Judicial branch In 36 editions of 36.

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Chadli BENDJEDID (since 7 February 1979);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Sid Ahmed GHOZALI (since 6 June 1991) National Liberation Front (FLN), Chadli BENDJEDID, president;
• Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), Abassi MADANI;
• the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and as of 31 December 1990 over 30 legal parties existed

Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991)

• High Court, Court of Appeal Chief of State and Head of Government--President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since 13 July 1980);
• Vice President Peter S. MMUSI (since 3 January 1983) Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett MASIRE;
• Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA;
• Botswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE;
• Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO

Appeals Court Chief of State and Head of Government--Chairman of the Popular Front Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987);
• Head of Government Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988)

• Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia) Chief of State--President Antonio Mascarenhas MONTEIRO (since 22 March 1991);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA (since 13 January 1991) Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and chairman;
• African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES, chairman

Supreme Court Chief of State President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982); Head of Government interim Prime Minister Sadou HAYATOU (since 25 April 1991)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981)

Court of Appeal Chief of State--Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990); Head of Government--Prime Minister Jean LINGUE Bawoyeu (since 8 March 1991)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990) Comoran Union for Progress (Udzima), Said Mohamed DJOHAR, president;
• National Union for Democracy (UNDC), Mohamed TAKI

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Bernadin MUNGUL DIAKA (since 23 October 1991)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979); Head of Government--Prime Minister Brig. Gen. Louis-Sylvain GOMA (since 9 January 1991)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960);
• Prime Minister Allassane OUATTARE (since 7 November 1990) Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY;
• Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO;
• Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), Francis WODIE;
• Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA;
• over 20 smaller parties

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)

• Supreme Constitutional Court Chief of State--President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October 1981 upon the assassination of President Sadat and sworn in as President on 14 October 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)

Supreme Tribunal Chief of State--President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979); Head of Government--Prime Minister Cristino SERICHE BIOKO MALABO (since 15 August 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Isidoro Eyi MONSUY ANDEME (since 15 August 1989)

High Court, Court of Appeal Chief of State--King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986); Head of Government--Prime Minister Obed DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989)

Supreme Court Chief of State--Interim President Meles ZENAWI (since 1 June 1991); Head of Government--Acting Prime Minister Tamrat LAYNE (since 6 June 1991)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990)

• Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970);
• Vice President Bakary Bunja DARBO (since 12 May 1982) People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general;
• National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA;
• Gambian People's Party (GPP), Assan Musa CAMARA;
• United Party (UP);
• People's Democratic Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS)

Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 31 December 1981)

Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) Chief of State and Head of Government--Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984)

none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers Chief of State and Head of Government--President of the Council of State Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed power 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May 1984); First Vice President Col. Iafai CAMARA (since 7 November 1985); Second Vice President Vasco CABRAL (since 21 June 1989)

• Court of Appeal, High Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978);
• Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)

High Court, Court of Appeal Chief of State--King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father, exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA); Head of Government--Chairman of the Military Council Col. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April 1991) Basotho National Party (BNP), Matete MAJARA (interim leader); Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI; Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), S. H. MAPHELEBA; United Democratic Party, Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), Jacob KENYA

People's Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990); interim Vice President Ronald DIGGS (since 15 November 1990); note--this is an interim government appointed by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that will be replaced after elections are held under a West African-brokered peace plan; rival rebel factions led by Prince Y. JOHNSON and Charles TAYLOR are challenging the Sawyer government's legitimacy while observing a tenuous cease fire; the former president, Gen.

Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE, was ousted and killed on 9 September 1990 in a coup led by Prince Y. JOHNSON National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman; Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP), Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus MATTHEWS, chairman

Supreme Court Chief of State--Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); Head of Government--Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd Umar DURDA (since 7 October 1990)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour Constitutionnelle) Chief of State--President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975); Head of Government--Prime Minister Guy RASANAMAZY (since 8 August 1991)

High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal Chief of State and Head of Government--President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as President for Life 6 July 1971)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--following the military coup of 26 March 1991 President Gen. Moussa TRAORE was deposed and the National Reconciliation Council, led by Lt. Col. Amadou Toumani TOURE and Lt. Col. Kafougouna KONE, was installed; Head of Government--Interim Premier Soumana SACKO (since 2 April 1991)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Col. Maaouya Ould SidAhmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January 1986);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982);
• Deputy Prime Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990) government coalition--Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH;
• Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Paul BERENGER;
• Organization of the People of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis Serge CLAIR;
• Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil BAICHOO;
• opposition--Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN;
• Socialist Workers Front, Sylvio MICHEL;
• Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G. DUVAL Legislative Assembly--last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996);
• results--MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%;
• seats--(70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2);
• opposition 3

• Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Prefect, Representative of the French Government Daniel LIMODIN (since NA 1990);
• President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976) Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA;
• Party for the Mahoran Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA;
• Mahoran Rally for the Republic (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE;
• Union of the Center (UDC)

Supreme Court Chief of State--King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961); Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since 30 September 1986)

• People's Courts at all levels Chief of State--President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986) Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO)--formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to the USSR--was the only legal party before 30 November 1990 when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty system;
• note--the government has announced that multiparty elections will be held in 1991;
• parties such as the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique (PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), and the Mozambique National Movement (MONAMO) have already emerged

Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990)

State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel) Chief of State--President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); Head of Government--Prime Minister Aliou MAHAMIDOU (since 2 March 1990)

Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal Chief of State and Head of Government--President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA (since 27 August 1985)

• Court of Appeals (Cour d'appel) Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN (since September 1989) Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS;
• Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD;
• Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES;
• France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON;
• Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU;
• Social Democrats (CDS), other small parties

Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
• Head of Government--Governor and Commander in Chief Robert F. STIMSON (since 1987) Saint Helena Labor Party, G. A. O. THORNTON;
• Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader unknown;
• note--both political parties inactive since 1976

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO (since 21 January 1991) Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Prime Minister Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general;
• Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACIA;
• Christian Democratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS;
• Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA;
• other small parties

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF;
• Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE;
• 13 other small uninfluential parties

Court of Appeal, Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977)

Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH (since 28 November 1985); First Vice President Abu Bakar KAMARA (since 4 April 1987); Second Vice President Salia JUSU-SHERIFF (since 4 April 1987)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Interim President ALI Mahdi Mohamed (since 27 January 1991);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991);
• Deputy Prime Minister MOHAMED Abshir Mussa (since 27 January 1991)

• Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--State President Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989) white political parties and leaders--National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party);
• Conservative Party (CP), Dr. Andries P. TREURNICHT (official opposition party);
• Herstigte National Party (HNP), Jaap MARAIS;
• Democratic Party (DP), Zach DE BEER;
• Colored political parties and leaders--Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party);
• Democratic Reform Party (DRP), Carter EBRAHIM;
• United Democratic Party (UDP), Jac RABIE;
• Freedom Party;
• Indian political parties and leaders--Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party);
• National People's Party (NPP), Amichand RAJBANSI;
• Merit People's Party

Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts Chief of State and Head of Government--Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed (since 9 July 1989)

• Court of Appeal, High Court Chief of State--President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985);
• First Vice President John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990);
• Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)

Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967); Head of Government--interim Prime Minister Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991)

Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) Chief of State--President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987); Head of Government--Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989) Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Ahmed Mestiri; five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party

Court of Appeal, High Court Chief of State--President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991); Head of Government--Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)

Supreme Court Chief of State--President Dr. Kenneth David KAUNDA (since 24 October 1964); Head of Government--Prime Minister Gen. Malimba MASHEKE (since 15 March 1989) United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth KAUNDA; Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; National Democratic Alliance (NADA), leader NA; Democratic Party, leader NA; note--the first Extraordinary Congress of UNIP began on 6 August 1991

• Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987);
• Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987);
• Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE;
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE;
• Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE

none Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands)

• High Court (Landsret) Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Bent KLINTE (since NA);
• Head of Government--Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991)

• Supreme Court (Haestirettur) Chief of State--President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991) Independence (conservative), David ODDSSON;
• Progressive, Steingrimur HERMANNSSON;
• Social Democratic, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON;
• People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON;
• Citizens Party (conservative nationalist), Julius SOLNES;
• Women's List

• Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President (Mohammad) NAJIBULLAH (Ahmadzai) (since 30 November 1987);
• First Vice President Abdul Wahed SORABI (since 7 January 1991);
• Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21 May 1990)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991) Head of Government--Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman (since 20 March 1991) Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman;
• Awami League, Sheikh Hasina WAZED;
• Jatiyo Party, Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD;
• Jamaat-E-Islami, Ali KHAN;
• Bangladesh Communist Party (pro-Soviet), Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK;
• National Awami Party (Muzaffar);
• Workers Party, leader NA;
• Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (National Socialist Party--SIRAJ), M. A. JALIL;
• Ganotantri Party, leader NA;
• Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA;
• National Democratic Party, leader NA;
• Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR;
• Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed;
• United People's Party, Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed

High Court Chief of State and Head of Government--King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)

• Supreme People's Court Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto)--DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977);
• Chief of State--President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988);
• Vice President WANG Zhen (since 8 April 1988);
• Head of Government--Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988);
• Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979);
• Vice Premier TIAN Jiyun (since 20 June 1983);
• Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988);
• Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991);
• Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July 1987);
• Vice President Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991) Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president;
• Bharatiya Janata Party, L. K. ADVANI;
• Janata Dal Party, V. P. SINGH;
• Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. NAMBOODIRIPAD;
• Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO;
• Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), N. T. Rama RAO;
• All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional party in Tamil Nadu), JAYALALITHA;
• Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR;
• Shiv Sena, Bal THACKERAY;
• Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip CHOWDHURY;
• Bahujana Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM;
• Congress (S) Party, leader NA;
• Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan SINGH;
• Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. KARUNANIDHI;
• Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab;
• National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir), Farooq ABDULLAH;
• Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla MAHANTA

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991) Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Toshiki KAIFU, president;
• Keizo OBUCHI, secretary general;
• Japan Socialist Party (JSP), T. DOI, chairman;
• Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keigo OUCHI, chairman;
• Japan Communist Party (JCP), K. MIYAMOTO, Presidium chairman;
• Komeito (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman

• Central Court Chief of State--President KIM Il-song (since 28 December 1972);
• Designated Successor KIM Chong-il (son of President, born 16 February 1942);
• Head of Government--Premier YON Hyong-muk (since NA December 1988)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister CHUNG Won Shik (since 24 May 1991);
• Deputy Prime Minister CHOI Kak Kyu (since 19 February 1991) ruling party--Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), ROH Tae Woo, president, KIM Young Sam, chairman;
• note--the DLP resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Reunification Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP) on 9 February 1990;
• opposition--New Democratic Party (NDP, formerly Party for Peace and Democracy or PPD), KIM Dae Jung, president;
• Democratic Party (DP), YI Ki Taek;
• several smaller parties

High Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990);
• Vice President Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990);
• Head of Government--Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11 September 1990);
• ruling party--Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, general secretary;
• opposition--Social Democratic Party (SDP), Batbayar;
• Mongolian Democratic Association, Sanjasuren DZORIG, chief coordinator;
• Mongolian Party of National Progress, Ganbold;
• other--Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Batuul;
• Free Labor Party, Maam;
• note--opposition parties were legalized in May 1990

• Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat) Chief of State--King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24 February 1985);
• Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991) ruling party--Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH, Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI;
• center--the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), Lokinra Bahadur CHAND, and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa), Surya Bahadur THAPA;
• Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, G. N. Naryan SINGH;
• Communist--Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan ADIKHARY;
• United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI;
• Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE;
• Democratic Party, leader NA

• Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shariat) Court Chief of State--President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990);

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March 1989) United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe PREMADASA;
• Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE;
• Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M. ASHRAFF;
• All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM;
• People's United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE;
• Eelam Democratic Front (EDF), Edward Sebastian PILLAI;
• Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), leader (vacant);
• Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN;
• New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA;
• Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. de SILVA;
• Sri Lanka People's Party (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARANATUNGA;
• Communist Party/Moscow (CP/M), K. P. SILVA;
• Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN;
• note--the United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and CP/B

• High Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Brian G. J. CANTY (since NA 1989);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since NA March 1984, served previously from February 1977 to May 1980) Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS;
• Anguilla United Party (AUP), Ronald WEBSTER;
• Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor since 1976);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976) Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD;
• United National Democratic Party (UNDP), Dr. Ivor HEATH

• Joint High Court of Justice Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Felipe B. TROMP (since 1 January 1986);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989) Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER;
• Aruban People's Party (AVP), Henny EMAN;
• National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY;
• New Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN;
• Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Leo CHANCE;
• Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI;
• Democratic Action '86 (AD'86), Arturo ODUBER;
• governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor General Sir Henry TAYLOR (since 26 June 1988);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Sir Lynden Oscar PINDLING (since 16 January 1967) Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING;
• Free National Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM

• Supreme Court of Judicature Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Hugh SPRINGER (since 24 February 1984);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987) Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD;
• Barbados Labor Party (BLP), Henry FORDE;
• National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNES

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Dame Elmira Minita GORDON (since 21 September 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989) People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA;
• United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW;
• Belize Popular Party (BPP), Louis SYLVESTRE

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor John Mark Ambrose HERDMAN (since NA 1986);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986) United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO;
• Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity STOUTT;
• Independent People's Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY

• Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Alan James SCOTT (since NA 1987);
• Head of Government--Governor and President of the Executive Council Alan James SCOTT (since NA 1987)

• Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990);
• First Vice President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990);
• Second Vice President Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990) National Liberation Party (PLN), Rolando ARAYA Monge;
• Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier;
• Marxist Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell;
• New Republic Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez;
• Progressive Party (PP), Isaac Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos;
• People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin ChACON Vargas;
• Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey

People's Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in February 1959 and President since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976)

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a third term 28 May 1990) Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES;
• Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Michael DOUGLAS;
• United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES

• Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term began 16 August 1990);
• Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 August 1986) Major parties-- Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo;
• Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Francisco PENA Gomez;
• Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino;
• Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), Jacobo MAJLUTA;
• Minor parties-- National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier;
• Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST;
• Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez;
• Constitutional Action Party (PAC), Luis ARZENO Rodriguez;
• National Progressive Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo;
• Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio DELGADO Bogaert;
• Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde;
• Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan RODRIGUEZ;
• note--in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the Dominican Leftist Front (FID);
• however, they still retain individual party structures

• Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Alfredo CRISTIANI (since 1 June 1989);
• Vice President Jose Francisco MERINO (since 1 June 1989)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Paul SCOON (since 30 September 1978);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990) National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE;
• Grenada United Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY;
• The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES;
• New National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL;
• Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement (MBPM), Terrence MERRYSHOW;
• New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARD

• Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Paul PROUST (since November 1989) Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT;
• Communist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE;
• Socialist Party (PSG), Dominique LARIFLA;
• Independent Republicans;
• Union for French Democracy (UDF);
• Union for a New Majority (UNM)

• Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jorge SERRANO Elias (since 14 January 1991);
• Vice President Gustavo ESPINA Salguero (since 14 January 1991) National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle;
• Solidarity Action Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias;
• Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo;
• National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU Irigoyen;
• National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon;
• Social Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez;
• Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5), Max ORLANDO Molina;
• Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA;
• National Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe;
• Alliance for '90 led by Rios MONTT, consisting of three parties--Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Oscar RIVAS;
• Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON;
• Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Berna ROLANDO Mendez

• Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation) Chief of State--President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Rene PREVAL (since 13 February 1991) National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD) led by Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE, including Congress of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor BENOIT;
• National Konbite Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH;
• National Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP), a coalition consisting of Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN;
• National Progressive Revolutionary Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES;
• and National Patriotic Movement of November 28 (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE;
• National Agricultural and Industrial Party (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE;
• Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene THEODORE;
• Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Sylvio CLAUDE;
• Assembly of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT;
• National Party of Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME;
• Mobilization for National Development (MDN), Hubert DE RONCERAY;
• Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE;
• Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire EUGENE;
• Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU

• Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) Chief of State and Head of Government--Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990) Liberal Party (PLH)--faction leaders, Carlos FLORES Facusse (leader of Florista Liberal Movement), Carlos MONTOYA (Azconista subfaction), Ramon VILLEDA Bermudez and Jorge Arturo REINA (M-Lider faction);
• National Party (PNH), Jose Celin DISCUA, party president;
• PNH faction leaders--Oswaldo RAMOS Soto and Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (Monarca faction);
• National Innovation and Unity Party-Social Democrats (PINU-SD), Enrique AGUILAR Cerrato Paz;
• Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Jorge ILLESCAS;
• Democratic Action (AD), Walter LOPEZ Reyes

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE (since 2 March 1973);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Michael MANLEY (since 13 February 1989) People's National Party (PNP), Michael MANLEY;
• Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward SEAGA;
• Workers' Party of Jamaica (WPJ), Trevor MUNROE

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989);
• President of the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988) Rally for the Republic (RPR), Stephen BAGO;
• Union of the Left composed of the Progressive Party of Martinique (PPM), Aime CESAIRE;
• Socialist Federation of Martinique, Michael YOYO;
• and the Communist Party of Martinique (PCM), Armand NICOLAS;
• Union for French Democracy (UDF), Jean MARAN

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David TAYLOR (since NA 1990);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister John A. OSBORNE (since NA 1978) People's Liberation Movement (PLM), John OSBORNE;
• Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Howell BRAMBLE;
• United National Front (UNF), Dr. George IRISH;
• National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE

• Joint High Court of Justice Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Jaime SALEH (since October 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served from September 1984 to November 1985)

• Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) and municipal courts Chief of State and Head of Government--President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990);
• Vice President Virgilio GODOY (since 25 April 1990) ruling coalition--National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 14-party alliance--National Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS;
• Conservative Popular Alliance Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO;
• National Conservative Action Party (PANC), Hernaldo ZUNIGA;
• National Democratic Confidence Party (PDCN), Augustin JARQUIN;
• Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Wilfredo NAVARRO;
• Neo-Liberal Party (PALI), Andres ZUNIGA;
• Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose Ernesto SOMARRIBA;
• National Action Party (PAN), Eduardo RIVAS;
• Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo TABLADA;
• Communist Party of Nicaragua (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO;
• Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Luis HUMBERTO;
• Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ;
• Social Democratic Party (PSD), Guillermo POTOY;
• Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC), Alejandro PEREZ;
• opposition parties--Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA;
• Central American Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS;
• Democratic Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES;
• Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), Eduardo CORONADO;
• Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER;
• Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ;
• Revolutionary Workers' Party (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA;
• Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando AGUERRO;
• Popular Action Movement--Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ;
• Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ

• Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) currently being reorganized Chief of State and Head of Government--President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);
• First Vice President Ricardo ARIAS Calderon (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);
• Second Vice President Guillermo FORD (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989) government alliance--Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ;
• Authentic Liberal Party (PLA);
• Arnulfista Party (PA), Francisco ARTOLA;
• opposition parties--Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon;
• Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Gerardo GONZALEZ;
• Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), Carlos ELETA Almaran;
• Liberal Party (PL);
• People's Party (PdP, Soviet-oriented Communist party), Ruben DARIO Sousa Batista;
• Democratic Workers Party (PDT, leftist), Eduardo RIOS;
• National Action Party (PAN, rightist);
• Popular Action Party (PAPO), Carlos Ivan ZUNIGA;
• Socialist Workers Party (PST, leftist), Jose CAMBRA;
• Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist), Graciela DIXON

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989);
• Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
• Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989) Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon;
• New Progressive Party (PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo;
• Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras and Carlos GALLISA;
• Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez;
• Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980);
• Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA) People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS;
• Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee MOORE;
• Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon DANIEL;
• Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982) United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON;
• Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian HUNTE;
• Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David JACK (since 29 Septermber 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984) New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL;
• Saint Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Vincent BEACH;
• United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS;
• Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES;
• National Reform Party (NRP), Joel MIGUEL

• Court of Appeal, Supreme Court Chief of State--President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since 18 December 1986) National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), A. N. R. ROBINSON;
• People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING;
• United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY;
• Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since 1987);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister Oswald O. SKIPPINGS (since 3 March 1988) People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS;
• Progressive National Party (PNP), Dan MALCOLM and Norman SAUNDERS;
• National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICK

• US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases;
• Territorial Court handles civil matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and traffic cases Chief of State and Head of Government--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989), represented by Governor Alexander A. FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987);
• Lieutenant Governor Derek HODGE (since 5 January 1987) Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON;
• Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), Virdin BROWN;
• Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President of the Republic Ramiz ALIA (since 22 November 1982);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister of the interim Council of Ministers Ylli BUFI (since 5 June 1991);

civil cases--Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) or the Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain); criminal cases--Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) Chiefs of State--French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS; Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr. Joan MARTI y Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Batalla; Head of Government--Oscar RIBAS Reig (since NA January 1990)

• Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases, Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases Chief of State--President Kurt WALDHEIM (since 8 July 1986);
• Head of Government--Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986);
• Vice Chancellor Josef RIEGLER (since 19 May 1989) Socialist Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman;
• Austrian People's Party (OVP), Josef RIEGLER, chairman;
• Freedom Party of Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman;
• Communist Party (KPO), Franz MUHRI, chairman;
• Green Alternative List (GAL), Andreas WABL, chairman

• Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish--Hof van Cassatie, French--Cour de Cassation) Chief of State--King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951);
• Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Wilfried MARTENS, (since April 1979, with a 10-month interruption in 1981) Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman van ROMPUY, president;
• Walloon Social Christian (PSC), Gerard DEPREZ, president;
• Flemish Socialist (SP), Frank VANDENBROUCKE, president;
• Walloon Socialist (PS), Guy SPITAELS, president;
• Flemish Liberal (PVV), Guy VERHOFSTADT, president;
• Walloon Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, president;
• Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president;
• Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS, president;
• Communist Party (PCB), Louis van GEYT, president;
• Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel DILLEN;
• other minor parties

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Zhelyu ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990);
• Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Dimitur POPOV (since 19 December 1990);
• Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Aleksandur TOMOV (since 19 December 1990);
• Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor VULKOV (since 19 December 1990);
• Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Dimitur LUDZHEV (since 19 December 1990);

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Vaclav HAVEL;
• (interim president from 29 December 1989 and president since 5 July 1990);
• Head of Government--Premier Marian CALFA (since 10 December 1989);
• Deputy Premier Vaclav VALES (since 28 June 1990);
• Deputy Premier Jiri DIENSTBIER (since 28 June 1990);
• Deputy Premier Jozef MIKLOSKO (since 28 June 1990);
• Deputy Premier Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 28 June 1990) Civic Forum, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman;
• Public Against Violence, Fedor GAL, chairman;
• Christian and Democratic Union, Vaclav BENDA;
• Christian Democratic Movement, Jan CARNOGURSKY;
• Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Pavol KANIS, chairman;
• KSC toppled from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime demonstrations, minority role in coalition government since 10 December 1989

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972);
• Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982)

• none Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Bent KLINTE (since NA);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Atli P. DAM (since 15 January 1991) two-party ruling coalition--Social Democratic Party, Atli P. DAM;
• People's Party, Jogvan SUNDSTEIN;
• opposition--Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN;
• Republican Party, Signer HANSEN;
• Progressive and Fishing Industry Party-Christian People's Party (PFIP-CPP), leader NA;
• Progress Party, leader NA;
• Home Rule Party, Hilmar KASS

• Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) Chief of State--President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991);
• Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka KANERVA (since 26 April 1991) government coalition--Center Party, Esko AHO;
• National Coalition (Conservative) Party, Ilkka SUOMINEN;
• and Swedish People's Party, (Johan) Ole NORRBACK;
• other parties--Social Democratic Party, Pertti PAASIO;
• Leftist Alliance (Communist) consisting of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative, Claes ANDERSSON;
• Green League, Heidi HAUTALA;
• Rural Party, Heikki RIIHIJAERVI;
• Finnish Christian League, Esko ALMGREN;
• Liberal People's Party, Kyosti LALLUKKA

• Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Edith CRESSON (since 15 May 1991) Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques CHIRAC;
• Union for French Democracy (UDF, federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING;
• Republican Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET;
• Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pierre MEHAIGNERIE;
• Radical (RAD), Yves GALLARD;
• Socialist Party (PS), Pierre MAUROY;
• Left Radical Movement (MRG), Yves COLLIN;
• Communist Party (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS;
• National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN

Supreme Court, Court of Appeal Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989); Head of Government--Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988) Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), Adolfo CANEPA; Independent Democratic Party, Joe PITALUGA

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Constantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Constantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990) New Democracy (ND; conservative), Constantinos MITSOTAKIS;
• Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU;
• Democratic Renewal (DIANA), Constantine STEFANOPOULOS;
• Communist Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA;
• Greek Left Party (EAR), Leonidas KYRKOS;
• Ecologist-Alternative List, leader NA;
• note--KKE and EAR have joined in the Left Alliance, Maria DAMANAKI, president

Royal Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Head of Government--Lieutenant Governor Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS (since 1990); Bailiff Sir Charles FROSSARD (since 1982)

• none;
• normally handled by Italy Chief of State--Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978);
• Head of Government--Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo SODANO

• Supreme Court, may be restructured as part of ongoing government overhaul Chief of State--President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim President from 2 May 1990);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 23 May 1990) Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman;
• Free Democrats, Janos KIS, chairman;
• Independent Smallholders, Ferenc Jozsef NAGY, president;
• Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP), Gyula HORN, chairman;
• Young Democrats, Gabor FODOR, head;
• Christian Democrats, Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, president;
• note--the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP) renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in October 1989

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Charles J. HAUGHEY (since 12 July 1989, the fourth time elected as Prime Minister) Fianna Fail, Charles HAUGHEY;
• Labor Party, Richard SPRING;
• Fine Gael, John BRUTON;
• Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN;
• Workers' Party, Proinsias DEROSSA;
• Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS;
• Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY;
• note--Prime Minister HAUGHEY heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fail and the Progressive Democrats

• High Court of Justice Chief of State--Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990);
• Head of Government--President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990)

• Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale) Chief of State--President Francesco COSSIGA (since 3 July 1985);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Giulio ANDREOTTI (since 22 July 1989, heads the government for the seventh time);
• Deputy Prime Minister Claudio MARTELLI (since 23 July 1989) Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo FORLANI (general secretary), Ciriaco De MITA (president);
• Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino CRAXI (party secretary);
• Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Antonio CARIGLIA (party secretary);
• Liberal Party (PLI), Renato ALTISSIMO (secretary general);
• Democratic Party of the Left (PDS--was Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO (secretary general);
• Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giuseppe (Pino) RAUTI (national secretary);
• Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio La MALFA (political secretary);
• Lega Nord, Umberto BOSSI, president;
• Italy's 50th postwar government was formed on 13 April 1991, with Prime Minister ANDREOTTI, a Christian Democrat, presiding over a four-party coalition consisting of the Christian Democrats, Socialists, Social Democrats, and Liberals

• Royal Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
• Head of Government--Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON (since NA 1990);
• Bailiff Peter CRILL (since NA)

• Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases and Superior Court (Obergericht) for civil cases Chief of State--Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 August 1984);
• Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 June 1968);
• Head of Government--Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978);
• Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986) Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER;
• Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Emanuel VOGT;
• Free Electoral List (FW)

• Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice) Chief of State--Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964);
• Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984);
• Vice Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984) Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER;
• Socialist Workers Party (LSAP), Jacques POOS;
• Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH;
• Communist (KPL), Andre HOFFMANN;
• Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS

• Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal Chief of State--President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987);
• Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987) Nationalist Party, Edward FENECH ADAMI;
• Malta Labor Party, Karmenu MIFSUD BONNICI

• Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) Chief of State--Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949);
• Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958);
• Head of Government Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 10 September 1985) National and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)

• Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980);
• Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April 1967);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982);
• Vice Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 2 November 1989) Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN;
• Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK;
• Liberal (VVD), Joris VOORHOEVE;
• Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO;
• Communist (CPN), Henk HOEKSTRA;
• a host of minor parties

• Supreme Court (Hoiesterett) Chief of State--King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991);
• Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990) Labor, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND;
• Conservative, Kaci Kullmann FIVE;
• Center Party, Anne Enger LAHNSTEIN;
• Christian People's, Kjell Magne BONDEVIK;
• Socialist Left, Eric SOLHEIM;
• Norwegian Communist, Kare Andre NILSEN;
• Progress, Carl I. HAGEN;
• Liberal, Arne FJORTOFT;
• Finnmark List, leader NA

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Jan Krzysztof BIELECKI (since 4 January 1991) center-right agrarian parties--Polish Peasant Party (PSL), Roman BARTOSZCZE, chairman;
• Polish Peasant Party-Solidarity, Gabriel JANOWSKI, chairman;
• other center-right parties--Center Alliance, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman;
• Christian National Union, Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI, chairman;
• Christian Democratic Labor Party, Wladyslaw SILA-NOWICKI, chairman;
• Democratic Party, Jerzy JOZWIAK, chairman;
• center-left parties--Polish Socialist Party, Jan Jozef LIPSKI, chairman;
• Democratic Union, Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI, chairman;
• ROAD, Wladyslaw FRASYNIUK and Zbigniew BUJAK, chairmen;
• left-wing parties--Polish Socialist Party-Democratic Revolution, Piotr IKONOWICZ;
• other--Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (formerly the Communist party or Polish United Workers' Party/PZPR), Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI, chairman;
• Union of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (breakaway faction of the PZPR), Tadeusz FISZBACH, chairman

• Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) Chief of State--President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985) Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva;
• Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO;
• Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio MARTINHO;
• Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL;
• Social Democratic Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim);
• National Solidarity Party, Manuel SERGIO

• Supreme Court of Justice Chief of State--President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991) National Salvation Front (FSN), Ion STOICA;
• Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;
• National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU;
• National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU;
• Ecology Movement (MER), leader NA;
• Romanian National Unity Party (AUR), Radu CEONTEA;
• there are now more than 100 other parties;
• note--although the Communist Party has ceased to exist, a small proto-Communist party, the Socialist Labor Party, has been formed

• Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) Co-Chiefs of State--Captain Regent Aldamiro BARTOLINI and Captain Regent Ottaviano ROSSI (since 1 April 1990);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986) Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Gabriele GATTI;
• San Marino Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI;
• San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI;
• Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA;
• San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI;
• San Marino Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI

• Supreme Court of the USSR Chief of State--President Mikhail Sergeyevich GORBACHEV (since 14 March 1990; former General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party since 11 March 1985--resigned August 1991);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister (vacant);
• Chairman of the Committee for the Operational Management of the USSR National Economy Ivan SILAYEV (since 24 August 1991)

• Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) Chief of State--King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982);
• Deputy Prime Minister Narcis SERRA (since 13 March 1991)

• Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) Chief of State--King CARL XVI Gustaf (since 19 September 1973);
• Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991) ruling four-party coalition consists of the Moderate Party (conservative), Carl BILDT;
• Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG;
• Center Party, Olof JOHANSSON;
• and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON;
• Social Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON;
• New Democracy Party, Count Ian WACHMEISTER;
• Left Party (VP; Communist), Lars WERNER;
• Swedish Communist Party (SKP), Rune PETTERSSON;
• Communist Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL;
• Green Party, no formal leader

• Federal Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Flavio COTTI (1991 calendar year; presidency rotates annually);
• Vice President Rene FELBER (term runs concurrently with that of president) Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president;
• Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman;
• Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman;
• Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans UHLMANN, president;
• Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president;
• Automobile Party (AP), DREYER;
• Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER, president;
• Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA;
• Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Max DUNKI, president;
• Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean SPIELMANN, general secretary;
• Ticino League, leader NA Liberal Party (LPS), Gilbert COUTAU, president;
• National Action Party (NA), Rudolph KELLER, chairman;
• Republican Party (RP), Franz BAUMGARTNER, president;
• Progressive Organizations of Switzerland (POCH), Georg DEGEN, secretary;
• Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), Dario ROBBIANI, president

House of Lords Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948); Head of Government--Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, Neil KINNOCK; Social and Liberal Democratic Party (SLDP; formed from the merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd THOMAS; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), Rev.

Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry ADAMS; Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), John ALDERDICE; Communist Party, Nina TEMPLE

• Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court Chief of State--President of the Presidency Stjepan MESIC from Hrvatska (Croatia), one-year term expires 15 May 1992;
• Vice President of the Presidency Branko KOSTIC from Crna Gora (Montenegro), one-year term expires 15 May 1992;
• note--the offices of president and vice president rotate annually among members of the Presidency with the current vice president assuming the presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the longest without filling the position (the current sequence is Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Slovenija, and Srbija);
• Head of Government--President of the Federal Executive Council Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989);
• Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989);
• Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL (since 16 March 1989)

• High Civil Appeals Court Chief of State--Amir Isa bin Salman Al KHALIFA (since 2 November 1961);
• Heir Apparent Hamad bin Isa Al KHALIFA (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman Al KHALIFA, (since 19 January 1970)