2011 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

$125 million (2004 est.)

country comparison to the world: 188

Guyana

$1.396 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 147
$1.129 billion (2011 est.)

Paraguay

$11.9 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 88
$12.52 billion (2011 est.)

Peru

$45.64 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 61
$46.27 billion (2011 est.)

Suriname

$2.564 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 137
$2.467 billion (2011 est.)

Uruguay

$9.89 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 95
$9.274 billion (2011 est.)

Venezuela

$97.34 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 39
$92.81 billion (2011 est.)

Southeast Asia

16 entries

Brunei

$12.75 billion (2011)

country comparison to the world: 84
$9.88 billion (2010)

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

$7.82 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 102
$7.699 billion (2011 est.)

note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh