Political parties In 36 editions of 36.

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI];
• Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES];
• Algerian Rally [Ali ZAGHDOUD];
• Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL];
• Dignity or El Karama [Mohamed BENHAMOU];
• Front for Change or FC [Abdelmadjid MENASRA];
• Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH];
• Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID];
• Green Algeria Alliance or AAV (includes Movement for National Reform, Islamic Renaissance Movement, and Movement of the Society of Peace or Hamas);
• Islamic Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Mohamed DHOUIBI];
• Movement of the Society of Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MOKRI];
• National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Bensalah ABDELKADER];
• National Liberation Front or FLN [Amar SAIDANI];
• National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD;
• National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI] (see Green Algeria Alliance);
• New Dawn Party or PFJ;
• New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI];
• New Light Party [Bedreddine BELBAZ];
• Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE];
• Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID];
• Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS];
• Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Mustafa BOUCHACHI];
• Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]

note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• The Algerian Human Rights League or LADDH [Noureddine BENISSAD];
• SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR];
• Youth Action Rally or RAJ

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition or CASA-CE [Abel CHIVUKUVUKU]
• National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [Lucas NGONDA]
• National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest opposition party)
• Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] (ruling party in power since 1975)
• Social Renewal Party or PRS [Eduardo KUANGANA]

note: 4 other parties qualified to participate in the national election in August 2012

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO]

note: FLEC's small-scale armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province persists despite the signing of a peace accord with the government in August 2006; Several factions of FLEC have broken off over the past 30 years, including the FLEC-PM [Rodrigues Mingas], which was responsible for a deadly attack on the Togolese soccer team in 2010

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Be African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN];
• Alliance of Progress Forces or AFP;
• Benin Renaissance or RB [Rosine SOGLO];
• Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI];
• Force Cowrie for an Emerging Benin or FCBE [Yayi BONI];
• Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD [Theophile NATA];
• Key Force or FC [Lazare SÈHOUÉTO];
• Movement for the People's Alternative or MAP [Olivier CAPO-CHICHI];
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Dominique HOUNGNINOU];
• Social Democrat Party or PSD [Emmanuel GOLOU];
• Union for Democracy and National Solidarity or UDS [Sacca LAFIA];
• Union for the Relief or UPR [Issa SALIFOU];
• Union Makes the Nation or UN [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI] (superceded Alliance for Dynamic Democracy or ADD)

note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• economic groups;
• environmentalists;
• political groups;
• teachers' unions and other educational groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO];
• Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Dumelang SALESHANDO];
• Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Ian KHAMA];
• Botswana Movement for Democracy or BMD [Gomolemo MOTSWALEDI];
• Botswana National Front or BNF [Duma BOKO];
• Botswana Peoples Party or BPP [Motlatsi MOLAPISI];
• MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS [Themba JOINA];
• New Democratic Front or NDF [Dick BAYFORD]

note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• First People of the Kalahari (Bushman organization);
• Pitso Ya Ba Tswana;
• Society for the Promotion of Ikalanga Language (Kalanga elites)

other:

diamond mining companies

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF-RDA [Gilbert OUEDRAOGO]
• Citizen's Popular Rally or RPC [Antoine QUARE]
• Coalition of Democratic Forces of Burkina or CFD-B [Zio Eric FRANCOIS]
• Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Assimi KOUANDA]
• Democratic and Popular Rally or RDP [Nana THIBAUT]
• Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE]
• Party for African Independence or PAI [Soumane TOURE]
• Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party or PDP-PS [Francois O. KABORE]
• Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba or PDS/Metba [Hama Arba DIALLO]
• Party for National Rebirth or PAREN [Barry TAHIROU]
• People's Movement for Progress or MPP [Roch March KABORE]
• Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB [Celestin Saidou COMPAORE]
• Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Ram OUEDRAGO]
• Republican Party for Integration and Solidarity or PARIS
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Fidele HIEN]
• Union for Progress and Change or UPC [Zephirin DIABRE]
• Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Movement or UNIR-MS [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA]
• Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY]
• Union of Sankarist Parties or UPS [Ernest Nongma OUEDRAOGO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB [Tole SAGNON]
• Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP [Chrysigone ZOUGMORE]
• Citizen's Resistance Front [Luc Marius IBRIGA]
• Group of 14 February [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA]
• National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB [Laurent OUEDRAOGO]
• National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL [Paul KABORE]

other:

watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

governing parties:

Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Leonce NGENDAKUMANA]

National Council for the Defense of Democracy - Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Jeremie NGENDAKUMANA]

Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progress Nationale) or UPRONA [Bonaventure NIYOYANKANA]

note:

a multiparty system introduced in 1998 includes:

National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD [Leonard NYANGOMA]

National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]

Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Forum for the Strengthening of Civil Society or FORSC [Pacifique NININAHAZWE] (civil society umbrella organization)

Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption et les malversations economiques or OLUCOME [Gabriel RUFYIRI] (anti-corruption pressure group)

other:

Hutu and Tutsi militias (loosely organized)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

African Party for Independence of Cabo Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]

Democratic and Independent Cabo Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO]

Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]

Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO]

Movement for Democracy or MPD [Carlos VEIGA]

Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]

Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Anibal MEDINA]

Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

environmentalists; political pressure groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]
• Cameroon People's Party or CPP [Edith Kah WALLA]
• Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA]
• Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]
• Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO]
• National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA]
• Progressive Movement or MP [Jean-Jacques EKINDI]
• Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]
• Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [The PMB, provisionary management bureau]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Human Rights Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president]

Southern Cameroon National Council [Ayamba Ette OTUN]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Clement BELIBANGA]
• Central African Democratic Rally or RDC [Louis-Pierre GAMBA]
• Civic Forum or FC
• Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Saturnin NDOMBY]
• Liberal Democratic Party or PLD
• Londo Association or LONDO
• Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD
• MaMovement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Martin ZIGUELE ]
• National Convergence or KNK [Francois BOZIZE]
• National Unity Party or PUN
• New Alliance for Progress or NAP [Jean-Jacques DEMAFOUTH]
• Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Alexandre Philippe GOUMBA]
• People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY]
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Alliance for the Renaissance of Chad or ART, an alliance among the ruling MPS, RDP, and Viva-RNDP

Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]

National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]

National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]

Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Jean-Baptiste LAOKOLE]

Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]

Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]

Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Sande NGARYIMBE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

rebel groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Camp of the Autonomous Islands or CdIA (a coalition of parties organized by the islands' presidents in opposition to the Union President)
• Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI Assowmani]
• Front National pour la Justice or FNJ [Ahmed RACHID] (Islamic party in opposition)
• Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF]
• Parti Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE]
• Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

environmentalists

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democrat Party or PDC [Jose ENDUNDO]
• Congolese Rally for Democracy or RCD [Azarias RUBERWA]
• Convention of Christian Democrats or CDC
• Forces of Renewal or FR [Mbusa NYAMWISI]
• Movement for the Liberation of the Congo or MLC [Jean-Pierre BEMBA]
• People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy or PPRD [Evariste BOSHAB]
• Social Movement for Renewal or MSR [Pierre LUMBI]
• Unified Lumumbist Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA]
• Union for the Congolese Nation or UNC [Vital KAMERHE]
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI]
• Union of Mobutuist Democrats or UDEMO [MOBUTU Nzanga]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• FARDC (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo) - Army of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which commits atrocities on citizens
• FDLR (Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda) - Rwandan militia group made up of some of the perpetrators of Rwanda's Genocide in 1994
• CNDP (National Congress for the Defense of the People) - mainly Congolese Tutsis who want refugees returned and more representation in government
• M23 - rebel group comprised largely from ex-CNDP forces

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Movement for Renewal or MAR
• Congolese Labour Party or PCT
• Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]
• Movement for Solidarity and Development or MSD
• Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI]
• Rally for Democracy and the Republic or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]
• Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president]
• Rally of the Presidential Majority or RMP
• Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR
• United Democratic Forces or FDU [Sebastian EBAO]
• many smaller parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC
• General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC
• Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC
• Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Theodore MEL EG]
• Democracy and Liberty for the Republic or LIDER [Mamadou KOULIBALY]
• Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire or PDCI [Henri Konan BEDIE]
• Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Pascal AFFI NGUESSAN]
• Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Daniel AKA AHIZ]
• Movement of the Future Forces or MFA [Innocent Augustin ANAKY KOBENA]
• Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]
• Union for Democracy and Peace in Cote d'Ivoire or UDPCI [Toikeuse MABRI]
• over 144 smaller registered parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Federation of University and High School Students of Cote d'Ivoire or FESCI [Augustin MIAN]
• National Congress for the Resistance and Democracy or CNRD [Bernard DADIE]
• Panafrican Congress for Justice and Peoples Equality or COJEP [Roselin BLY]
• Rally of Houphouetists for Democracy and Peace or RHDP

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh]
• Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]
• Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]
• Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD]
• Movement for Development and Liberty or MODEL [Sheikh Guirreh MEIDAL]
• People's Rally for Progress or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing party)
• Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon FARAH]
• Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed YOUSSOUF]
• Union for a Presidential Majority or UMP (a coalition of parties including RPP, FRUD, PND, and PPSD)
• Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Ismail GUEDI Hared]
• Union for National Salvation or USN (an umbrella coalition comprising PRD, PDD, MODEL, ARD, and UDJ) [Ahmed Youssouf HOUMER]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Al-Asala [Ehab SHIHA]
• Al-Nour [Yunis MAKHYUN]
• Al-Wasat Party [Abou Elela MADY]
• Al-Watan [Imad Abd al-GHAFUR]
• Building and Development Party or BDP [Nasr Abdul-SALAM]
• Dustour (Constitution) Party [Hala SHUKRALLAH]
• Egyptian Current Party
• Egypt of Freedom Party [Amr HAMZAWY]
• El Tagamu'u Party [Sayed Abdel AAL]
• Freedom and Justice Party [Muhammad Saad al-KATATNI]
• Free Egyptians Party [Ahmad SAID]
• New Wafd Party [Sayed al-BADADWI]
• Reform and Development Party [Muhammad Anwar al-SADAT]
• Strong Egypt Party [Abdel Aboul FOTOUH]
• The Conference Party [Ambassador Mohamed ORABI]
• The Egyptian Social Democratic Party [Mohamed Aboul GHAR]
• The Popular Current Party [Hamdeen SABAHI]
• The Popular Socialist Alliance Party [Abdel Ghafar SHOUKR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Andres Esono ONDO]
• Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE [Jeronimo Osa Osa ECORO] (ruling party)
• Electoral Coalition or EC
• Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]
• Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Carmelo Mba BACALE]
• Popular Union or UP [Daniel MARTINEZ Ayecaba]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

ASODEGUE (Madrid-based pressure group for democratic reform)

EG Justice (US-based anti-corruption group)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ [ISAIAS Afworki] (the only party recognized by the government);
• note - a National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in January 2001, but the full National Assembly never debated or voted on it

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Eritrean Kunama (DMLEK)
• Eritrean Democratic Alliance (EDA)
• Eritrean National Congress for Democratic Change (ENCDC)
• Eritrean National Salvation Front (ENSF)
• Eritrean Islamic Party for Justice and Development (EIPJD) (includes the Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ), Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM), Eritrean Islamic Salvation, and the Eritrean Islamic Foundation)
• Eritrean People's Democratic Party (EPDP)
• Red Sea Afar Democratic Organization (RSADO)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• the status of political parties, previously banned, is unclear under the 2006 Constitution and currently being debated; the following are considered political associations
• African United Democratic Party or AUDP [Stanley MAUNDZISA, president]
• Imbokodvo National Movement or INM {headed by the Royal Family]
• Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president]
• People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Swaziland Democracy Campaign
• Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions
• Swaziland Solidarity Network or SSN

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Mohammed KEDIR]

All Ethiopian Unity Organization or AEUO [Hailu SHAWEL]

Arena Tigray [GEBRU Asrat]

Argoba People's Democratic Organization or APDO [Abdulkader MOHAMMED]

Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Party or BGPDP [Mulualem BESSE]

Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP [AYELE Chamiso]

Ethiopian Democratic Party or EDP [MUSHE Semu]

Ethiopian Federal Democratic Forum or FORUM (a UDJ-led 6-party alliance established for the 2010 parliamentary elections) [Dr. Moga FRISSA]

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF (including the following organizations: Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM; Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO; Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement or SEPDM; and Tigray People's Liberation Front or TPLF)

Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement or GPUDM

Gurage Peoples Democratic Front [GIRMA Bogale]

Harari National League or HNL [YASIN Husein]

Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM

Oromo People's Congress or OPC [IMERERA Gudina]

Somali Democratic Alliance Forces or SODAF [BUH Hussien]

Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP [Abdulfetah Sheck ABDULAHI]

South Ethiopian People's Democratic Union or SEPDU [TILAHUN Endeshaw]

United Ethiopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]

Unity for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Dr. NEGASSO Gidada]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front or EPPF
• Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF
• Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Alliance for National Rebirth or ARENA [Richard MOULOMBA]

Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE]

Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE]

Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]

Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG [Ali BONGO ONDIMBA]

Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP [Benoit Mouity NZAMBA]

Gabonese Union for Democracy and Development or UGDD [Zacharie MYBOTO]

Independent Center Party of Gabon or PGCI [Luccheri GAHILA]

National Rally of Woodcutters-Democratic or RNB-D [Pierre Andre KOMBILA]

National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]

Party of Development and Social Solidarity or PDS [Seraphin Ndoat REMBOGO]

Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]

Union for Democracy and Social Integration or UDIS

Union for the New Republic or UPRN [Louis Gaston MAYILA]

Union of Gabonese People or UPG [Mathieu Mboumba NZIENGUI (until the next Congress)]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC [Yahya JAMMEH] (the ruling party)
• Gambia People's Democratic Party or GPDP [Henry GOMEZ]
• National Alliance for Democracy and Development or NADD [Halifa SALLAH]
• National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA]
• National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat BAH]
• People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Halifa SALLAH]
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• National Environment Agency or NEA
• West African Peace Building Network-Gambian Chapter or WANEB-GAMBIA
• Youth Employment Network Gambia or YENGambia

other:

special needs group advocates; teachers and principals

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convention People's Party or CPP [Samia NKRUMAH]
• National Democratic Congress or NDC [John Dramani MAHAMA]
• New Patriotic Party or NPP [Paul AFOKO]
• People's National Convention or PNC [Alhaji Amed RAMADAN]
• note - listed are four of the more popular political parties as of December 2012; there are more than 20 registered parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Christian Aid (water rights)
• Committee for Joint Action or CJA (education reform)
• National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water or CAP (water rights)
• Oxfam (water rights)
• Public Citizen (water rights)
• Students Coalition Against EPA [Kwabena Ososukene OKAI] (education reform)
• Third World Network (education reform)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Party for Hope and Development or PEDN [Lansana KOUYATE]
• Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]
• Union for the Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean Marie DORE]
• Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Cellou Dalein DIALLO]
• Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]

note: listed are the five most popular parties as of January 2014; overall, there are more than 140 registered parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• National Confederation of Guinean Workers-Labor Union of Guinean Workers or CNTG-USTG Alliance (includes National Confederation of Guinean Workers or CNTG and Labor Union of Guinean Workers or USTG);
• Syndicate of Guinean Teachers and Researchers or SLECG

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde or PAIGC [Domingos Simoes PEREIRA]
• Democratic Convergence Party or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]
• New Democracy Party or PND [Iaia DJALO]
• Party for Social Renewal or PRS [vacant]
• Republican Party for Independence and Development or PRID [Aristides GOMES]
• Union for Change or UM [Agnelo REGALA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Federal Party of Kenya or FPK [Cyrus JIRONGO]
• Kenya African National Union or KANU [Gideon MOI]
• The National Party Alliance or TNA [Uhuru KENYATTA]
• National Rainbow Coalition-Kenya or NARC-Kenya [Martha KARUA]
• Orange Democratic Movement of Kenya or ODM [Raila ODINGA]
• United Democratic Forum Party or UDF [Musalia MUDAVADI]
• United Republican Party or URP [William RUTO]
• Wiper Democratic Movement or WDM (formerly Orange Democratic Movement or ODM-K) [Kalonzo MUSYOKA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Council of Islamic Preachers of Kenya or CIPK [Sheikh Idris MOHAMMED]
• Kenya Human Rights Commission [L. Muthoni WANYEKI]
• Muslim Human Rights Forum [Ali-Amin KIMATHI]
• National Muslim Leaders Forum or NAMLEF [Abdullahi ABDI]
• Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Canon Peter Karanja MWANGI]
• Roman Catholic and other Christian churches
• Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]

other:

• labor unions,
• Kenya Association of Manufacturers,
• Kenya Private Sector Alliance

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Pakalitha Mosisili All Basotho Convention or ABC [Motsoahae Thomas THABANE]
• Basotho Batho Democratic Party or BBDP [Geremane RAMATHEBANE]
• Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Thulo MAHLAKENG]
• Basotho Democratic National Party or BDNP [Thabang NYEOE]
• Basotho National Party or BNP [Thesele MASERIBANE]
• Democratic Congress or DC [Pakalitha MOSISILI]
• Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Mothetjoa METSING]
• Lesotho Peoples Congress or LPC [Kelebone MAOPE]
• Lesotho Workers Party or LWP [Macaefa BILLY]
• Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP [Vincent MALEBO]
• National Independent Party or NIP [Kimetso MATHABA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Media Institute of Southern Africa, Lesotho chapter [Tsebo MATŠASA] (pushes for media freedom)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Marcus S. G. DAHN]
• Alternative National Congress or ANC [Orishil GOULD]
• Congress for Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH]
• Liberia Destiny Party or LDP [Nathaniel BARNES]
• Liberty Party or LP [J. Fonati KOFFA]
• Liberia Transformation Party or LTP [Julius SUKU]
• Movement for Progressive Change or MPC [Simeon FREEMAN]
• National Democratic Coalition or NDC [Dew MAYSON]
• National Democratic Party of Liberia or NDPL [D. Nyandeh SIEH]
• National Patriotic Party or NPP [Theophilus C. GOULD]
• National Reformist Party or NRP [Maximillian T. W. DIABE]
• National Union for Democratic Progress or NUDP [Victor BARNEY]
• Unity Party or UP [Varney SHERMAN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

demobilized former military officers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Al-Watan (Homeland) Party
• Justice and Construction Party or JCP [Muhammad SAWAN]
• National Front (initially the National Front for the Salvation of Libya, formed in 1981 as a diaspora opposition group)
• National Forces Alliance or NFA [Mahmoud JIBRIL, founder] (includes many political organizations, NGOs, and independents)
• Union for the Homeland [Abd al-Rahman al-SUWAYHILI]

note: list includes some of the larger political parties and leaders

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• AVANA Party [Jean-Louis ROBINSON]
• Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Manasse ESOAVELOMANDROSO]
• Green Party or Parti Vert [Sarah Georget RABEHARISOA]
• I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]
• Judged by Your Work or AVI [Norbert RATSIRAHONANA]
• Malagasy Miara-Miainga or MMM [Hajo ANDRIANAINARIVELO]
• Malagasy Tonga Saina or MTS [Roland RATSIRAKA]
• Movement for Democracy in Madagascar or MDM [Pierrot RAJAONARIVELO]
• New Force for Madagascar of FIDIO [Hery RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA]
• Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]
• Socialist and Democratic Party for the Unity of Madagascar or PSDUM [Jean LAHINIRIKO]
• Union Party or Tambatra [Pety RAKOTONIAINA]
• Young Malagasies Determined or TGV [Andry RAJOELINA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR
• Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy]
• National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Godfrey SHAWA]

Chipani Cha Fuko or CCP [Davis KATSONGA PHIRI]

Christian Liberation Party or CONU [Sylvester CHABUKA]

Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [Peter MUTHARIKA]

Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Lazarus CHAKWERA]

Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA]

Malawi Forum for Unity and Development or MAFUNDE [George MNESA]

National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Loveness GONDWE]

National Salvation Front or NASAF [James NYONDO]

Nthanda Congress Party or NCP [Dr. Chakhumbila KHAILA]

New Labour Party or NLP [Friday JUMBE]

New Republican Party [Gwanda CHAKUWAMBA]

People's Party or PP [Joyce BANDA]

People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Mark Katsonga PHIRI]

People's Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO]

Umodzi Party or UP [John CHISI]

United Democratic Front or UDF [Atupele MULUZI]

United Independent Party or UIP [Helen SINGH]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Council for NGOs in Malawi or CONGOMA (human rights, democracy, and development)
• Human Rights Consultative Committee or HRCC (human rights)
• Malawi Economic Justice Network or MEJN (pro economic growth, development, government accountability)
• Malawi Law Society (an umbrella organization of all lawyers in Malawi)
• Public Affairs Committee or PAC (promotes democracy, development, peace and unity)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary general]
• Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Dionconda TRAORE]
• Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE)
• Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region)
• Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]
• Alternative Forces for Renewal and Emergence or FARE [Modibo SIDIBE]
• Convergence for the development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni GUINDO]
• Economic and Social Development Party or PDES [Jamille BITTAR]
• Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE)
• Movement for a Common Destiny or MODEC [Koniba SIDIBE]
• National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL]
• Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Mady KONATE]
• Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME]
• Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel Kokalla MAIGA]
• Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Amadou Ali NIANGADOU]
• Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA]
• Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE]
• Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Tieman Hubert COULIBALY]
• Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Younoussi TOURE]
• Yelema [Moussa Mara]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• the army;
• Islamic authorities;
• state-run cotton company CMDT

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Justice and Democracy/Movement for Renewal or AJD/MR [Ibrahima Moctar SARR]
• Alternative or El-Badil [Mohamed Yahdhi Ould MOCTAR HACEN]
• Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM (parties supporting the regime including PRDR, UPR, UDP, RD, HATEM-PMUC, UCD)
• Coalition for Pacific Alternation or CAP (coalition of opposition parties, including APP, El Wiam, and Sawab)
• Coordination of Democratic Opposition or COD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH] (coalition of 11 opposition political parties including RNRD-TAWASSOUL, RFD, UFP, PNDD-ADIL, Alternative or El-Badil)
• Democratic Renewal or RD [Moustapha Ould ABDEIDARRAHMANE]
• El Karama Party [Cheikhna Ould Mohamed Ould HAJBOU]
• El Vadila Party [Ethmane Ould Ahmed ABOULMAALY]
• El Wiam [Boidiel Ould HOUMEIT]
• Mauritanian Party for Unity and Change or HATEM-PMUC [Saleh Ould HANENA]
• National Pact for Democracy and Development or PNDD-ADIL [Yahya Ould Ahmed El WAGHEF] (independents formerly supporting President Abdellahi)
• National Rally for Freedom, Democracy and Equality or RNLDE
• National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Jamil MANSOUR] (moderate Islamists)
• Party of Unity and Development or PUD [Mohamed BARO]
• Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messaoud Ould BOULKHEIR]
• Popular Front or FP [Mohamed Lemine Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]
• Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]
• Ravah Party
• Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Mintata Mint HIDEID]
• Sawab [Abdel Salem Ould HORMA]
• Socialist and Democratic Unity Party or PUDS [Mahfouz Weld AZIZ]
• Surge of Youth for the Nation [Lalla CHERIVA]
• Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]
• Union for the Republic or UPR [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamed LEMINE]
• Union of Democratic Center or UCD [Cheikh Sid'Ahmed Ould BABA]
• Union of the Forces for Progress or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general]
• Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE]
• Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

other:

• Arab nationalists;
• Ba'thists;
• Islamists

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance of the Future (l'Alliance de l'Avenir) or AF [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM] (governing coalition - includes PTR-PMSD-MSM)
• Alliance of the Heart (l'Alliance du Coeur) or AC [Paul BERENGER] (coalition includes - MMM, UN, MMSD)
• Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PTR [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]
• Mauritian Militant Movement (Mouvement Militant Mauricien) or MMM [Paul BERENGER]
• Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialist Mauricien) or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH]
• Maurition Social Democratic Party (Parti Mauricien Social Democrate) or PMSD [Xavier Luc DUVAL]
• Mauritian Solidarity Front (Front Solidarite Mauricienne) or FSM [Cehl FAKEERMEEAH]
• Mauritian Social Democratic Movement (Mouvement Mauricien Social Democrate) or MMSD [Eric GUIMBEAU]
• Mauritian Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Militant Socialiste Mauricienne) or MMSM [Madan DULLOO]
• National Union (Union Nationale) or UN [Ashok JUGNAUTH]
• Rodrigues Movement (Mouvement Rodriguais) or MR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]
• Rodrigues Peoples Organization (Organisation du Peuple Rodriguais) or OPR [Serge CLAIR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

LALIT Political Party

Blok 104. Rezistans ek Alternativ (Resistence and Alternative), Say No to Coal!

other:

various labor unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Party or PA [Mohammed EL IDRISSI]
• Al Ahd (The Covenant) Party [Najib EL OUAZZANI]
• Alliance des Libert'es (Alliance of Liberties) or ADL [Ali BELHAJ]
• An-Nahj Ad-Dimocrati or An-Nahj [Abdellah EL HARIF]
• Authenticity and Modernity Party or PAM [Mustapha BAKKOURY, secretary general]
• Choura et Istiqlal (Consultation and Independence) Party or PCI [Abdelwahed MAACH]
• Citizens' Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI]
• Citizenship and Development Initiative or ICD [Mohamed BENHAMOU]
• Constitutional Union Party or UC [Mohammed ABIED]
• Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE]
• Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Touhami EL KHIARI]
• Democratic Socialist Vanguard Party or PADS [Ahmed BENJELLOUN]
• Democratic Society Party or PSD [Zhor CHEKKAFI]
• Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN]
• Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI]
• Istiqlal (Independence) Party or PI [Hamid CHABAT]
• Labor Party or LP [Abdelkrim BENATIK]
• Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohamed ZIANE]
• National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI]
• National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA]
• National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]
• National Rally of Independents or RNI [Salaheddine MEZOUAR]
• National Union of Popular Forces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM]
• Party of Justice and Development or PJD [Abdelillah BENKIRANE]; Popular Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]
• Progress and Socialism Party or PPS [Nabil BENABDELLAH]
• Reform and Development Party or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN]
• Renaissance and Virtue Party or PRV [Mohamed KHALIDI]
• Renewal and Equity Party or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR]
• Social Center Party or PSC [Lahcen MADIH]
• Socialist Democratic Party or PSD [Aissa OUARDIGHI]
• Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Driss LACHGAR]
• Unified Socialist Left Party or PGSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI]
• General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL]
• Justice and Charity Organization or JCO
• Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Hassan CHAMI]
• National Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Abdelslam MAATI]
• Union of Moroccan Workers or UMT [Mahjoub BENSEDDIK]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Movement of Mozambique (Movimento Democratico de Mocambique) or MDM [Daviz SIMANGO]
• Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Armando Emilio GUEBUZA]
• Mozambique National Resistance (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana) or RENAMO [Afonso DHLAKAMA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All People's Party or APP [Ignatius SHIXWAMENI]
• Congress of Democrats or COD [Benjamin ULENGA]
• Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [McHenry VENAANI]
• Monitor Action Group or MAG [Jurgie VILJOEN]
• National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Kuaima RIRUAKO]
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Hidipo HAMUTENYA]
• Republican Party or RP [Henk MUDGE]
• South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Usutuaije MAAMBERUA]
• South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Hifikepunye POHAMBA]
• United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus //GAROEB]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

National Society for Human Rights or NSHR (NAMRIGHTS as of 2010)

various labor unions

• Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane OUSMANE]
• National Movement for a Society of Development-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]
• National Union of Independents or UNI [Amadou DJIBO ALI]
• Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE]
• Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]
• Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mohamed BAZOUM]
• Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]
• Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Cheiffou AMADOU]
• Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE]

note: the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Accord Party or ACC [Mohammad Lawal MALADO]
• Action Congress of Nigeria or ACN [Adebisi Bamidele AKANDE]
• All Nigeria Peoples Party or ANPP [Ogbonnaya C. ONU]
• All Progressives Congress [Adebisi Bamidele AKANDE, acting]
• All Progressives Grand Alliance or APGA [Victor C. UMEH]
• Congress for Progressive Change or CPC [Tony MOMOH]
• Democratic Peoples Party or DPP [Biodun OGUNBIYI]
• Labor Party [Chief Dan NWANYANWU]
• Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Adamu MU'AZU]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Academic Staff Union for Universities or ASUU
• Campaign for Democracy or CD
• Civil Liberties Organization or CLO
• Committee for the Defense of Human Rights or CDHR
• Constitutional Right Project or CRP
• Human Right Africa
• National Association of Democratic Lawyers or NADL
• National Association of Nigerian Students or NANS
• Nigerian Bar Association or NBA
• Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC
• Nigerian Medical Association or NMA
• the press
• Universal Defenders of Democracy or UDD

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Agnes MUKABARANGA]
• Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Gonzague RWIGEMA]
• Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA] (officially banned)
• Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Musa Fazil HARERIMANA]
• Liberal Party or PL [Protais MITALI]
• Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned)
• Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Alvera MUKABARAMBA]
• Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]
• Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [Jean Baptist RUCIBIGANGO]
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]
• Socialist Party-Imberakuri or PS-Imberakuri [Christine MUKABUNANI]
• Solidarity and Prosperity Party or PSP [Pheobe KANYANGE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

IBUKA (association of genocide survivors)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

private sector; unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Force for Change Democratic Movement or MDFM [Fradigue Bandeira Melo DE MENEZES]
• Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Patrice TROVOADA]
• Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Aurelio MARTINS]
• Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group or PCD-GR [Leonel Mario D'ALVA]
• other small parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Association of Sao Tome and Principe NGOs or FONG

other:

the media

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]

Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar [Macky SALL]

Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]

And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Landing SAVANE]

Benno Bokk Yakaar coaltion [Macky SALL]

Benno Siggil Senegal (a coalition of opposition parties)

Bokk Giss Giss coalition [Pape DIOP]

Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk

Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]

Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE]

Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]

Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]

Jef-Jel [Talla SYLLA]

National Democratic Rally or RND [Madior DIOUF]

Party for Truth and Development or PVD [Ahmadou Kara MBACKE]

People's Labor Party or PTP [El Hadji DIOUF]

Reform Party or PR [Abdourahim AGNE]

Republican Movement for Socialism and Democracy or MRDS

Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK]

Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]

Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]

SOPI Coalition [Abdoulaye WADE] (a coalition led by the PDS)

Synergy for Ethics and Transparency [Aminata TALL]

Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• labor;
• students;
• Sufi brotherhoods, including the Mourides and Tidjanes;
• teachers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party or DP [Paul CHOW]
• People's Party (Parti Lepep) or PL [James Alix MICHEL]
• Popular Democratic Movement or PDM [David PIERRE]
• Seychelles National Party or SNP [Wavel RAMKALAWAN] (formerly the United Opposition or UO)
• Seychelles United Party or SUP [Ralph VOLCERE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Roman Catholic Church

other:

trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA]
• Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Kandeh Baba CONTEH]
• People's Movement for Democratic Change or PMDC [Charles MARGAI]
• Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Sumanu KAPEN]
• United Democratic Movement or UDM [Mohamed BANGURA]
• numerous others

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

student unions; trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

numerous clan and sub-clan factions exist both in support and in opposition to the transitional government

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE]
• African National Congress or ANC [Jacob ZUMA]
• Congress of the People or COPE [Mosiuoa LEKOTA]
• Democratic Alliance or DA [Helen ZILLE]
• Economic Freedom Fighters or EFF [Julius MALEMA]
• Freedom Front Plus or FF+ [Pieter MULDER]
• Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI]
• National Freedom Party or NFP [Zanele kaMAGWAZA-MSIBI]
• Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania or PAC [Alton MPHETHI]
• United Christian Democratic Party or UCDP [Isaac Sipho MFUNDISI]
• United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary]
• South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary]
• South African National Civics Organization or SANCO [Richard MDAKANE, national president]

note: COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC

Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva KIIR Mayardit]

Sudan People's Liberation Movement for Democratic Change or SPLM-DC [Lam AKOL]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI]

Muslim Brotherhood or MB

National Congress Party or NCP [Umar Hassan al-BASHIR]

National Umma Party or UP [Siddiq al-MAHDI]

Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]

Reform Now Party or RNP [Dr. Ghazi Salah ADDEEN]

Sudanese Communist Party (SCP) [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB]

Sudanese Congress Party [Ibrahim Al Shiek ABDULRAHMAN]

Unionist Movement Party or UMP [Nagla AL-AZHARI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) [Malik AGAR]

Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF) [Malik AGAR]

National Consensus Front (NCF) [Farouq ABU ISSA]

Darfur rebel groups including the Justice and Equality Movement or JEM [Gibril Fidail IBRAHIM], the Sudan Liberation Movement or SLM-AW [Abdel Wahid NUR] [various factional leaders], Sudan Liberation or SLM-MM /[Minni Arkou MINAWI]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Willibrod SLAA]
• Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE]
• Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]
• Democratic Party or DP [Christopher MTIKLA] (unregistered)
• National Convention for Construction and Reform - Mageuzi or NCCR-M [Hashim RUNGWE]
• Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Mutamwega MUGAHWYA]
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Fahma DOVUTWA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Economic and Social Research Foundation or ESRF
• Free Zanzibar
• Tanzania Media Women's Association or TAMWA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Dodji APEVON]
• Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA
• Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP
• National Alliance for Change or ANC [Jean-Pierre FABRE]
• Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]

Rainbow Alliance (a colalition including:

CAR and CDPA) [Brigitte Adjamagbo JOHNSON]

Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO]

Save Togo Collective or CST (a coalition including:

ANC and PSR) [Ata Messan Zeus AJAVON

Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR

Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]

Union for the Republic or UNIR [Faure GNASSINGBE]

Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Afek Tounes [Emna MINF]
• Alliance for Tunisia (a coalition of Tunisia's Call [Beji Caid ESSEBSI], Republican Party [Maya JRIBI and Najib CHBBI],Democratic Path [Ahmed BRAHIM])
• al-Nahda (The Renaissance) [Rachid GHANNOUCHI]
• Congress Party for the Republic or CPR [Moncef MARZOUKI]
• Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberties or FDTL (Ettakatol) [Mustapha Ben JAAFAR]
• Democratic Modernist Pole or PDM (a coalition)
• Democratic Socialist Movement or MDS
• Et-Tajdid Movement [Ahmed IBRAHIM]
• Green Party for Progress or PVP [Mongi KHAMASSI]
• Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mondher THABET]
• Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA]
• Popular Petition (Aridha Chaabia) [Hachemi HAMDI]
• Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed BOUCHIHA]
• Progressive Democratic Party or PDP [Maya JERIBI]
• The Initiative [Kamel MORJANE] (formerly the Constitutional Democratic Rally or RCD)
• Tunisian Workers' Communist Party or PCOT [Hamma HAMMAMI]
• Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Ahmed INOUBLI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• 18 October Group [collective leadership];
• Tunisian League for Human Rights or LTDH [Mokhtar TRIFI];
• Tunisian General Labor Union or UGTT [Hassine ABASSI]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Conservative Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI]
• Democratic Party or DP [Norbert MAO]
• Forum for Democratic Change or FDC [Muntu MUGISHA]
• Inter-Party Co-operation or IPC (a coalition of opposition groups)
• Justice Forum or JEEMA [Asuman BASALIRWA]
• National Resistance Movement or NRM [Yoweri MUSEVENI]
• Peoples Progressive Party or PPP [Bidandi SSALI]
• Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Olara OTUNNU]

note: a national referendum in July 2005 opened the way for Uganda's transition to a multi-party political system

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Lord's Resistance Army or LRA [Joseph KONY]
• Parliamentary Advocacy Forum or PAFO
• National Association of Women Organizations in Uganda or NAWOU [Florence NEKYON]
• The Ugandan Coalition for Political Accountability to Women or COPAW

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Democracy and Development or ADD [Charles MILUPI]
• Alliance for a Better Zambia or ABZ [Frank BWALYA]
• Christian Democratic Party or CDP [Daniel PULE]
• Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD [Edith NAWAKWI]
• Heritage Party or HP [Godfrey MIYANDA]
• Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Nevers MUMBA]
• National Restoration Party or NAREP [Elias CHIPIMO]
• National Revolution Party or NRP [Cosmo MUMBA]
• Party of Unity for Democracy and Development or PUDD [Dan PULE]
• Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA]
• Republican Progressive Party or RPP [James LUKUKU]
• United National Independence Party or UNIP [Tilyenji KAUNDA]
• United Party for National Development or UPND [Hakainde HICHILEMA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African National Party or ANP [Egypt DZINEMUNHENZVA]
• Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai or MDC-T [Morgan TSVANGIRAI]
• Movement for Democratic Change - Ncube or MDC-N [Welshman NCUBE]
• Peace Action is Freedom for All or PAFA
• United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]
• United People's Party or UPP [Daniel SHUMBA]
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA]
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE]
• Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Dumiso DABENGWA]
• Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance or ZIYA

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition
• National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU]
• Women of Zimbabwe Arise or WOZA [Jenni WILLIAMS]
• Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Wellington CHIBEBE]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Candidate List (Kattusseqatigiit) or K [Anthon FREDERIKSEN]
• Democrats Party (Demokraatit) or D [Jens B. FREDERIKSEN]
• Forward Party (Siumut) or S [Aleqa HAMMOND]
• Inuit Community (Inuit Ataqatigiit) or IA [Kuupik KLEIST]
• Inuit Party (Partii Inuit) or PI [Nikku OLSEN]
• Solidarity Party (Atassut) or A [Gerhardt PETERSEN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

conservationists; environmentalists

• Bright Future (Bjort Framtid) or BF [Gudmundur STEINGRIMSSON]
• Dawn (Dogun) [Benedikt SIGURDARSON]
• Independence Party (Sjalfstaedisflokkurinn) or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON]
• Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin) or LGM [Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR]
• Pirate Party [Birgitta JONSDOTTIR]
• Progressive Party (Framsoknarflokkurinn) or PP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON]
• Rainbow [Atli GISLASON] [Jon BJARNASON]
• Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin) or SDA [Arni Pall ARNASON]
• Solidarity (Samstada) [Lilja MOSESDOTTIR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

note - the Ministry of Justice licensed 84 political parties as of December 2012

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• religious groups,
• tribal leaders,
• ethnically based groups,
• Taliban

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Armenian National Congress or ANC (bloc of independent and opposition parties) [Levon TER-PETROSSIAN]
• Armenian National Movement or ANM [Ararat ZURABIAN]
• Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARIAN]
• Heritage Party [Raffi HOVHANNISIAN]
• People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN]
• Prosperous Armenia [Gagik TSARUKIAN]
• Republican Party of Armenia or RPA [Serzh SARGSIAN]
• Rule of Law Party (Orinats Yerkir) [Artur BAGHDASARIAN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Aylentrank (Impeachment Alliance) [Nikol PASHINIAN]

Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Azerbaijan Democratic Party or ADP [Sardar JALALOGLU]
• Azerbaijan Popular Front or AXCP [Ali KARIMLI]
• Civil Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI]
• Civil Unity Party [Sabir HACIYEV]
• Classical Popular Front Party of Azerbaijan [Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU]
• Democratic Reforms Party [Asim MOLLAZADE]
• Great Creation Party [Fazil Gazanfaroglu MUSTAFAYEV]
• Hope (Umid) Party [Igbal AGAZADE]
• Justice Party [Ilyas ISMAILOV]
• Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat HACIYEVA, Avaz TEMIRKHAN]
• Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI]
• Musavat (Equality) [Isa GAMBAR]
• Open Society Party [Sulhaddin AKBAR]
• Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Araz ALIZADE]
• Social Welfare Party [Khanhusein KAZIMLI]
• Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV]
• Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party or YAP [President Ilham ALIYEV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

EL Movement [Eldar NAMAZOV]

Karabakh Liberation Organization

Forum of Intelligentsia [Rustam IBRAHIMBEYOV]

Republican Alternative (REAL) [Ilgar MAMMADOV]

National Council of Democratic Forces [Jamil HASANLI]

NIDA Youth Movement [Turgut GAMBAR, Zaur GURBANLI (in jail)]

Positive Change Youth Movement [Bakhtiyar HAJIYEV]

Ireli Youth Movement [Rauf MERDIYEV]

Ol! Youth Movement [Vugar SALAMLI]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]
• Communist Party of Bangladesh or CPB [Manjurul A. KHAN]
• Bangladesh Nationalist Front or BNF [Abdul Kalam AZADI]
• Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA]
• Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh or BDB [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY]
• Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [multiple leaders]
• Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Oli AHMED]
• National Socialist Party or JSD [KHALEQUZZAMAN]
• Tarikat Foundation [Syed Nozibul Bashar MAIZBHANDARI]
• Workers Party or WP [Rashed Khan MENON]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs)
• Ain o Salish Kendro (Law and Order Center)
• Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee or BRAC
• Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity
• Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry
• Odikhar (Human Rights)

other:

• associations of madrassa teachers;
• business associations, including those intended to promote international trade;
• development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank;
• environmentalists;
• Islamist groups;
• labor rights advocacy groups;
• nongovernmental organizations focused on poverty, alleviation, and socioeconomic international trade;
• religious leaders;
• tribal groups and advocacy organizations;
• union leaders

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (Druk Phuensum Tshogpa) or DPT [Jigme THINLEY];
• Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party or BNK [Sonam TOBGAY];
• People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tshering TOBGAY];
• Druk Nymrub Tshogpa or DNT;
• Druck Chirwang Tshogpa or DCT

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

United Front for Democracy (exiled); Druk National Congress (exiled)

other:

• Buddhist clergy;
• ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign;
• Indian merchant community

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping]

eight nominally independent small parties ultimately controlled by the CCP

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

no substantial political opposition groups exist

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democratic Movement [Giorgi AKHVELDIANI]
• Conservative Party [Zviad DZIDZIGURI]
• European Democrats [Paata DAVITAIA]
• For Fair Georgia [Zurab NOGAIDELI]
• Free Georgia [Kakha KUKAVA]
• Georgian Dream (a six-party coalition composed of Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia, Republican Party, Our Georgia-Free Democrats, National Forum, Conservative Party, and Industry Will Save Georgia)
• Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia [Irakli GARIBASHVILI]
• Georgian People's Front [Nodar NATADZE]
• Georgian Troupe [Jondi BAGHTURIA]
• Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]
• Labor Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA]
• National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA]
• New Rights [Pikria CHIKHRADZE]
• Our Georgia-Free Democrats (OGFD) [Irakli KADAGIDZE]
• People's Party [Koba DAVITASHVILI
• Republican Party [Khatuna SAMNIDZE]
• Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]
• United National Movement or UNM [Vano MERABISHVILI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

separatists in the Russian-occupied regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Aam Aadmi Party or AAP [Arvind KEJRIWAL]
• All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [J. JAYALALITHAA]
• All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata BANERJEE]
• Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]
• Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Rajnath SINGH]
• Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]
• Communist Party of India or CPI [Suravaram Sudhakar REDDY, Secretary-General]
• Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI(M) [Prakash KARAT]
• Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or DMK [M.KARUNANIDHI]
• Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]
• Janata Dal (United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADAV]
• Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) [Ram Vilas PASWAN]
• Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]
• Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YADAV]
• Rashtriya Lok Dal or RLD [Ajit SINGH]
• Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]
• Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL]
• Shiv Sena or SS [Uddhav THACKERAY]
• Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]
• Telegana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) [K. Chandrashekar RAO]
• YSR Congress(YSRC) [Jaganmohan REDDY]

note: India has dozens of national and regional political parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group)
• Bajrang Dal (religious organization)
• India Against Corruption [Anna HAZARE]
• Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious organization)
• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (nationalist organization)
• Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization)

other:

numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations

hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level

various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Banri KAIEDA]
• Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII]
• Japan Restoration Party or JRP [Shintaro ISHIHARA]
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Shinzo ABE]
• New Komeito or NK [Natsuo YAMAGUCHI]
• People's Life Party or PF [Ichiro OZAWA]
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Tadatomo YOSHIDA]
• Tomorrow Party of Japan or TPJ [Tomoko ABE]
• Your Party or YP [Yoshimi WATANABE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

business groups; trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Ak Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Azat PERUASHEV]
• Alga [Vladimir KOZLOV] (unregistered and banned as extremist in November 2012)
• Auyl (Village) [Gani KALIYEV]
• Azat (Freedom) Party [Bolat ABILOV] (formerly True Ak Zhol Party)
• Birlik (Unity) [Seril SULTANGALI] (Birlik is an April 2013 merger of Adilet (Justice; formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan) and Rukhaniyat (Spirituality))
• NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]
• Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN] (suspended by court decision)
• Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]
• National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]
• Nur Otan (Fatherland's Ray of Light) [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, Nurlan NIGMATULIN] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan)
• Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]

Almaty Helsinki Committee [Ninel FOKINA]

Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN]

For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV]

Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Chairman of Bureau's Council, Roza AKYLBEKOVA, director]

Khalyk Maidany (Peoples' Front) - an informal union between the unregistered Alga Party, the unregistered Communist Party of Kazakhstan, and several opposition-oriented civil society groups, banned in November 2012 [no formal leader]

Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]

Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]

Republican Network of International Monitors [Daniyar LIVAZOV]

Transparency International [Sergey ZLOTNIKOV]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

major party:

Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong Un]

minor parties:

Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong] (under KWP control)

Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae] (under KWP control)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Justice Party [CHEON Ho-sun]
• Liberty Forward Party or LFP (merged with NFP in October 2012)
• New Frontier Party (NFP) or Saenuri (formerly Grand National Party) [HWANG Woo-yea]
• New Politics Alliance for Diplomacy or NPAD [KIM Han-gil and AHN Cheol-soo] (merger of the Democratic Party or DP (formerly DUP) [Kim Han-gil] and the New Political Vision Party or NPVP [AHN Cheol-soo] in March 2014)
• Progressive Justice Party or PJP [ROH Hoe-chan and CHO Joon-ho]
• Unified Progressive Party or UPP [LEE Jung-hee]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Catholic Priests' Association for Justice
• Citizen's Coalition for Economic Justice
• Federation of Korean Industries
• Federation of Korean Trade Unions
• Korean Confederation of Trade Unions
• Korean Veterans' Association
• Lawyers for a Democratic Society
• National Council of Churches
• People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Feliks KULOV]
• Ata-Jurt (Homeland) [Kamchybek TASHIEV, Akhmat KELDIBEKOV, Sadyr JAPAROV]
• Ata-Meken (Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAEV]
• Butun Kyrgyzstan (All Kyrgyzstan) [Adakhan MADUMAROV]
• Respublika [Omurbek BABANOV]
• Social-Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDPK) [Almazbek ATAMBAEV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Adilet (Justice) Legal Clinic [Cholpon JAKUPOVA]
• Citizens Against Corruption [Tolekan ISMAILOVA]
• Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society [Dinara OSHURAKHUNOVA]
• Kylym Shamy (Torch of the Century) [Aziza ABDIRASULOVA]
• Precedent Partnership Group [Nurbek TOKTAKUNOV]
• Societal Analysis Public Association [Rita KARASARTOVA]
• Union of True Muslims [Nurlan MOTUEV]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• political parties with an asterisk were dissolved on 7 February 2014 by the Elections Commission under the Political Parties Act, which requires a minimum membership;
• the status of these parties is unresolved, as the Supreme Court later ruled the dissolution invalid

Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Sheikh Imran ABDULLA]

Dhivehi Qaumee Party or DQP [Hassan SAEED]*

Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (Maldivian People's Party) or DRP

Gaumee Itthihaad Party (National Unity Party) or GIP [Mohamed WAHEED]

Islamic Democratic Party or IDP*

Maldives Development Alliance or MDA [Ahmed SIYAM]

Maldives National Congress or MNC [Ali AMJAD]*

Maldives Reform Movement or MRM [Mohamed MUNAWWAR]

Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Reeko Moosa MANIKU]

Maldivian Labor Party or MLP [Ahmed MOOSA]*

Maldivian Social Democratic Party or MSDP [Reeko Ibrahim MANIKU]*

Meedhu Dhaaira

People's Alliance or PA [Moosa ZAMEERI]*

People's Party or PP [Ahmed RIYAZ]*

Poverty Alleviation Party or PAP

Progressive Party of Maldives or PPM [Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM]

Republican (Jumhooree) Party or JP [Qasim IBRAHIM]

Social Liberal Party or SLP [Mazian RASHEED]*

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

various unregistered political parties

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Sanjaasuren OYUN]
• Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG]
• Justice Coalition (includes MPRP and MNDP)
• Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN]
• Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Miyegombo ENKHBOLD]
• Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

human rights groups; women's groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• 120 political parties participated in the 19 November 2013 election and the 30 parties listed below were elected to serve in the Constituent Assembly
• Akhanda Nepal Party [Kumar KHADKA]
• Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist [C.P. MAINALI]
• Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist or UML [Jhalanath KHANAL]
• Communist Party of Nepal (United) [Chandra Dev JOSHI]
• Dalit Janajati Party [Bishwendra PASHWAN]
• Federal Socialist Party [Ashok RAI]
• Jana Jagaran Party Nepal [Lok Mani DHAKAL]
• Khambuwan Rastriya Morcha-Nepal [Ram Kumar RAI]
• Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Democratic [Bijay Kumar GACHCHADAR]
• Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal [Upendra YADAV]
• Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Republican [Raj Kishore YADAV]
• Madhes Samata Party Nepal [Meghraj SAHANI]
• National Madhes Socialist Party [Sharat Singh BHANDARI]
• Nepal Pariwar Dal [Ek Nath DHAKAL]
• Nepal Workers and Peasants Party [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE]
• Nepali Congress [Sushil KOIRALA]
• Nepali Janata Dal [Hari Charan SAH]
• Nepa Rastriya Party [Keshav Man SHAKYA]
• Rastriya Janamorcha Nepal [Chitra Bahadur K.C.]
• Rastriya Janamukti Party [Malwar Singh THAPA]
• Rastriya Prajatantra Party [Surya Bahadur THAPA]
• Rastriya Prajatantra Party-Nepal [Kamal THAPA]
• Sadbhavana Party [Rajendra MAHATO]
• Samajbadi Janata Party Nepal [Prem Bahadur SINGH]
• Sanghiya Sadbhavana Party [Anil JHA]
• Sanghiye Lokatantrik Rastriya Manch [Rukmini CHAUDARY]
• Terai Madhes Democratic Party [Mahantha THAKUR]
• Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party-Nepal [Mahendra YADAV]
• Tharuhat Terai Party Nepal [Bhanuram CHAUDARY]
• Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) or UCPN(M) [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• The Communist Party of Nepal - Maoist (CPN-M);
• note - this party split from the UCPN(M) in June 2012,opposed the November 2013 elections, and is not represented in the current Constituent Assembly

other:

a variety of groups advocating regional autonomy such as the Federal State Limbuwan Council in far eastern Nepal

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN]

Balochistan National Party-Awami or BNP-A

Balochistan National Party-Hayee Group or BNP-H [Dr. Hayee BALOCH]

Balochistan National Party-Mengal or BNP-M

Jamaat-i Islami or JI [Syed Munawar HASAN]

Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP

Jamiat Ahle Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]

Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Fazl-ur Rehman or JUI-F [Fazl-ur REHMAN]

Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Sami-ul HAQ or JUI-S [Sami ul-HAQ]

Jamiat-i Ulema-i Pakistan or JUP [Abul Khair ZUBAIR]

Millat-e-Jafferia [Allama Sajid NAQVI]

Muttahida Qaumi Movement or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN]

National Peoples Party or NPP

Pakhtun-khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]

Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]

Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-i Azam or PML-Q [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]

Pakistan Muslim League-Functional or PML-F [Pir PAGARO]

Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz or PML-N [Nawaz SHARIF]

Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Bilawal Bhutto ZARDARI, chairman; Asif Ali ZARDARI, co-chairman]

Pakistan Peoples Party-S [Aftab Ahmad SHERPAO]

Quami Watan Party or QWP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]

Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]

note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• military (most important political force);
• ulema (clergy);
• landowners;
• industrialists;
• small merchants

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• seventy eight political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of January 2014), but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature:
• A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]
• Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV]
• Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY]
• United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Confederation of Labor of Russia (KTR)
• Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia
• Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights
• Memorial
• Movement Against Illegal Migration
• Russkiye
• Solidarnost
• The World Russian People's Congress
• Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers
• Union of Russian Writers
• other - business associations, environmental organizations, religious groups (especially those with Orthodox or Muslim affiliation), and veterans groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Coalitions and leaders:

Democratic National Alliance, led by General (Retired) Sarath FONSEKA

Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Somawansa AMARASINGHE]

Tamil National Alliance led by Illandai Tamil Arasu Kachchi [R. SAMPANTHAN]

United National Front led by United National Party [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE]

United People's Freedom Alliance led by Sri Lanka Freedom Party [Mahinda RAJAPAKSA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Buddhist clergy
• labor unions
• hard-line nationalist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism
• Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir QARAQULOV]
• Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]
• Democratic Party of Tajikistan [Saidjafar ISMONOV]
• Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI]
• Party of Economic Reform of Tajikistan or PERT [Olimjon BOBOEV]
• People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON]
• Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]
• Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFOROV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• influential religious leader Akbar TURAJONZODA
• unregistered Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON]
• unregistered opposition group Guruhi-24 (Group-24) [Umarali QUVVATOV]
• Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV]
• unregistered presidential candidate of Union of Reformist Forces of Tajikistan Oynihol BOBONAZAROVA
• unregistered New Tajikistan party [Zayd SAIDOV]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Kasymguly BABAYEW]

Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW] (party registered 21 August 2012)

note: a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party; the NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 attack on President NYYAZOW's motorcade

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Ekologik Harakati) [Boriy ALIXONOV]
• Justice (Adolat) Social Democratic Party of Uzbekistan [Narimon UMAROV]
• Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Liberal-Demokratik Partiyasi) or LDPU [Sodiqjon TURDIYEV]
• National Rebirth Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (Milliy Tiklanish) [Sarvar OTAMURATOV]
• People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (Xalq Demokratik Partiyas) or NDP [Hotamjon KETMONOV] (formerly Communist Party)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

there are no significant opposition political parties or pressure groups operating in Uzbekistan

• Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Brent DAVIS]
• Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD]
• Anguilla United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS] (a coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance or ANA)
• Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Gaston BROWNE]
• Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Trevor WALKER]
• Barbuda People's Movement for Change [Arthur NIBBS]
• Barbudans for a Better Barbuda [Ordrick SAMUEL]
• United Progressive Party or UPP [W. Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three parties - Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, Progressive Labor Movement or PLM, United National Democratic Party or UNDP)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [Wigley GEORGE]

People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Aliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER]
• Aruban Liberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES]
• Aruban Patriotic Movement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK]
• Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET]
• Aruban People's Party or AVP [Michiel "Mike" EMAN]
• People's Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]
• Real Democracy or PDR [Andin BIKKER]
• RED [Rudy LAMPE]
• Workers Political Platform or PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

environmental groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert MINNIS]

Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Friends of the Environment

other:

trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]
• Democratic Labor Party or DLP [Freundel STUART]
• People's Empowerment Party or PEP [David COMISSIONG]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Barbados Secondary Teachers' Union or BSTU [Mary REDMAN]
• Barbados Union of Teachers or BUT [Karen BEST]
• Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados or CTUSAB, (includes the BWU, NUPW, BUT, and BSTU) [Leroy TROTMAN]
• Barbados Workers Union or BWU [Linda BROOKS]
• Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMISSIONG]
• National Union of Public Workers [Walter MALONEY]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Alliance for Belizean Rights or NABR
• National Reform Party or NRP [Cornelius DUECK]
• People's National Party or PNP [Wil MAHEIA]
• People's United Party or PUP [John BRICENO]
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Dean Oliver BARROW]
• Vision Inspired by the People or VIP [Paul MORGAN]
• We the People Reform Movement or WTP [Hipolito BAUTISTA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Nicole HAYLOCK]
• Association of Concerned Belizeans or ACB [David VASQUEZ]
• National Trade Union Congress of Belize or NTUC/B [Rene GOMEZ]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH];
• United Party or UP [Gregory MADURO];
• Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

The Family Support Network; The Women's Desk

other:

environmentalists

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Kurt TIBBETTS]

United Democratic Party or UDP [McKeeva BUSH]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Coalition for Cayman or C4C
• National People's Alliance or PNA
• National Trust

other:

environmentalists

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Accessibility Without Exclusion or PASE [Oscar Andres LOPEZ Arias]
• Citizen Action Party or PAC [Olivier PEREZ Gonzalez]
• Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez]
• Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or PFA [Ana Patricia MORA]
• Libertarian Movement Party or ML [Victor Danilo CUBERO Corrales]
• National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]
• National Liberation Party or PLN [Bernal JIMENEZ]
• National Restoration Party or PRN [Carlos AVENDANO]
• Patriotic Alliance [Jorge ARAYA Westover]
• Popular Vanguard [Humberto VARGAS]
• Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Gerardo VARGAS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate)
• Chamber of Coffee Growers
• Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate)
• Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate)
• Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO
• Costa Rican Solidarity Movement
• Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises or UCCAEP
• Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP
• National Association for Economic Development or ANFE
• National Association of Educators or ANDE
• National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP
• Confederation of Workers Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Raul CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Damas de Blanco
• National Association of Small Farmers
• Patriotic Union of Cuba
• political dissidents and bloggers
• The Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation

• Frente Obrero Liberashon (Workers' Liberation Front) or FOL [Anthony GODETT]
• Movementu Futuro Korsou or MFK [Gerrit SCHOTTE]
• Movishon Antia Nobo or MAN [Eunice EISDEN]
• Partido Antia Restruktura or PAR [Emily DE JONGH-ELHAGE]
• Partido pa Adelanto I Inovashon Soshal or PAIS [Alex ROSARIA]
• Partido Nashonal di Pueblo or PNP [Humphrey DAVELAAR]
• Pueblo Soberano or PS [Helmin WIELS]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Judith PESTAINA]
• Dominica Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]
• Dominica United Workers Party or UWP [Hector JOHN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]
• Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Miguel VARGAS Maldonado]
• National Progressive Front [Vinicio CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO]
• Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Carlos MORALES Troncoso]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania)
• Collective of Popular Organizations or COP
• Foundation for Institution-Building and Justice or FINJUS

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Change (Cambio Democratico) or CD [Douglas AVILES] (formerly United Democratic Center or CDU)
• Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ]
• Great Alliance for National Unity or GANA [Jose Andres ROVIRA Caneles]
• National Coalition (Concertation Nacional) or CN [Manuel RODRIGUEZ] (formerly the National Conciliation Party or PCN)
• Nationalist Republican Alliance or ARENA [Jorge VELADO]
• Party of Hope or PES [Rodolfo Antonio PARKER Soto] (formerly the Christian Democratic Party or PCD)
• Unidos por El Salvador [Manuel Rigoberto SOTO Lazo]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

labor organizations:

Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador or SIES

Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS

National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS

National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS

Port Industry Union of El Salvador or SIPES

Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or USEPOC

Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS

Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL

business organizations:

National Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP

Salvadoran Assembly Industry Association or ASIC

Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Wilfred HAYES]
• National Democratic Congress or NDC [Tillman THOMAS]
• New National Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Committee for Human Rights in Grenada or CHRG
• New Jewel Movement Support Group
• The British Grenada Friendship Society
• The New Jewel 19 Committee

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Commitment, Renewal, and Order or CREO [Roberto GONZALEZ Diaz-Duran]
• Democratic Union or UD [Edwin Armando MARTINEZ Herrera]
• Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENEGRO Cottom]
• Everyone Together for Guatemala or TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]
• Grand National Alliance or GANA [Jaime Antonio MARTINEZ Lohayza]
• Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Angel SANCHEZ Viesca]
• Institutional Republican Party (formerly the Guatemalan Republican Front) or PRI [Luis Fernando PEREZ]
• National Advancement Party or PAN [Juan GUTIERREZ Strauss]
• National Unity for Hope or UNE [Sandra TORRES]
• Nationalist Change Union or UCN [Mario ESTRADA]
• New National Alternative or ANN [Pablo MONSANTO]
• Patriot Party or PP [Ingrid Roxana BALDETTI Elias]
• Renewed Democratic Liberty or LIDER [Manuel BALDIZON]
• Unionista Party or PU [Alvaro ARZU Irigoyen]
• Victoria (Victory) [Amilcar RIVERA]
• Vision with Values or VIVA [Harold CABALLEROS] (part of a coalition with EG during the last legislative election)
• Winaq [Rigoberta MENCHU]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Alliance Against Impunity or AI (which includes among others Center for Legal Action on Human Rights (CALDH), and Family and Friends of the Disappeared of Guatemala (FAMDEGUA))
• Civic and Political Convergence of Women
• Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC
• Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF
• Foundation for the Development of Guatemala or FUNDESA
• Guatemala Visible
• Mutual Support Group or GAM
• Movimiento PRO-Justicia
• National Union of Agriculture Workers or UNAGRO

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Mirlande MANIGAT]

Christian and Citizen For Haiti's Reconstruction or ACCRHA [Chavannes JEUNE]

Convention for Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL]

Cooperative Action to Rebuild Haiti or KONBA [Jean William JEANTY]

December 16 Platform or Platfom 16 Desanm [Dr. Gerard BLOT]

Democratic Alliance or ALYANS [Evans PAUL] (coalition composed of KID and PPRH)

Democratic Centers's National Council or CONACED [Osner FEVRY]

Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti-Revolutionary Party of Haiti or MODELH-PRDH

Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP [Joseph JASME]

Fanmi Lavalas or FL [Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE]

For Us All or PONT [Jean-Marie CHERESTAL]

Grouping of Citizens for Hope or RESPE [Charles-Henri BAKER]

Haiti in Action or AAA [Youri LATORTUE]

Haitians for Haiti [Yvon NEPTUNE]

Independent Movement for National Reconstruction or MIRN [Luc FLEURINORD]

Konbit Pou refe Ayiti or KONBIT

Lavni Organization or LAVNI [Yves CRISTALIN]

Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [Jean Andre VICTOR]

Liberation Platform or PLATFORME LIBERATION

Love Haiti or Renmen Ayiti [Jean-Henry CEANT and Camille LEBLANC]

Merging of Haitian Social Democratics or FUSION [Edmonde Supplice BEAUZILE] (coalition of Ayiti Capable, Haitian National Revolutionary Party, and National Congress of Democratic Movements)

Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert de RONCERAY]

National Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRN [Guy PHILIPPE]

New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]

Peasant's Response or Repons Peyizan [Michel MARTELLY]

Platform Alternative for Progress and Democracy or ALTENATIV [Victor BENOIT and Evans PAUL]

Platform of Haitian Patriots or PLAPH [Dejean BELISAIRE and Himmler REBU]

Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti or PPRH [Claude ROMAIN]

Rally or RASAMBLE

Respect or RESPE

Socialist Action Movement or MAS

Strength in Unity or Ansanm Nou Fo [Leslie VOLTAIRE]

Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Sauveur PIERRE-ETIENNE]

Union [Chavannes JEUNE]

Union of Haitian Citizens for Democracy, Development, and Education or UCADDE [Jeantel JOSEPH]

Union of Nationalist and Progressive Haitians or UNPH [Edouard FRANCISQUE]

Unity or Inite [Levaillant LOUIS-JEUNE] (coalition that includes Front for Hope or L'ESPWA)

Vigilance or Veye Yo [Lavarice GAUDIN]

Youth for People's Power or JPP [Rene CIVIL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole ST-CYR]
• Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH
• Economic Forum of the Private Sector or EF [Reginald BOULOS]
• Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS
• General Organization of Independent Haitian Workers [Patrick NUMAS]
• Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, or KOREGA
• The Haitian Association of Industries or ADIH [Georges SASSINE]
• National Popular Assembly or APN
• Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE]
• Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP
• Protestant Federation of Haiti
• Roman Catholic Church

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Anti-Corruption Party or PAC [Salvador NASRALLA]
• Christian Democratic Party or DC [Felicito AVILA Ordonez]
• Democratic Unification Party or UD [Cesar HAM]
• Freedom and Refounding Party or LIBRE [Jose Manuel ZELAYA Rosales]
• Liberal Party or PL [Mauricio VILLEDA Bermudez]
• National Party of Honduras or PNH [Gladys Aurora LOPEZ]
• Social Democratic Innovation and Unity Party or PINU [Jorge Rafael AGUILAR Paredes]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Beverage and Related Industries Syndicate or STIBYS
• Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH
• Commiittee of the Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras or COFADEH
• Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH
• Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP
• General Workers Confederation or CGT
• Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP
• National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH
• National Union of Campesinos or UNC
• Popular Bloc or BP
• United Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH
• United Farm Workers' Movement of the Aguan OR MUCA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Andrew HOLNESS]
• People's National Party or PNP [Portia SIMPSON-MILLER]
• National Democratic Movement or NDM [Michael WILLIAMS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

New Beginnings Movement or NBM

Rastafarians

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Montserrat Democratic Party or MDP [Lowell LEWIS]
• Movement for Change and Prosperity or MCAP [Roselyn CASSELL-SEALY]
• New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Carlos CANALES]
• Conservative Party or PC [Alejandro BOLANOS Davis]
• Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Indalecio RODRIGUEZ]
• Liberal Constitutionalist Party or PLC [Maria Haydee OSUNA]
• Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance or ALN [Alejandro MEJIA Ferreti]
• Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]
• Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Ana Margarita VIJIL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

National Workers Front or FNT (a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including: Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN)

Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT (an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including: Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS)

Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN (an independent labor union)

Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP (a confederation of business groups)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal]
• Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Juan Carlos NAVARRO Quelquejeu]
• Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Sergio GONZALEZ-Ruiz]
• Panamenista Party [Juan Carlos VARELA Rodriguez] (formerly the Arnulfista Party)
• Popular Party or PP [Milton HENRIQUEZ] (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Chamber of Commerce
• Concertacion Nacional (mechanism for government of Panama to formally dialogue with representatives of civil society)
• National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO
• National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP
• National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS)
• Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE
• Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP
• Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

National Democratic Party [Roberto PRATS]

National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE]

New Progressive Party or PNP [Pedro ROSSELLO] (pro-US statehood)

Popular Democratic Party or PPD [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA] (pro-commonwealth)

Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez] (pro-independence)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Boricua Popular Army or EPB (a revolutionary group also known as Los Macheteros)

note: the following radical groups are considered dormant by Federal law enforcement: Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN, Armed Forces of Popular Resistance, Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action-Equilibre-Transparence [Maxime DESOUCHES]
• Ensemble pour Saint-Barthelemy [Benoit CHAUVIN]
• Saint-Barth d'Abord! or SBA [Bruno MAGRAS]
• Tous Unis pour Saint-Barthelemy [Karine MIOT-RICHARD]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

The Marine Reserve (protection of fish)

Rotary Club

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance AMORY]

Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]

People's Action Movement or PAM [Shawn RICHARDS]

Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Lucian People's Movement or LPM [Therold PRUDENT]
• Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenny ANTHONY]
• United Workers Party or UWP [Stephenson KING]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Union Pour le Progres or UPP [Louis-Constant FLEMING]
• Rassemblement Responsabilite Reussite or RRR [Alain RICHARDSON]
• Reussir Saint-Martin [Jean-Luc HAMLET]
• Saint-Martin pour tous
• Team Daniel Gibbs

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]

Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National Unity or MNU)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

• Democratic Party or DP [Sarah WESCOTT-WILLIAMS]
• National Alliance or NA [William MARLIN]
• United People's Party or UPP [Theodore HEYLIGER]
• Concordia Political Alliance or CPA [Jeffery RICHARDSON]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Congress of the People or COP [Prakash RAMADHAR]
• Democratic Action Congress or DAC [Hochoy CHARLES] (only active in Tobago)
• Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Charles CARSON] (coalition of NAR, DDPT, MND)
• Movement for National Development or MND [Garvin NICHOLAS]
• National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Lennox SANKERSINGH]
• People's National Movement or PNM [Keith ROWLEY]
• Tobago Organization of the People or TOP [Ashworth JACK]
• United National Congress or UNC [Kamla PERSAD-BISSESSAR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Jamaat-al Muslimeen [Yasin ABU BAKR]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Oswald SKIPPINGS]
• People's Progressive Party [NA]
• Progressive National Party or PNP [Rufus EWING]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON]
• Independent Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHARDS]
• Republican Party [Gary SPRAUVE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Employment, Welfare, and Integration or APMI (coalition of 25 centrist and center-right parties) [Sali BERISHA]:
• Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nard NDOKA]
• Democratic Party or PD [Lulzim BASHA]
• Movement for National Development of LZHK [Dashamir SHEHI]
• Party for Justice, Integration and Unity or PDIU [Shpetim IDRIZI]
• Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]
• Alliance for a European Albania or ASHE (coalition of 37 opposition parties from far left to right wing) [Edi RAMA]:
• Christian Democratic Party of PKD [Mark FRROKU]
• Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META]
• Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]
• Union for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE]

other parties:

New Democratic Spirit or FRD [Bamir TOPI]

Red and Black Alliance [Kreshnik SPAHIU]

note: only the major parties of each coalition are listed

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kol NIKOLLAJ]
• Omonia [Vasil BOLLANO]
• Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]

• there are four political parties at the national level:
• Andorra for Change or ApC [Eusebio NOMEN CALVET]
• Democrats for Andorra or DA [Antoni MARTI PETIT], coalition including Liberal Party (PRA) and Reformist Coalition
• Greens of Andorra or VA [Isabel LOZANO MUNOZ]
• Social Democratic Party or PS [Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY]

note: there are also several smaller parties at the Parish level (one is Lauredian Union)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Josef BUCHER]
• Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Michael SPINDELEGGER]
• Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER]
• Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]
• The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG]
• NEOS - The New Austria [Matthias STROLZ]
• Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Werner FAYMANN]
• "Team Stronach for Austria" [Frank STRONACH]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic)
• Federal Economic Chamber
• Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank)
• OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV
• Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action

other:

three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

pro-government parties:

Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKY]

Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolay ULAKHOVICH, chairman]

Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Igor KARPENKO]

Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH]

Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANYY]

opposition parties:

Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Pavel SEVERINETS] (unregistered)

Belarusian Party of the Left "Fair World" [Sergey KALYAKIN]

Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Aleksey YANUKEVICH]

Belarusian Social-Democratic Hramada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH]

Belarusian Social Democratic Party Hramada ("Assembly") or BSDPH [Irina VESHTARD]

Belarusian Social Democratic Party People's Assembly ("Narodnaya Hramada") [Nikolay STATKEVICH] (unregistered)

Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK]

European Belarus Campaign [Andrey SANNIKOV]

Party of Freedom and Progress [Vladimir NOVOSYAD] (unregistered)

"Tell the Truth" Campaign [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV]

United Civic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH] (unregistered)
• Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK]
• Belarusian Association of Journalists [Zhana LITVINA]
• Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK]
• Belarusian Independence Bloc (unregistered) and For Freedom movement [Aleksandr MILINKEVICH]
• Belarusian Organization of Working Women [Irina ZHIKHAR]
• BPF-Youth [Andrus KRECHKA] (unregistered)
• Charter 97 [Andrey SANNIKOV] (unregistered)
• Perspektiva small business association [Anatol SHUMCHENKO]
• Nasha Vyasna ("Our Spring") human rights center [Ales BYALYATSKI] (unregistered)
• "Tell the Truth" Movement [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV] (unregistered)
• Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]
• Young Belarus (Malady Belarus) [Zmitser KASPYAROVICH] (unregistered)
• Youth Front (Malady Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH] (unregistered)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Flemish parties:

Christian Democratic and Flemish or CD&V [Wouter BEKE]

Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD [Gwendolyn RUTTEN]

Groen! [Wouter VAN BESIEN] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens)

• Libertarian,
• Direct,
• Democratic or LDD (formerly Dedecker's List) [Jean-Marie DEDECKER]

New Flemish Alliance or N-VA [Bart DE WEVER]

People's Party [Mischael MODRIKAMEN]

Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A [Bruno TOBBACK]

Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Gerolf ANNEMANS]

Francophone parties:

Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Olivier DELEUZE, Emily HOYOS]

Francophone Federalist Democrats [Olivier MAINGAIN]

Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH [Benoit LUTGEN]

Reform Movement or MR [Charles MICHEL]

Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO]

Workers' Party [Peter Mertens]

other minor parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Federation of Enterprises in Belgium [Pieter TIMMERMANS/Pierre Alain DE SMEDT];
• Confederation of Christan Trade Unions [Luc CORTEBEECK/Claude ROLIN];
• Belgian General Federation of Labor [Rudy DE LEEUW/Anne DEMELENNE]

other:

• trade unions;
• numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions;
• various organizations representing the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia;
• various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups representing immigrants

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Activist Democratic Party or A-SDA

Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC]

Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]

Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]

Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]

Civic Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]

Croat Peasants' Party-New Croat Initiative or HSS-NHI [Ante COLAK]

Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA]

Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC]

Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Martin RAGUZ]

Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HSP BiH [Zvonko JURISIC]

Democratic National Union or DNZ [Rifat DOLIC]

Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC]

Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Amir HUSARIC]

Nasa Stranka or NS [Denis GRATZ]

National Democratic Party or NDS

New Socialist Party or NSP [Zdravko KRSMANOVIC]

Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBiH [Amer JERLAGIC]

Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman TIHIC]

Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]

Party of Justice and Trust or SPP [Zivko BUDIMIR]

People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC and Krsto JANDRIC] (unification of the Democratic Party or DP and the People's Democratic Party or NDS)

'People's' Party of Work for Progress or NSRzB [Mladen IVANKOVIC-LIJANOVIC]

Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]

Serb Radical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]

Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Dejan SANTIC]

Social Democratic Party of BiH or SDP BiH [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]

Social Democratic Union or SDU [Miro LAZOVIC]

Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• war veterans;
• displaced persons associations;
• family associations of missing persons;
• private media

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Attack (Ataka) [Volen Nikolov SIDEROV]
• Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV]
• Bulgaria of the Citizens [Meglena KUNEVA]
• Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISOV]
• Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB [Sergei STANISHEV] (coalition of parties dominated by BSP)
• Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Radan KANEV]
• Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]
• Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF [Lyutvi MESTAN]
• National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria or NFSB [Valeri SIMEONOV]
• National Movement for Stability and Progress or NDSV [Hristina HRISTOVA] (formerly National Movement Simeon II or NMS2)
• Order, Law, and Justice or RZS [Yane YANEV]
• Union of Democratic Forces or UDF [Bozhidar LUKARSKI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB

Podkrepa Labor Confederation

other:

numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Bosniak Democratic Party of Croatia or BDSH [Medzad HODZIC]

Croatian Civic Party or HGS [Zeljko KERUM]

Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Vladimir SISLJAGIC]

Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Tomislav KARAMARKO]

Croatian Laborists - Labor Party [Dragutin LESAR]

Croatian Party of Rights - dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP AS [Ruza TOMASIC]

Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Branko HRG]

Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA]

Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS [Vesna PUSIC]

Croatian Pure Party of Rights or HCSP [Josip MILJIC]

Democratic Centre or DC [Vesna SKARE-OZBOLT]

HDZ-led Coalition [Tomislav KARAMARKO] (includes HDZ, HGS, and DC)

Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]

Independent List of Ivan Grubisic [Ivan GRUBISIC]

Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]

Kukuriku Coalition [Zoran MILANOVIC] (includes SDP, HNS, IDS, and HSU)

Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zoran MILANOVIC]

Sustainable Development for Croatia or ORaH [Mirela HOLY]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

human rights groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Association of Independent Candidates-European Democrats or SNK-ED [Zdenka MARKOVA]
• Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Pavel BELOBRADEK]
• Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Petr FIALA]
• Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP]
• Czech Pirate Party [Ivan BARTOS]
• Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Bohuslav SOBOTKA]
• Dawn of Direct Democracy or Usvit [Tomio OKAMURA]
• Green Party [Ondrej LISKA]
• Liberal Democrats or LIDEM [Dagmar NAVRATILOVA]
• Liberal Environmental Party or LES [Martin BURSYK]
• Movement of Dissatisfied Citizens or ANO [Andrej BABIS]
• North Bohemians
• Ostravak Movement
• Public Affairs or VV [Radek JOHN]
• Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09 [Karel SCHWARZENBERG]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions or CMKOS [Jaroslav ZAVADIL]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Conservative People's Party or C [Lars BARFOED]
• Danish People's Party or DF [Kristian THULESEN DAHL]
• Liberal Alliance or LA [Anders SAMUELSEN]
• Liberal Party or V [Lars LOKKE RAMUSSEN]
• Red-Green Alliance (Unity List) or O [collective leadership, spokesperson Johanne SCHMIDT-NIELSEN]
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Helle THORNING-SCHMIDT]
• Social Liberal Party or SLP [Margrethe VESTAGER]
• Socialist People's Party or SF [Annette VILHELMSEN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Confederation of Danish Employers or DA [President Jorn Neergaard LARSEN]
• Confederation of Danish Industries [CEO Karsten DYBVAD]
• Confederation of Danish Labor Unions (Landsorganisationen) or LO [President Harald BORSTING]
• Danish Shipowners' Association [Chairman Carsten MORTENSEN]; Danish Bankers Association [CEO Joergen HORWITZ]
• DaneAge Association [President Bjarne HASTRUP]
• Danish Society for Nature Conservation [President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN]

other:

• environmental groups;
• humanitarian relief;
• development assistance;
• human rights NGOs

• Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR]
• Estonian Greens (Rohelised) [Aleksander LAANE]
• Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Mart HELME]
• Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Taavi ROIVAS]
• Social Democratic Party or SDE [Sven MIKSER]
• Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Urmas REINSALU]

• Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left or GUE/NGL [Gabriele ZIMMER]
• Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group or EFD [Nigel FARAGE and Francesco SPERONI]
• European Conservatives and Reformists Group or ECR [Martin CALLANAN]
• Group of Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Rebecca HARMS and Daniel COHN-BENDIT]
• Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Guy VERHOFSTADT]
• Group of the European People's Party or EPP [Joseph DAUL]
• Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats or S&D [Hannes SWOBODA]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Center Party (Midflokkurin) [Jenis av RANA]
• Independence Party (Sjalvstyrisflokkurin) [Kari P. HOJGAARD]
• People's Party (Folkaflokkurin) [Jorgen NICLASEN]
• Progressive Party (Framsokn) [Poul MICHELSEN]
• Republican Party (Tjodveldi) [Hogni HOYDAL]
• Social Democratic Party (Javnadarflokkurin) [Aksel JOHANNESEN]
• Union Party (Sambandsflokkurin) [Kaj Leo JOHANNESEN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

conservationists

• Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA]
• Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]
• Green League or Vihr [Ville NIINISTO]
• Left Alliance or Vas [Paavo ARHINMAKI]
• National Coalition Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Jutta URPILAINEN]
• Swedish People's Party or SFP [Carl HAGLUND]
• The Finns Party or PS [Timo SOINI]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Europe Ecology - The Greens or EELV [Emmanuelle COSSE]
• French Communist Party or PCF [Pierre LAURENT]
• Left Front Coalition or FDG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON]
• Left Party or PG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON and Martine BILLARD]
• Left Radical Party or PRG [Jean-Michel BAYLET] (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG)
• Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DE VILLIERS]
• National Front or FN [Marine LE PEN]
• New Anticapitalist Party or NPA [collective leadership; main spokesperson Christine POUPIN]
• New Center or NC [Herve MORIN]
• Radical Party [Jean-Louis BORLOO]
• Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA]
• Republican and Citizen Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT]
• Socialist Party or PS [Haerlem DESIR]
• United Republic or RS [Dominique DE VILLEPIN]
• Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [Jean-Francois COPE]
• Union des Democrates et Independants or UDI [Jean-Louis BORLOO] and Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU] (previously Union for French Democracy or UDF); together known as UDI-Modem
• Worker's Struggle (Lutte Ouvriere) or LO [collective leadership; spokespersons Nathalie ARTHAUD and Arlette LAQUILLER]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail (French Democratic Confederation of Labor) or CFDT, left-leaning labor union with approximately 875,000 members [Laurent BERGER, Secretary General]

Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres (French Confederation of Management - General Confederation of Executives) or CFE-CGC, independent white-collar union with 140,000 members [Carole COUVERT, president]

Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens (French Confederation of Christian Workers) or CFTC, independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 142,000 members [Philippe LOUIS, president]

Confederation generale du travail (General Confederation of Labor) or CGT, historically communist labor union with approximately 710,000 members [Bernard THIBAULT, secretary general]

Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere (General Confederation of Labor - Worker's Force) or FO, independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members [Jean-Claude MAILLY, secretary general]

Mouvement des entreprises de France or MEDEF, employers' union with 750,000 companies as members (claimed) [Pierre GATTAZ, president]

French Guiana:

conservationists

gold mining pressure groups

hunting pressure groups

Guadeloupe:

Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG

General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G

General Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG

Movement for an Independent Guadeloupe or MPGI

The Socialist Renewal Movement

Martinique:

Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC

Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM

Frantz Fanon Circle

League of Workers and Peasants

Proletarian Action Group or GAP

Reunion:

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance '90/Greens [Cem OEZDEMIR and Simone PETER]
• Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]
• Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER]
• Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]
• Left Party or Die Linke [Katia KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER]
• Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

business associations and employers' organizations

trade unions; religious, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups