Judicial branch In 36 editions of 36.

Supreme Court

Supreme Court and separate provincial courts (judges are appointed by the president)

• Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle;
• Supreme Court or Cour Supreme;
• High Court of Justice

• High Court;
• Court of Appeal;
• Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)

Supreme Court; Appeals Court

• Supreme Court or Cour Supreme;
• Constitutional Court;
• High Court of Justice (composed of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court)

Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Supremo Tribunal de Justia

• Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president);
• High Court of Justice (consists of nine judges and six substitute judges, elected by the National Assembly)

• Supreme Court or Cour Supreme;
• Constitutional Court (3 judges appointed by the president, 3 by the president of the National Assembly, and 3 by fellow judges);
• Court of Appeal;
• Criminal Courts;
• Inferior Courts

• Supreme Court;
• Court of Appeal;
• Criminal Courts;
• Magistrate Courts

Supreme Court or Cour Supremes (two members appointed by the president, two members elected by the Federal Assembly, one elected by the Council of each island, and others are former presidents of the republic)

• Constitutional Court;
• Appeals Court or Cour de Cassation;
• Council of State;
• High Military Court;
• plus civil and military courts and tribunals

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

• Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consists of four chambers: Judicial Chamber for criminal cases, Audit Chamber for financial cases, Constitutional Chamber for judicial review cases, and Administrative Chamber for civil cases;
• there is no legal limit to the number of members

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Supreme Constitutional Court

Supreme Tribunal

High Court - regional, subregional, and village courts; also have military and special courts

• High Court;
• Supreme Court;
• judges for both courts are appointed by the monarch

Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of the Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; for other federal judges, the prime minister submits to the House of People's Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council)

• Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers - Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts;
• Constitutional Court;
• Courts of Appeal;
• Court of State Security;
• County Courts

Supreme Court

Supreme Court

• Court of First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance;
• Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel;
• Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

• Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal da Justica (consists of nine justices appointed by the president and serve at his pleasure; final court of appeals in criminal and civil cases);
• Regional Courts (one in each of nine regions; first court of appeals for Sectoral Court decisions; hear all felony cases and civil cases valued at more than $1,000);
• 24 Sectoral Courts (judges are not necessarily trained lawyers; they hear civil cases valued at less than $1,000 and misdemeanor criminal cases)

Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president); High Court

• High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch acting on the advice of the Prime Minister);
• Court of Appeal;
• Magistrate Courts;
• customary or traditional court

Supreme Court

Supreme Court

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle

• Supreme Court of Appeal;
• High Court (chief justice appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission);
• magistrate's courts

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

• Supreme Court or Cour Supreme;
• Court of Appeals;
• lower courts

Supreme Court

Supreme Court or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel

Supreme Court (judges are appointed on the recommendation of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the monarch)

• Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its professional judges are appointed by the president and some are elected by the Assembly);
• other courts include an Administrative Court, customs courts, maritime courts, courts marshal, labor courts

note: although the constitution provides for a separate Constitutional Court, one has never been established; in its absence the Supreme Court reviews constitutional cases

Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)

State Court or Cour d'Etat; Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel

• Supreme Court (judges appointed by the President);
• Federal Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government on the advice of the Advisory Judicial Committee)

• Supreme Court;
• High Courts of the Republic;
• Provincial Courts;
• District Courts;
• mediation committees

• Magistrate's Court;
• Supreme Court;
• Court of Appeal

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly)

• Constitutional Court;
• Council of State;
• Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation;
• Court of Appeals

• Court of Appeal;
• Supreme Court;
• judges for both courts are appointed by the president

• Supreme Court;
• Appeals Court;
• High Court

following the breakdown of the central government, most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secular, traditional Somali customary law, or Sharia (Islamic) law with a provision for appeal of all sentences

• Constitutional Court;
• Supreme Court of Appeals;
• High Courts;
• Magistrate Courts

• Constitutional Court of nine justices;
• National Supreme Court;
• National Courts of Appeal;
• other national courts;
• National Judicial Service Commission will undertake overall management of the National Judiciary

• Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman);
• Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges);
• High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions);
• District Courts;
• Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the higher courts)

Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation

Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president and approved by the legislature); High Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases)

Supreme Court; High Court

High Court or Landsret (appeals can be made to the Ostre Landsret or Eastern Division of the High Court or Supreme Court in Copenhagen)

• Supreme Court or Haestirettur (justices are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice);
• eight district courts (justices are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice)

• the constitution establishes a nine-member Stera Mahkama or Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for 10-year terms by the president with approval of the Wolesi Jirga) and subordinate High Courts and Appeals Courts;
• there is also a minister of justice;
• a separate Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission established by the Bonn Agreement is charged with investigating human rights abuses and war crimes

Constitutional Court; Court of Cassation (Appeals Court)

Supreme Court

Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by the president)

• Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch);
• High Court (judges appointed by the monarch);
• note - the draft constitution establishes a Supreme Court, which will serve as chief court of appeal

• Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National People's Congress);
• Local People's Courts (comprise higher, intermediate, and basic courts);
• Special People's Courts (primarily military, maritime, railway transportation, and forestry courts)

• Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the president's or chairman of the Supreme Court's recommendation);
• Constitutional Court;
• first and second instance courts

Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices are appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age of 65 or are removed for "proved misbehavior")

Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the monarch after designation by the cabinet; all other justices are appointed by the cabinet)

Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7 members)

Central Court (judges are elected by the Supreme People's Assembly)

• Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president with consent of National Assembly);
• Constitutional Court (justices appointed by the president based partly on nominations by National Assembly and Chief Justice of the court)

• Supreme Court;
• Constitutional Court (judges of both the Supreme and Constitutional Courts are appointed for 10-year terms by the Jorgorku Kengesh on the recommendation of the president; their mandatory retirement age is 70 years);
• Higher Court of Arbitration;
• Local Courts (judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council on Legal Affairs for a probationary period of five years, then 10 years)

• Supreme Court;
• Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President with approval of voting members of the People's Council;
• High Court;
• Trial Courts;
• all lower court judges are appointed by the Judicial Service Commission

Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved by the president)

Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (chief justice is appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council)

Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Sharia Court

• Constitutional Court;
• Supreme Court;
• Supreme Arbitration Court;
• judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president

• Supreme Court;
• Court of Appeals;
• judges for both courts are appointed by the president

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)

High Court (judge provided by Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court)

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction); member Caribbean Court of Justice

Common Court of Justice of Aruba (judges are appointed by the monarch)

• Privy Council in London;
• Courts of Appeal;
• Supreme (lower) Court;
• Magistrates' Courts

• Supreme Court of Judicature (judges are appointed by the Service Commissions for the Judicial and Legal Services);
• Caribbean Court of Justice is the highest court of appeal

Supreme Court of Judicature (the chief justice is appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal

• Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal (one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court);
• Magistrate's Court;
• Juvenile Court;
• Court of Summary Jurisdiction

• Summary Court;
• Grand Court;
• Cayman Islands Court of Appeal

Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected for renewable eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly)

People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular (president, vice president, and other judges are elected by the National Assembly)

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the Court of Appeal and the High Court (located in Saint Lucia; one of the six judges must reside in Dominica and preside over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction)

Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the National Judicial Council comprised of the president, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the president of the Supreme Court, and an additional non-governing party congressional representative)

Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (15 judges are selected by the Legislative Assembly; the 15 judges are assigned to four Supreme Court chambers - constitutional, civil, penal, and administrative conflict)

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of a court of Appeal and a High Court of Justice (a High Court judge is assigned to and resides in Grenada)

• Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitucionalidad is Guatemala's highest court (five judges are elected for concurrent five-year terms);
• Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (13 members serve concurrent five-year terms and elect a president of the Court each year from among their number; the president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms)

Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation

Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (15 judges are elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress)

Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia, one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court)

Joint High Court of Justice (judges appointed by the monarch)

Supreme Court or Corte Suprema de Justicia (16 judges elected for five-year terms by the National Assembly)

• Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine judges appointed for 10-year terms);
• five superior courts;
• three courts of appeal

• Supreme Court;
• Appellate Court;
• Court of First Instance composed of two sections: a Superior Court and a Municipal Court (justices for all these courts appointed by the governor with the consent of the Senate)

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (jurisdiction extends to Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

• Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeals; the chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission);
• High Court of Justice;
• Caribbean Court of Appeals member;
• Court of Appeals;
• the highest court of appeal is the Privy Council in London

Supreme Court; Court of Appeal

• US District Court of the Virgin Islands (under Third Circuit jurisdiction);
• Superior Court of the Virgin Islands (judges appointed by the governor for 10-year terms)

Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (chairman is elected by the People's Assembly for a four-year term), and multiple appeals and district courts

• Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles;
• Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts;
• Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra;
• Supreme Council of Justice or Consell Superior de la Justicia;
• Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri Fiscal;
• Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional

• Supreme Judicial Court or Oberster Gerichtshof;
• Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof;
• Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof

• Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president);
• Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president and half appointed by the Chamber of Representatives)

Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) or Cour de Cassation (in French) (judges are appointed for life by the government; candidacies have to be submitted by the High Justice Council)

BH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members:

• four members are selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of the European Court of Human Rights);
• BH State Court (consists of nine judges and three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and Criminal - having jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law and appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities);
• a War Crimes Chamber opened in March 2005

note: the entities each have a Supreme Court; each entity also has a number of lower courts; there are 10 cantonal courts in the Federation, plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has five municipal courts

• Supreme Administrative Court;
• Supreme Court of Cassation;
• Constitutional Court (12 justices appointed or elected for nine-year terms);
• Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 other members; responsible for appointing the justices, prosecutors, and investigating magistrates in the justice system; members of the Supreme Judicial Council elected for five-year terms, 11 elected by the National Assembly and 11 by bodies of the judiciary)

• Supreme Court;
• Constitutional Court;
• judges for both courts appointed for eight-year terms by the Judicial Council of the Republic, which is elected by the Assembly

• Supreme Court;
• Constitutional Court;
• chairman and deputy chairmen are appointed by the president for a 10-year term

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch for life)

National Court (chairman appointed by Parliament for life)

• Court of Justice of the European Communities (ensures that the treaties are interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU; resolve constitutional issues among the EU institutions) - 27 justices (one from each member state) appointed for a six-year term;
• note - for the sake of efficiency, the court can sit with 13 justices known as the "Grand Chamber";
• Court of First Instance - 27 justices appointed for a six-year term

none

Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)

• Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (judges are appointed by the president from nominations of the High Council of the Judiciary);
• Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (three members appointed by the president, three appointed by the president of the National Assembly, and three appointed by the president of the Senate);
• Council of State or Conseil d'Etat

Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)

Supreme Court; Court of Appeal

• Supreme Judicial Court;
• Special Supreme Tribunal;
• all judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council

Royal Court (judges elected by an electoral college and the bailiff)

there are three tribunals responsible for civil and criminal matters within Vatican City; three other tribunals rule on issues pertaining to the Holy See

note: judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio of Pope PIUS XII on 1 May 1946

Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms)

Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet)

High Court of Justice (justices are appointed by the Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor)

Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (composed of 15 judges: one-third appointed by the president, one-third elected by parliament, one-third elected by the ordinary and administrative Supreme Courts)

Royal Court (judges elected by an electoral college and the bailiff)

• Supreme Court judges are appointed by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG);
• district courts judges are appointed by the SRSG;
• municipal courts judges are appointed by the SRSG

note: after the termination of UNMIK's mandate, the Kosovo Judicial Council (KJC) will propose to the president candidates for appointment or reappointment as judges and prosecutors; the KJC is also responsible for decisions on the promotion and transfer of judges and disciplinary proceedings against judges; at least 15% of Supreme Court and district court judges shall be from nonmajority communities

Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by Parliament); Constitutional Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by Parliament)

Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Court of Appeal or Obergericht

• Constitutional Court;
• Supreme Court;
• Court of Appeal;
• judges for all courts appointed by the president

• judicial courts and tribunals (3 Justices of the Peace, 2 district courts, and 1 Supreme Court of Appeals);
• administrative courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office, administrative courts and tribunals, and the Constitutional Court);
• judges for all courts are appointed for life by the monarch

• Constitutional Court;
• Court of Appeal;
• judges for both courts are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for constitutional judicature)

Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)

Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)

Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the monarch)

• Supreme Court - the Assembly appoints the judges;
• Constitutional Court - the Assembly appoints the judges;
• Republican Judicial Council - the Assembly appoints the judges

Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (justices appointed by the monarch)

• Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period);
• Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms)

Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)

• Supreme Court of Justice (comprised of 11 judges appointed for three-year terms by the president in consultation with the Superior Council of Magistrates, which is comprised of the minister of justice, the prosecutor general, two civil society representatives appointed by the Senate, and 14 judges and prosecutors elected by their peers);
• a separate body, the Constitutional Court, validates elections and makes decisions regarding the constitutionality of laws, treaties, ordinances, and internal rules of the Parliament;
• it is comprised of nine members serving nine-year terms, with three members each appointed by the president, the Senate, and the Chamber of Deputies

Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII

• Constitutional Court,
• Supreme Court (to become court of cassation under new constitution),
• appellate courts,
• district courts,
• municipal courts

• Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Council);
• Constitutional Court (judges appointed by president from group of nominees approved by the National Council);
• Special Court (judges elected by a council of judges and appointed by president)

• Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the Judicial Council);
• Constitutional Court (judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and nominated by the president)

Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo

Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the prime minister and the cabinet)

Federal Supreme Court (judges elected for six-year terms by the Federal Assembly)

Supreme Court; Constitutional Court

• House of Lords (highest court of appeal; several Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are appointed by the monarch for life);
• Supreme Courts of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (comprising the Courts of Appeal, the High Courts of Justice, and the Crown Courts);
• Scotland's Court of Session and Court of the Justiciary

High Civil Appeals Court

Supreme Court (judges are appointed jointly by the president and vice president)

note: there is also a Supreme Court in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots

• The Supreme Court (Qeveh Qazaieh) and the four-member High Council of the Judiciary have a single head and overlapping responsibilities;
• together they supervise the enforcement of all laws and establish judicial and legal policies;
• lower courts include a special clerical court, a revolutionary court, and a special administrative court

the Iraq Constitution calls for the federal judicial power to be comprised of the Higher Juridical Council, Federal Supreme Court, Federal Court of Cassation, Public Prosecution Department, Judiciary Oversight Commission and other federal courts that are regulated in accordance with the law

Supreme Court (justices appointed by Judicial Selection Committee - made up of all three branches of the government; mandatory retirement age is 70)

Court of Cassation; Supreme Court (court of final appeal)

High Court of Appeal

• four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and one court for criminal cases);
• Constitutional Council (called for in Ta'if Accord - rules on constitutionality of laws);
• Supreme Council (hears charges against the president and prime minister as needed)

Supreme Court

note: the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has judges who practice secular and Sharia law

• Courts of First Instance, Appeal, and Cassation;
• an Administrative Court and a Constitutional Court were established in 2007;
• note - all judges are appointed by Amiri Decree based on the recommendation of the Supreme Judiciary Council for renewable three-year terms

Supreme Council of Justice

• Supreme Judicial Council (appoints and dismisses judges; headed by the president);
• national level - Supreme Constitutional Court (adjudicates electoral disputes and rules on constitutionality of laws and decrees; justices appointed for four-year terms by the President);
• Court of Cassation;
• Appeals Courts (Appeals Courts represent an intermediate level between the Court of Cassation and local level courts);
• local level - Magistrate Courts;
• Courts of First Instance;
• Juvenile Courts;
• Customs Courts;
• specialized courts - Economic Security Courts (hear cases related to economic crimes);
• Supreme State Security Court (hear cases related to national security);
• Personal Status Courts (religious; hear cases related to marriage and divorce)

• Constitutional Court;
• High Court of Appeals (Yargitay);
• Council of State (Danistay);
• Court of Accounts (Sayistay);
• Military High Court of Appeals;
• Military High Administrative Court

Union Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Supreme Court