Judicial branch In 36 editions of 36.

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Chadli BENDJEDID (since 7 February 1979);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Mouloud HAMROUCHE (since 9 September 1989)

Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)

Central People's Court (Cour Central Populaire) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 27 October 1972)

• High Court, Court of Appeal Chief of State and Head of Government--President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since 13 July 1980);
• Vice President Peter S. MMUSI (since 3 January 1983)

Appeals Court Chief of State and Head of Government--Chairman of the Popular Front Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987);
• Head of Government Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988)

• Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia) Chief of State--President Aristides Maria PEREIRA (since 5 July 1975);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES, (since 5 July 1975);
• Deputy Minister Aguinaldo Liboa RAMOS (since NA February 1990)

Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981)

Court of Appeal Chief of State and Head of Government--President Hissein HABRE (since 19 June 1982)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister LUNDA Bululu (since 25 April 1988)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979);
• Prime Minister Alphonse POATY-SOUCHLATY (since 6 August 1989)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Barkat GOURAD Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)

• Supreme Constitutional Court Chief of State--President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October 1981 upon the assassination of President Sadat and sworn in as President on 14 October 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)

Supreme Tribunal Chief of State--President Brig. Gen. Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979); Head of Government--Prime Minister Cristino SERICHE Bioko Malabo (since 15 August 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Isidoro Eyi Monsuy Andeme (since 15 August 1989)

High Court, Court of Appeal Chief of State--King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986); Head of Government--Prime Minister Obed MFANYANA (since 12 July 1989)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President MENGISTU Haile-Mariam (Chairman from 11 September 1977 until becoming President on 10 September 1987);
• Vice President FISSEHA Desta (since 10 September 1987);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister (Acting) and Deputy Prime Minister HAILU Yimenu (since 7 November 1989);
• Deputy Prime Minister WOLLE Chekol (since 21 November 1989);
• Deputy Prime Minister ALEMU Abebe (since 10 September 1987);
• Deputy Prime Minister TESFAYE Dinka (since 10 September 1987);
• Deputy Prime Minister ASHAGRE Yigletu (since 21 November 1989)

• Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State--President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Leon MEBIAME (since 16 April 1975)

• Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970);
• Vice President Bakary Bunja DARBO (since 12 May 1982)

Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 31 December 1981)

Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) Chief of State and Head of Government--Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984)

none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers Chief of State and Head of Government--President of the Council of State Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed power 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May 1984); First Vice President Col. Iafai CAMARA (since 7 November 1985); Second Vice President Vasco CABRAL (since 21 June 1989)

• Court of Appeal, High Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978);
• Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)

High Court, Court of Appeal Chief of State--King MOSHOESHOE II (Paramount Chief from 1960 until independence on 4 October 1966, when he became King); Heir Apparent Letsie David SEEISO (son of the King); Head of Government--Chairman of the Military Council Maj. Gen. Justin Metsing LEKHANYA (since 24 January 1986)

People's Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE (since 12 April 1980); Vice President Harry F. MONIBA (since 6 January 1986)

Supreme Court Chief of State--Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); Head of Government--Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Umar Mustafa al-MUNTASIR (since 1 March 1987)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour Constitutionnelle) Chief of State--President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975); Head of Government--Prime Minister Lt. Col. Victor RAMAHATRA (since 12 February 1988)

High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal Chief of State and Head of Government--President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as President for Life 6 July 1971)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Moussa TRAORE (since 6 December 1968)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Col. Maaouiya Ould SidAhmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January 1986);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982);
• Deputy Prime Minister Sir Satcam BOOLELL (since 15 August 1988)

• Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) Chief of State President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government Government Commissioner Akli KHIDER (since 1983);
• President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since 1976)

Supreme Court Chief of State--King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961); Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since 30 September 1986)

• People's Courts at all levels Chief of State--President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986)

Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990)

State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel) Chief of State--President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); Head of Government--Prime Minister ALIOU MAHAMIDA (since 2 March 1990)

Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal Chief of State and Head of Government--President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA (since 27 August 1985)

• Court of Appeals (Cour d'appel) Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN (since September 1989)

Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)

Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Head of Government--Governor and Commander in Chief Robert F. STIMSON (since 1987)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Dr. Manuel Pinto da COSTA (since 12 July 1975);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Celestino Rocha da COSTA (since 8 January 1988)

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Court of Appeal, Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977)

Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH (since 28 November 1985); First Vice President Abu Bakar KAMARA (since 4 April 1987); Second Vice President Salia JUSU-SHERIFF (since 4 April 1987)

Supreme Court Chief of State--President and Commander in Chief of the Army Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre (since 21 October 1969); Head of Government--Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mohamed Ali SAMANTAR (since 1 February 1987)

• Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--State President Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989) white political parties and leaders--National Party (NP), Frederik W. de Klerk (majority party);
• Conservative Party (CP), Dr. Andries P. Treurnicht (official opposition party);
• Herstigte National Party (HNP), Jaap Marais;
• Democratic Party (DP), Zach De Beer, Wynand Malan, and Denis Worrall;
• Colored political parties and leaders--Labor Party (LP), Allan Hendrickse (majority party);
• Democratic Reform Party (DRP), Carter Ebrahim;
• United Democratic Party (UDP), Jac Rabie;
• Freedom Party;
• Indian political parties and leaders--Solidarity, J. N. Reddy (majority party);
• National People's Party (NPP), Amichand Rajbansi;
• Merit People's Party

Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts Chief of State and Head of Government--Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Brig. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command Council and Deputy Prime Minister Brig. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH (since 9 July 1989)

• Court of Appeal, High Court Chief of State--President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985);
• Head of Government--First Vice President and Prime Minister Joseph Sinde WARIOBA (since 6 November 1985)

Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)

Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) Chief of State--President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987); Head of Government--Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)

Court of Appeal, High Court Chief of State--President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Head of Government--Prime Minister Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since 30 January 1986); First Deputy Prime Minister Eriya KATEGAYA (since NA)

Supreme Court Chief of State--President Dr. Kenneth David KAUNDA (since 24 October 1964); Head of Government--Prime Minister Gen. Malimba MASHEKE (since 15 March 1989)

• Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987);
• Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987)

none Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands)

• High Court (Landsret) Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Bent KLINTE (since NA);
• Head of Government--Home Rule Chairman Jonathan MOTZFELDT (since NA May 1979)

• Supreme Court (Haestirettur) Chief of State--President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Steingrimur HERMANNSSON (since 28 September 1988)

• Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President (Mohammad) NAJIBULLAH (Ahmadzai) (since 30 November 1987);
• Chairman of the Council of Ministers Executive Committee Soltan Ali KESHTMAND (since 21 February 1989);
• Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21 May 1990)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD (since 11 December 1983, elected 15 October 1986);
• Vice President Moudad AHMED (since 12 August 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Qazi Zafar AHMED (since 12 August 1989)

High Court Chief of State and Head of Government--King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)

• Supreme People's Court Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto)--DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977);
• Chief of State--President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988);
• Vice President WANG Zhen (since 8 April 1988);
• Head of Government--Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988);
• Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979);
• Vice Premier TIAN Jiyun (since 20 June 1983);
• Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July 1987);
• Vice President Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap SINGH (since 2 December 1989)

Supreme Court Chief of State--Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989); Head of Government--Prime Minister Toshiki KAIFU (since 9 August 1989)

• Central Court Chief of State--President KIM Il-song (since 28 December 1972);
• Designated Successor KIM Chong-Il (son of President, born 16 February 1942);
• Head of Government--Premier YON Hyong-muk (since NA December 1988)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister KANG Young Hoon (since 5 December 1988);
• Deputy Prime Minister CHO Soon (since 5 December 1988)

High Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since since 11 November 1978)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Hural Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 21 March 1990);
• Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sharabyn GUNGAADORJ (since 21 March 1990);

• Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat) Chief of State--King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24 February 1985);
• Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Marich Man Singh SHRESTHA (since 15 July 1986)

• Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shariat) Court Chief of State--President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTO (since 2 December 1988) Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto;
• Pakistan Muslim League (PML), former Prime Minister Mohammed Khan Junejo;
• PML is the main party in the anti-PPP Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA);
• Muhajir Quami Movement, Altaf Hussain;
• Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur Rahman;
• Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain Ahmed;
• Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali Khan

Supreme Court Chief of State--President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989); Head of Government--Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March 1989) United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe Premadasa; Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Bandaranaike; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), Mhm. Ashraff; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar Ponnambalam; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (MEP, or People's United Front), Dinesh Gundawardene; Sri Lanka Mahajana Party (SLMP, or Sri Lanka People's Party), Chandrika Baudaranaike Kumaranatunga; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP, Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite), Colin R. de Silva; Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP, or New Socialist Party), Vasudeva Nanayakkara; Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), leader NA; Communist Party/Moscow (CP/M), K. P. Silva; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. Shanmugathasan

• High Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Geoffrey O. WHITTAKER (since NA 1987);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since NA March 1984, served previously from February 1977 to May 1980)

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor since 1976);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976);
• Deputy Prime Minister Lester BIRD (since NA 1976)

• Joint High Court of Justice Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Felipe B. TROMP (since 1 January 1986);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor General Sir Henry TAYLOR (since 26 June 1988);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Sir Lynden Oscar PINDLING (since 16 January 1967)

• Supreme Court of Judicature Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Hugh SPRINGER (since 24 February 1984);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Dame Elmira Minita GORDON (since 21 September 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989)

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor John Mark Ambrose HERDMAN (since NA 1986);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986)

• Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Alan James SCOTT (since NA 1987);
• Head of Government--Governor and President of the Executive Council Alan James SCOTT (since NA 1987)

• Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990);
• First Vice President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990);
• Second Vice President Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990)

People's Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in January 1959 and President since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976)

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980)

• Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986);
• Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 August 1986) Major parties--Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin Balaguer Ricardo;
• Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), which fractured in May 1989 with the understanding that leading rivals Jacobo Majluta and Jose Francisco Pena Gomez would run separately for president at the head of the Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Social Democratic Institutional Bloc (BIS), respectively, and try to reconstitute the PRD after the election;
• Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan Bosch Gavino;
• Minor parties--National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene Beauchanps Javier;
• The Structure (LE), Andres Van Der Horst;
• Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias Wessin Chavez;
• Constitutional Action Party (PAC), Luis Arzeno Rodriguez;
• National Progressive Force (FNP), Marino Vinicio Castillo;
• Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio Delgado Bogaert;
• Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde;
• Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan Rodriguez;
• in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the Dominican Leftist Front (FID);
• however, they still retain individual party structures

• Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Alfredo CRISTIANI (since 1 June 1989);
• Vice President Jose Francisco MERINO (since 1 June 1989)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Paul SCOON (since 30 September 1978);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990)

• Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Paul PROUST (since November 1989)

• Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Mario Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo (since 14 January 1986);
• Vice President Roberto CARPIO Nicolle (since 14 January 1986)

Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation) Chief of State and Head of Government--Provisional President Ertha PASCAL-TROUILLOT (since 13 March 1990)

Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) Chief of State and Head of Government--Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE (since 2 March 1973);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Michael MANLEY (since 9 February 1989)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989);
• President of the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Christopher J. TURNER (since 1987);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister John A. OSBORNE (since 1978)

• Joint High Court of Justice Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Jaime SALEH (since October 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served from September 1984 to November 1985)

• Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) and municipal courts Chief of State and Head of Government--President-Elect Violeta Barios de CHAMORRO (since 25 February 1990; takes office 25 April 1990);
• Vice President-elect Virgilio GODOY (since 25 February 1990; takes office 25 April 1990)

• Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) currently being reorganized Chief of State and Head of Government--President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);
• First Vice President Ricardo Arias CALDERON (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);
• Second Vice President Guillermo FORD (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989) Government alliance--Authentic Liberal Party (PLA);
• faction of Authentic Panamenista Party (PPA), Guillermo Endara;
• Christian Democrat Party (PDC), Ricardo Arias Calderon;
• Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo Ramirez;
• former Noriegist parties--Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Carlos Duque;
• Labor Party (PALA), Ramon Sieiro Murgas;
• People's Party (PdP, Soviet-oriented Communist party), Ruben Dario Sousa Batista;
• Democratic Workers Party;
• National Action Party (PAN);
• other opposition parties--Popular Nationalist Party (PNP), Olimpo A. Saez Maruci;
• factions of the former Liberal and Republican parties;
• Popular Action Party (PAP), Carlos Ivan Zuniga;
• Socialist Workers Party (PST, leftist), Jose Cambra;
• Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist), Graciela Dixon

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989);
• Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
• Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989)

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of the Associated State since November 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since February 1980);
• Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982)

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David JACK (since 29 Septermber 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)

• Court of Appeal, Supreme Court Chief of State--President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since 18 December 1986)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since 1987);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister Oswald O. SKIPPINGS (since 3 March 1988)

• US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases;
• Territorial Court handles civil matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and traffic cases Chief of State and Head of Government--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989), represented by Governor Alexander FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987);
• Lieutenant Governor Derek HODGE (since 5 January 1987)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President of the Presidium of the People's Assembly Ramiz ALIA (since 22 November 1982);
• Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers Adil CARCANI (since 14 January 1982)

civil cases--Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) or the Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain); criminal cases--Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) Chiefs of State--French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by Veguer de Franca Louis DEBLE; Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr. Joan MARTI y Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Batalla; Head of Government--Josep PINTAT Solans (since NA 1984)

• Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases, Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases Chief of State--President Kurt WALDHEIM (since 8 July 1986);
• Head of Government--Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986);
• Vice Chancellor Josef RIEGLER (since 19 May 1989)

• Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish--Hof van Cassatie, French--Cour de Cassation) Chief of State--King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951);
• Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Wilfried MARTENS, (since April 1979, with a 10-month interruption in 1981)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Petur Toshev MLADENOV (chairman of the State Council since 11 November 1989; became president on 3 April 1990 when the State Council was abolished);
• Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers Andrey LUKANOV (since 3 February 1990);
• Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Chudomir Asenov ALEKSANDROV (since 8 February 1990);
• Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Belcho Antonov BELCHEV (since 8 February 1990);
• Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Konstantin Dimitrov KOSEV (since 8 February 1990);
• Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nora Krachunova ANANIEVA (since 8 February 1990)

Supreme Court

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972);
• Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982)

• none Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Bent KLINTE (since NA);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Jogvan SUNDSTEIN (since 17 January 1989)

• Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) Chief of State--President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Harri HOLKERI (since 30 April 1987);
• Deputy Prime Minister Pertti PAASIO (since NA January 1989)

• Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Michel ROCARD (since 10 March 1988)

Supreme Court

• Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) Chief of State--President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984);
• Head of Government--Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)

• Supreme Court, Court of Appeal Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and Commander in Chief Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter TERRY (since NA 1985);
• Head of Government--Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since NA March 1988)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Christos SARTZETAKIS (since 30 March 1985);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Constantin MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990)

Royal Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Head of Government--Lieutenant Governor Lt. Gen. Sir Alexander BOSWELL (since 1985); Bailiff Sir Charles FROSSARD (since 1982)

none; normally handled by Italy Chief of State and Head of Government--Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978)

Supreme Court Chief of State--President-designate Arpad GONCZ (since 2 May 1990); Head of Government--Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 23 May 1990)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--President Dr. Patrick J. HILLERY (since 3 December 1976);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Charles J. HAUGHEY (since 12 July 1989, the fourth time elected as prime minister)

High Court of Justice Chief of State--Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Maj. Gen. Laurence NEW (since 1985); Head of Government--President of the Legislative Council J. C. NIVISON (since 1985)

• Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale) Chief of State--President Francesco COSSIGA (since 3 July 1985);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Giulio ANDREOTTI (since 22 July 1989, heads the government for the sixth time);
• Deputy Prime Minister Claudio MARTELLI (since 23 July 1989)

Royal Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Head of Government--Lieutenant Governor Adm. Sir William PILLAR (since NA 1985); Bailiff Peter CRILL (since NA)

• Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases and Superior Court (Obergericht) for civil cases Chief of State--Prince HANS ADAM von und zu Liechtenstein (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 August 1984);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978);
• Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986)

• Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de de Justice) Chief of State--Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964);
• Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984);
• Deputy Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)

• Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal Chief of State--President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987);
• Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987)

• Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) Chief of State--Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949);
• Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958);
• Head of Government Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 10 September 1985)

• Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980);
• Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April 1967);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982);
• Deputy Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 2 November 1989)

• Supreme Court (Hoiesterett) Chief of State--King OLAV V (since 21 September 1957);
• Heir Apparent Crown Prince HARALD (born 21 February 1937);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Jan P. SYSE (since 16 October 1989)

Supreme Court Chief of State--President Gen. Wojciech JARUZELSKI (since 19 July 1989, Chairman of Council of State since 6 November 1985); Head of Government--Premier Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI (since 24 August 1989) Center-right agrarian parties--Polish Peasant Party (PSL, known unofficially as PSL-Wilanowska), Gen. Franciszek Kaminski, chairman; Polish Peasant Party-Solidarity, Josef Slisz, chairman; Polish Peasant Party-Rebirth (formerly the United Peasant Party), Kazimirrz Olrsiak, chairman; Other center-right parties--National Party, Bronislaw Ekert, chairman; Christian National Union, Urrslaw Chnzanowski, chairman; Christian Democratic Labor Party, Wladyslaw Sila Nowicki, chairman; Democratic Party, Jerzy Jozwiak, chairman; Center-left parties--Polish Socialist Party, Jan Jozef Lipski, chairman; Left-wing parties--Polish Socialist Party-Democratic Revolution; Other--Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (formerly the Communist Party or Polish United Workers' Party/PZPR), Aleksander Kwasnuewski, chairman; Union of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (breakaway faction of the PZPR), Tadrusz Fiszbach, chairman

• Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) Chief of State--President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985);
• Deputy Prime Minister (vacant)

• Supreme Court of Justice Chief of State--President of Provisional Council of National Unity Ion ILIESCU (since 23 December 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister of Council of Ministers Petre ROMAN (since 23 December 1989)

• Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) Co-Chiefs of State and Co-Heads of Government--Captain Regent Salvatori REVES (since April 1989) and Captain Regent Luciano CARDELLI (since April 1989);
• Captains Regent are elected for six-month terms

• Supreme Court of the USSR Chief of State--President Mikhail Sergeyevich GORBACHEV (since 14 March 1990; General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party since 11 March 1985);
• Head of Government--Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers Nikolay Ivanovich RYZHKOV (since 28 September 1985)

• Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) Chief of State--King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982);
• Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso GUERRA Gonzalez (since 2 December 1982)

• Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) Chief of State--King CARL XVI Gustaf (since 19 September 1973);
• Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Ingvar CARLSSON (since 12 March 1986);
• Deputy Prime Minister Kjell-Olof FELDT (since NA March 1986)

• Federal Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President Arnold KOLLER (1990 calendar year; presidency rotates annually);
• Vice President Flavio COTTI (term runs concurrently with that of president)

• House of Lords Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
• Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Margaret THATCHER (since 4 May 1979);
• Deputy Prime Minister Geoffrey HOWE (since 24 July 1989)

• Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court Chief of State President of the Collective State Presidency Borisav JOVIC (from Srbija; one-year term expires 15 May 1991);
• Vice President of the Collective State Presidency--Stipe SUVAR (from Hrvatska; one-year term expires 15 May 1991);
• note--the offices of president and vice president rotate annually among members of the Collective State Presidency with the current vice president assuming the presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the longest without filling the position (the current sequence is Srbija, Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i Hercegovina, and Slovenija);
• Head of Government President of the Federal Executive Council Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989);
• Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989);
• Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL (since 16 March 1989)

• High Civil Appeals Court Chief of State--Amir Isa bin Salman Al KHALIFA (since 2 November 1961);
• Heir Apparent Hamad bin Isa Al KHALIFA (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman Al KHALIFA, (since 19 January 1970)

• Supreme Court;
• note--there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area Chief of State and Head of Government--President George VASSILIOU (since February 1988);
• note--Rauf R. DENKTAS was proclaimed President of the Turkish area on 13 February 1975

• Supreme Court Cleric and functional Chief of State--Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 3 June 1989);
• Head of Government--President Ali Akbar RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989);

• Court of Cassation Chief of State and Head of Government--President Saddam HUSAYN (since 16 July 1979);
• Vice President Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF (since 21 April 1974)

Supreme Court Chief of State--President Gen. Chaim HERZOG (since 5 May 1983); Head of Government--Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR (since 20 October 1986); Vice Prime Minister Shimon PERES (Prime Minister from 13 September 1984 to 20 October 1986, when he rotated to Vice Prime Minister)

Court of Cassation Chief of State--King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal I (since 11 August 1952); Head of Government--Prime Minister Mudar BADRAN (since 4 December 1989)

• High Court of Appeal Chief of State--Amir Sheikh Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al SABAH (since 31 December 1977);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister and Crown Prince Sad Abdallah al-Salim Al SABAH (since 8 February 1978)

• four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and one court for criminal cases) Chief of State--Elias HARAWI (since 24 November 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Salim AL-HUSS (since 24 November 1989)

none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system

• Court of Appeal Chief of State and Head of Government--Amir and Prime Minister Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972);
• Heir Apparent Hamad bin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)

• Supreme Council of Justice Chief of State and Head of Government--King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982);
• Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)

Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, State Security Courts Chief of State--President Lt. Gen. Hafiz al-ASSAD (since 22 February 1971); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Dr. Rifat al-ASSAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984); Head of Government--Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984)

• Court of Cassation Chief of State--President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Yildirim AKBULUT (since 9 November 1989);
• Deputy Prime Minister Ali BOZER (since 31 March 1989)

• Union Supreme Court Chief of State--President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi (since 2 December 1971);
• Vice President Shaykh Rashid bin Said Al MAKTUM of Dubayy (since 2 December 1971; Head of Government--Prime Minister Shaykh Rashid bin Said Al MAKTUM of Dubayy (Prime Minister since 30 April 1979); Deputy Prime Minister Maktum bin Rashid al MAKTUM (since 2 December 1971)

State Security Court Chief of State--President Col. Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 18 July 1978); Vice President (vacant); Head of Government--Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz ABD AL-GHANI (since 12 November 1983, previously prime minister from 1975-1980 and co-Vice President from October 1980 to November 1983)

• Federal High Court Chief of State--President Haydar Abu Bakr al-ATTAS (since 8 February 1986);
• Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Dr. Yasin Said NUMAN (since 8 February 1986);
• Deputy Prime Minister Salih Abu Bakr bin HUSAYNUN (since 8 February 1986);
• Deputy Prime Minister Salih Munassir al-SIYAYLI (since 8 February 1986)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Sir Desmond LANGLEY (since NA October 1988);
• Head of Government--Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January 1982)

• Supreme Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January 1990);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since 4 September 1984);
• Deputy Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since NA June 1986)

Supreme Court of Justice (Suprema Corte de Justicia) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988)

• Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
• Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE (since February 1989);
• President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENEST (since NA)

Supreme Court Chief of State and Head of Government--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989)

• High Court Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989);
• Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
• Head of Government--Governor Peter Tali COLEMAN (since 20 January 1989);
• Lieutenant Governor Galea'i POUMELE (since NA 1989)

• High Court Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since February 1952), represented by Governor General William George HAYDEN (since NA February 1989);
• Head of Government--Prime Minister Robert James Lee HAWKE (since 11 March 1983);
• Deputy Prime Minister Paul KEATING (since 3 April 1990)