Political parties In 36 editions of 36.

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI];
• Democratic National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman];
• Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile in Germany)];
• Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boujerra SOLTANI];
• National Entente Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA];
• National Liberation Front or FLN [Ali BENFLIS, secretary general];
• National Reform Movement or MRN [Abdellah DJABALLAH];
• National Renewal Party or PRA [leader NA];
• Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS];
• Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general];
• Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Lahbib ADAMI];
• Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL];
• Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exile in Switzerland)];
• Union for Democracy and Liberty [Mouley BOUKHALAFA];
• Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]

note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];
• National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO];
• National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [interim leader: PAULO Lukamba "Gato"], largest opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance;
• Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS], ruling party in power since 1975;
• Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]

note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections but only won a few seats and have little influence in the National Assembly

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE]

note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Congress for Renewal or DUNYA [Saka SALEY];
• African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN];
• Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD [Bruno AMOUSSOU];
• Coalition of Democratic Forces [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI];
• Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI];
• Front for Renewal and Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia KINA];
• Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA];
• Key Force or FC [leader NA];
• Presidential Movement (UBF, MADEP, FC, IDP, and 4 other small parties);
• Renaissance Party du Benin or PRB [Nicephore SOGLO];
• The Star Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA];
• Union of Tomorrow's Benin or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]

note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus MOGAE];
• Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO];
• Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Mokgweetsi KGOSIPULA];
• Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]

note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO], the Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO], and the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO];
• Confederation for Federation and Democracy or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO];
• Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE];
• Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE];
• Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO];
• Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO];
• Union of Greens for the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB;
• Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP;
• Group of 14 February;
• National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB;
• National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL;
• watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

the two national, mainstream, governing parties are:

Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Alphonse KADEGE, president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]

note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or RADDES [Joseph NZEYIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP [Mathias HITIMANA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

loosely organized Hutu and Tutsi militias, often affiliated with Hutu and Tutsi extremist parties or subordinate to government security forces

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman];
• Democratic Alliance for Change or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
• Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES, chairman];
• Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president];
• Movement for Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES, president];
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO, president];
• Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Anibal MEDINA, president];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM, president]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA];
• Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA];
• Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];
• Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [leader Marcel YONDO];
• Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC [Dieudonne TINA];
• National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA];
• Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI];
• Union of Cameroonian Populations or UPC [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Southern Cameroon National Council [Frederick Ebong ALOBWEDE]; Human Rights Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC [Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [the party of deposed president, Ange-Felix PATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP [Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Forces pour l'Action Republicaine or FAR [Col. Abdourazak ABDULHAMID]; Forum pour la Redressement National or FRN (alliance of 12 parties); Front Democratique or FD [Moustoifa Said CHEIKH]; Front National pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party in opposition) [Ahmed RACHID]; Movement des Citoyens pour la Republique or MCR [Mahamoud MRADABI]; Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais or MPA (Anjouan separatist movement) [leader NA]; Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Movement pour le Socialisme et la Democratie or MSD (splinter group of FD) [Abdou SOEFOU]; Parti Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE]; Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND (party of the government) [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Social Christian Party or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO];
• Forces for Renovation for Union and Solidarity or FONUS [Joseph OLENGHANKOY];
• National Congolese Lumumbist Movement or MNC [Francois LUMUMBA];
• Popular Movement of the Revolution or MPR (three factions: MPR-Fait Prive [Catherine NZUZI wa Mbombo]; MPR/Vunduawe [Felix VUNDUAWE]; MPR/Mananga [MANANGA Dintoka Mpholo]);
• Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA];
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba];
• Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans or UFERI (two factions: UFERI [Lokambo OMOKOKO]; UFERI/OR [Adolph Kishwe MAYA])

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• the most important of the many parties are the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance of Convention for Alternative Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT, Liberal Republican Party, National Union for Democracy and Progress, Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction, and Union for the National Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, president];
• Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA];
• Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI];
• Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president];
• Rally for Democracy and the Republic or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO];
• Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR [leader NA];
• Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC;
• General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC;
• Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC;
• Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or PDCI-RDA [Aime Henri Konan BEDIE];
• Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent GBAGBO];
• Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE];
• Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA];
• Union for Democracy and Peace or UDPCI [leader NA];
• over 20 smaller parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
• Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH];
• Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM];
• Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];
• People's Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar GUELLEH];
• Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon FARAH];
• Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED];
• Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [leader NA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Union for Presidential Majority UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD, PPSD and PND);
• Union for Democratic Changeover or UAD (opposition coalition includes ARD, MRDD, UDJ, and PDD) [Ahmed Dini AHMED]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK] - governing party;
• National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN];
• New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA];
• Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA]

note: formation of political parties must be approved by the government

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition;
• MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence;
• civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms;
• trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Placido MIKO Abogo];
• Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE (ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO];
• Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO];
• Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN];
• Popular Union or UP [Andres Moises Bda ADA];
• Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP [Victorino Bolekia BONAY];
• Union of Independent Democrats of UDI [Daniel OYONO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki];
• note - a National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in January 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated or voted on it

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ [leader NA] (also including Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement or EIJM (also known as the Abu Sihel Movement) [leader NA]);
• Eritrean Islamic Salvation or EIS (also known as the Arafa Movement) [leader NA];
• Eritrean Liberation Front or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed];
• Eritrean National Alliance or ENA (a coalition including EIJ, EIS, ELF, and a number of ELF factions) [HERUY Tedla Biru];
• Eritrean Public Forum or EPF [ARADOM Iyob]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• political parties are banned by the constitution - the following are considered political associations;
• Imbokodvo National Movement or INM [leader NA];
• Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president];
• People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president];
• Swaziland National Front or SWANAFRO [Elmond SHONGWE, president]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA];
• Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM [ADDISU Legesse];
• Bench Madji People's Democratic Organization or BMPDO [leader NA];
• Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [leader NA];
• Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (an alliance of ANDM, OPDO, SEPDF, and TPLF);
• Gedeyo People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or GPRDF [leader NA];
• Gurage Nationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA];
• Kafa Shaka People's Democratic Organization or KSPDO [leader NA];
• Kembata, Alabaa and Tembaro or KAT [leader NA];
• Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO [JUNEDI Sado];
• Sidamo People's Democratic Organization or SPDO [leader NA];
• South Omo People's Democratic Movement or SOPDM [leader NA];
• Tigrayan People's Liberation Front or TPLF [MELES Zenawi];
• Walayta, Gamo, Gofa, Dawro, and Konta People's Democratic Organization or WGGPDO [leader NA];
• dozens of small parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Afar Revolutionary Democratic Union Front or ARDUF [leader NA];
• Council of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy in Ethiopia or CAFPDE [BEYANE Petros];
• Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic Coalition or SEPDC [BEYANE Petros]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE];
• Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB];
• Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG, former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA];
• Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE,];
• National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE];
• People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA];
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH];
• Gambian People's Party-Progressive People's Party-United Democratic Party or GPP-PPP-UDP Coalition [Ousainou DARBOE];
• National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA];
• National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH];
• People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]

note: in August 2001, an independent electoral commission allowed the reregistration of the GPP, NCP, and PPP, three parties banned since 1996

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convention People's Party or CPP [Nii Noi DOWUONA, general secretary];
• Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA, chairman];
• Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY];
• National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA];
• National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary];
• New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES];
• People's Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman];
• People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE];
• People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA];
• Reform Party [Kyeretwie OPUKU, general secretary]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN];
• National Union for Progress or UNP [Paul Louis FABER];
• Party for Unity and Progress or PUP [Lansana CONTE] - the governing party;
• People's Party of Guinea or PPG [Pascal TOLNO];
• Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE];
• Union for Progress and Renewal or UPR [Siradiou DIALLO];
• Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general];
• Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Francisco BENANTE];
• Front for the Liberation and Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY];
• Guinea-Bissau Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder Vaz LOPES];
• Guinean Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES];
• International League for Ecological Protection or LIPE [Alhaje Bubacar DJALO, president];
• National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Abubacer BALDE, secretary general];
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA];
• Social Renovation Party or PRS [Kumba YALA];
• Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president, Dr. Anne SAAD, secretary general];
• United Social Democratic Party or PUSD [Victor Sau'de MARIA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People [Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman];
• Kenya African National Union or KANU [Uhuru KENYATTA];
• National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI] - the governing party

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• human rights groups;
• labor unions;
• Muslim organizations;
• National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition of political parties and nongovernment organizations [Kivutha KIBWANA];
• Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Mutava MUSYIMI];
• Roman Catholic and other Christian churches;
• Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Tseliso MAKHAKHE]; Basotho National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Phebe MOTEBANO, chairwoman; Pakalitha MOSISILI, leader] - the governing party; Lesotho People's Congress or LPC [Kelebone MAOPE]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Charles MOFELI]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP and Setlamo Alliance [Vincent MALEBO]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Chief Peete Nkoebe PEETE]; Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla NKUEBE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance of Political Parties (a coalition of LAP and LUP) [leader NA];
• All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Peter KERBAY];
• Liberian Action Party or LAP [C. Gyude BRYANT];
• Liberian People's Party or LPP [Koffa NAGBE];
• Liberia Unification Party or LUP [leader NA];
• National Patriotic Party or NPP [Cyril ALLEN] - governing party;
• United People's Party or UPP [Wesley JOHNSON];
• Unity Party or UP [Charles CLARKE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [leader vacant];
• Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO];
• I Love Madagascar or TIM [leader NA];
• National Union or FP [leader NA];
• Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Federalist Movement; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA];
• Malawi Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO, president; Gwanda CHAKUAMBA, vice president];
• Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA];
• United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

National Democratic Alliance [Brown MPINGANJIRA]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda Traore KEITA, party chairman];
• Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA [Yoro DIAKITE];
• Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou Bakary SANGARE, chairman];
• Hope 2002 [leader NA];
• Movement for the Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO];
• National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman];
• Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE];
• Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary general];
• Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO];
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman];
• Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Bonbasor KEITA, chairman];
• Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general];
• Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general];
• Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
• Alliance for Justice and Democracy or AJD [Kebe ABDOULAYE];
• Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party) [President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA];
• Mauritanian Party for Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID];
• National Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA];
• Party for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA];
• Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE];
• Popular Progress Alliance or APP [Mohamed El Hafed Ould ISMAEL];
• Popular Social and Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH];
• Progress Force Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD];
• Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH];
• Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA];
• Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]

note: the Action for Change party was banned in January 2002; parties legalized by constitution ratified 12 July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Arab nationalists;
• Ba'athists;
• General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general];
• Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE];
• Islamists;
• Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH];
• Mauritian Labor Party or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM];
• Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM [Paul BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM;
• Mauritian Social Democrat Party or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL];
• Militant Socialist Movement or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH] - governing party;
• Rodrigues Movement or MR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY];
• Rodrigues Peoples Organization or OPR [Serge CLAIR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

various labor unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA];
• Mahoran Popular Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI];
• Federation of Mahorans or RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE];
• Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM [Mouhoutar SALIM];
• Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French Parti Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR];
• Union for French Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Party or PA [Muhammad EL IDRISSI];
• Alliance of Liberties or ADL [Ali BELHAJ];
• Annahj Addimocrati or Annahj [Abdellah EL HARIF];
• Avant Garde Social Democratic Party or PADS [Ahmed BENJELLOUN];
• Citizen Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI];
• Citizen's Initiatives for Development [Mohamed BENHAMOU];
• Constitutional Union or UC [Mohamed ABIED (interim)];
• Democratic and Independence Party or PDI [Abdelwahed MAACH];
• Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE];
• Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Aissa OUARDIGHI];
• Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN];
• Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI];
• Front of Democratic Forces or FFD [Thami EL KHYARI];
• Istiqlal Party (Independence Party) or PI [Abbas El FASSI];
• Justice and Development Party (formerly the Constitutional and Democratic Popular Movement) or PJD [Abdelkrim EL KHATIB];
• Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohamed ZIANE];
• National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI];
• National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA];
• National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE];
• National Rally of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN];
• National Union of Popular Forces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM];
• Parti Al Ahd or Al Ahd [Najib EL OUAZZANI, chairman];
• Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [Ismail ALAOUI];
• Party of Renewal and Equity or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR];
• Party of the Unified Socialist Left or GSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER];
• Popular Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER];
• Reform and Development Party or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN];
• Social Center Party or PSC [Lahcen MADIH];
• Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Abderrahman EL-YOUSSOUFI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI];
• General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL];
• Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Hassan CHAMI];
• National Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Abdelslam MAATI];
• Union of Moroccan Workers or UMT [Mahjoub BENSEDDIK]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, president];
• Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE [Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Institute for Peace and Democracy (Instituto para Paz e Democracia) or IPADE [Raul DOMINGOS, president];
• Etica [Abdul CARIMO Issa, chairman];
• Movement for Peace and Citizenship (Movimento para Paz e Cidadania);
• Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president];
• Human Rights and Development (Direitos Humanos e Desenvolvimento) or DHD [Artemisia FRANCO, secretary general]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA];
• Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];
• Monitor Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS];
• South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA];
• United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];
• Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane OUSMANE];
• National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Mamadou TANDJA, chairman];
• Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE];
• Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU];
• Union of Democratic Patriots and Progressives-Chamoua or UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU, chairman]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Democracy or AD [Alhaji Adamu ABDULKADIR];
• All Nigeria Peoples' Party or ANPP [Don ETIEBET];
• All Progressives Grand Alliance or APGA [Chekwas OKORIE];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Aliyu Habu FARI];
• Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Audu OGBEH];
• Peoples Redemption Party or PRP [Abdulkadir Balarabe MUSA];
• Peoples Salvation Party or PSP [Lawal MAITURARE];
• United Nigeria Peoples Party or UNPP [Saleh JAMBO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC [Adams OSHIOMOLE]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES];
• Rally for the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE];
• Socialist Party or PS [Jean-Claude FRUTEAU];
• Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert GERARD]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-Nipomuscene NAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [J. Damascene NTAWUKURIRYAYO]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [leader NA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Pie MUGABO]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGU and Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwanda Patriotic Front or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [leader NA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

IBUKA - association of genocide survivors

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA];
• Force for Change Democratic Movement [leader NA];
• Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES];
• Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA];
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA];
• Ue-Kedadji coalition [leader NA];
• other small parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general];
• African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP];
• Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE];
• Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM];
• Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY];
• Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE];
• Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS];
• Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO];
• National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier DIOUF];
• Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
• Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG];
• SOPI Coalition (a coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE];
• Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA];
• other small parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• labor;
• Muslim brotherhoods;
• students;
• teachers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Daniel BELLE];
• Mouvement Seychellois pour la Democratie [Jacques HODOUL];
• Seychelles National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or UO) [Wavel RAMKALAWAN];
• Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [France Albert RENE, James MICHEL] - the governing party

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Roman Catholic Church; trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All People's Congress or APC [Alhaji Sat KOROMA, interim chairman];
• Citizens United for Peace and Progress or CUPP [Alfred Musa CONTEH, interim chairman];
• Coalition for Progress Party or CPP [Jeridine WILLIAM-SARHO, interim leader];
• Democratic Center Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA];
• Democratic Labor Party or DLP [George E. L. PALMER];
• Democratic Party or DP [Henry BALO, acting chairman];
• National Alliance Democratic Party or NADP [Mohamed Yahya SILLAH, chairman];
• National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH];
• National People's Party or NPP [Andrew TURAY];
• National Republican Party or NRP [Stephen Sahr MAMBU];
• National Unity Movement or NUM [Sam LEIGH, interim chairman];
• National Unity Party or NUP [John BENJAMINE, interim leader];
• Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman];
• People's Democratic Alliance or PDA [Cpl. (Ret.) Abdul Rahman KAMARA, interim chairman];
• People's Democratic Party or PDP [Osman KAMARA];
• People's National Convention or PNC [Edward John KARGBO];
• People's Progressive Party or PPP [Abass Chernok BUNDU, chairman];
• Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP [Foday Saybana SANKOH, chairman];
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Andrew Victor LUNGAY];
• Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman];
• United National People's Party or UNPP [John KAREFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, acting leader];
• Young People's Party or YPP [Cornelius DEVEAUS, interim chairman]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Trade Unions and Student Unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE, president];
• African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI, president];
• Democratic Alliance (formed from the merger of the Democratic Party or DP and the New National Party or NNP; note - NNP split from DP in 2001) [Anthony LEON];
• Freedom Front or FF [Dr. Pieter MULDER, president];
• Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president];
• New National Party or NNP [Marthinus VAN SCHALKWYK];
• Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president];
• United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary];
• South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary];
• South African National Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president];
• note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• the government allows political "associations" under a 1998 law revised in 2000;
• to obtain government approval parties must accept the constitution and refrain from advocating or using violence against the regime;
• approved parties include the National Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National Congress or PNC [Hassan al-TURABI], and over 20 minor, pro-government parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI];
• National Congress Party [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR];
• National Democratic Alliance [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI, chairman];
• Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army [Dr. John GARANG];
• Umma [Sadiq al-MAHDI]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI];
• Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Benjamin William MKAPA];
• Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA];
• Democratic Party (unregistered) [Christopher MTIKLA];
• Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga MREMA];
• United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Juvento [Monsilia DJATO];
• Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP [leader NA];
• Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Hanay OLYMPIO];
• Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [President Gnassingbe EYADEMA];
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]

note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH];
• Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)];
• Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI];
• Movement of Democratic Socialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI];
• Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed Belhaj AMOR];
• Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• the Islamic fundamentalist party,
• Al Nahda (Renaissance),
• is outlawed

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• only one political organization, the Movement (formerly the NRM)[President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operate unfettered;
• note - the president maintains that the Movement is not a political party, but a mass organization, which claims the loyalty of all Ugandans

note: the constitution requires the suspension of political parties while the Movement organization is in governance; of the political parties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring candidates, the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Milton OBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE]; Conservative Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI]; Justice Forum [Muhammad Kibirige MAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA];
• Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD [Christon TEMBO];
• Heritage Party or HP [Godfrey MIYANDA];
• Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger CHONGWE, president];
• Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Levy MWANAWASA, acting president];
• National Leadership for Development or NLD [Yobert SHAMAPANDE];
• National Party or NP [Dr. Sam CHIPUNGU];
• Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA];
• Zambian Republican Party or ZRP [Benjamin MWILA];
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline KONIE];
• United National Independence Party or UNIP [Francis NKHOMA, president];
• United Party for National Development or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI];
• National Alliance for Good Governance or NAGG [Shakespeare MAYA];
• United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA];
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA];
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE];
• Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU];
• Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition [Brian KAGORO];
• Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Lovemore MATOMBO]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Akulliit Party [Bjarne KREUTZMANN];
• Atassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoring continuing close relations with Denmark) [Augusta SALLING];
• Demokratiit [Per BERTHELSEN];
• Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo Brotherhood, a leftist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT];
• Issituup (Polar Party) [Nicolai HEINRICH];
• Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List, an independent right-of-center party with no official platform [leader NA]; Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic party advocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark) [Hans ENOKSEN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Independence Party or IP [David ODDSSON];
• Left-Green Alliance or LGP [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON];
• Liberal Party or LP [Gudjon KRISTJANSSON];
• Progressive Party or PP [Halldor ASGRIMSSON];
• Social Democratic Alliance (includes People's Alliance or PA, Social Democratic Party or SDP, Women's List)or SDA [Ossur SKARPHEDINSSON];
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Sighvatur BJORGVINSSON];
• Women's List or WL [Kristin ASTGEIRSDOTTIR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• NA;
• note - political parties in Afghanistan are in flux and many prominent players have plans to create new parties;
• the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA) is headed by President Hamid KARZAI;
• the TISA is a coalition government formed of leaders from across the Afghan political spectrum;
• there are also several political factions not holding positions in the Transitional government that are forming new groups and parties in the hopes of participating in 2004 elections

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA; note - ministries formed under the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA) include former influential Afghans, diaspora members, and former political leaders

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALIAN];
• Armenia Party [Myasnik MALKHASYAN];
• Armenian National Movement or ANM [Alex ARZUMANYAN, chairman];
• Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK [Ruben MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman];
• Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Vahan HOVHANISSIAN];
• Democratic Party [Aram SARKISYAN];
• Justice Bloc (comprised of the Democratic Party, National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, and the People's Party);
• National Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN];
• National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN];
• National Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman];
• People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN];
• Republic Party [Albert BAZEYAN and Aram SARKISYAN, chairmen];
• Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN];
• Rule of Law Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman];
• Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant KHACHATURYAN];
• United Labor Party [Gurgen ARSENIAN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of "Reform" faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic" faction];
• Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY];
• Civic Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV];
• Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA [Ramiz AHMADOV];
• Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI];
• Democratic Party for Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV, chairman];
• Justice Party [Ilyas ISMAILOV];
• Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shvkat HACIYEVA];
• Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman];
• New Azerbaijan Party or NAP [Heydar ALIYEV, chairman];
• Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA [Etibar MAMMADLI, chairman];
• Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Zardust ALIZADE]

note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Sadval, Lezgin movement;
• self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic;
• Talysh independence movement;
• Union of Pro-Azerbaijani Forces (UPAF)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA];
• Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK];
• Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA, chairperson];
• Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq AMINI];
• Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI];
• Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];
• Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

no legal parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Buddhist clergy;
• ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign;
• Indian merchant community;
• United Front for Democracy (exiled)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao, General Secretary of the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

no substantial political opposition groups exist, although the government has identified the Falungong sect and the China Democracy Party as potential rivals

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Citizen's Union of Georgia or CUG [Avtandil JORBENADZE];
• Georgian People's Front [Nodar NATADZE];
• Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG [Panteleimon GIORGADZE];
• Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE];
• Industry Will Save Georgia or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE];
• Labor Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Irina SARISHVILI-CHANTURIA];
• New National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI];
• New Right [Levaii GACHECHILADZE];
• Republican Party [David BERDZENISHVILI];
• "Revival" Union Party or AGUR [Alsan ABASHIDZE];
• Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli MINDELI];
• Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Georgian independent deputies from Abkhaz government in exile;
• separatists in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia;
• supporters of the late ousted President Zviad GAMSAKHURDYA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C. Jayalalitha JAYARAM];
• All India Forward Bloc or AIFB, [D. BISWAS (general secretary)];
• Asom Gana Parishad [Brindaban GOSWAMI];
• Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI];
• Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Jana KRISNAMURTHY];
• Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK];
• Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN];
• Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Dipankar BHATTACHARYA];
• Congress (I) Party [Sonia GANDHI];
• Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a regional party in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI];
• Indian National League [Suliaman SAITH];
• Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA];
• Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad YADAV];
• Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI];
• Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO];
• Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA];
• Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR];
• Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV];
• Revolutionary Socialist Party or RSP [Abani ROY];
• Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV];
• Shiromani Akali Dal [G. S. TOHRA];
• Shiv Sena [Bal THACKERAY];
• Tamil Maanila Congress [G. K. VASAN];
• Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU];
• Trinamool Congress [Mamata BANERJEE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh;
• various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties Hurriyat Conference

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Naoto KAN, leader; Katsuya OKADA, secretary general];
• Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII, chairman; Tadayoshi ICHIDA, secretary general];
• Komeito [Takenori KANZAKI, president; Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general];
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president; Shinzo ABE, secretary general];
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Mizuho FUKUSHIMA, chairperson; Seiji MATAICHI, secretary general]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agrarian Party [Romin MADINOV];
• Ak Zhol Party "White Road" [Bulat ABILOV, Uraz ZHANDOSOV, Zhanat YERTLESOVA, cofounders];
• AUL "Village" [leader NA];
• Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, first secretary];
• Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first secretary];
• Otan "Fatherland" [Gani YESIMOV, chairman];
• Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]

note: only seven parties in Kazakhstan have been registered under the new political party law passed in July 2002

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA];
• Alash [Sabet-Kazy AKATAY];
• AZAMAT "Citizen" Movement [Petr SVOIK, Murat AUEZOV, and Galym ABILSEITOV, cochairmen];
• Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan [Galymzhan ZHAKIYANOV, Nurzhan SUBKHANBERDIN, cochairmen];
• Labor and Worker's Movement [Madel ISMAILOV, chairman];
• Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director];
• Orleu "Development" Movement [Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM];
• Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman];
• People's Congress of Kazakhstan of NKK [Olzhas SULEIMENOV, chairman];
• People's Cooperative Party of Kazakhstan [Umirzak SARSENOV];
• Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan or RNPK [Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN];
• Socialist Party [Petr SVOIK]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Chondoist Chongu Party [YU Mi-yong, chairwoman];
• Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong-tae, chairman];
• major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Chong-il, general secretary]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic People's Party or DPP [leader NA];
• Grand National Party or GNP [CH'OE Pyong-ryol, chairman];
• Millennium Democratic Party or MDP [CHO Sun-hyong, chairman];
• United Liberal Democrats or ULD [KIM Chong-p'il, president];
• Uri Party [KIM Kun-t'ae, chairman]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Federation of Korean Industries;
• Federation of Korean Trade Unions;
• Korean Confederation of Trade Unions;
• Korean National Council of Churches;
• Korean Traders Association;
• Korean Veterans' Association;
• National Council of Labor Unions;
• National Democratic Alliance of Korea;
• National Federation of Farmers' Associations;
• National Federation of Student Associations

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agrarian Labor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson S. SYDYKOV];
• Agrarian Party of Kyrgyzstan [Arkin ALIYEV];
• Ata-Meken or Fatherland [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV];
• Banner National Revival Party or ASABA [Chaprashty BAZARBAY];
• Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar JEKSHEYEV];
• Democratic Women's Party of Kyrgyzstan [T. A. SHAILIYEVA];
• Dignity Party [Feliks KULOV];
• Erkin Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party [Tursunbay Bakir UULU];
• Justice Party [Chingiz AYTMATOV];
• Movement for the People's Salvation [Jumgalbek AMAMBAYEV];
• Mutual Help Movement or Ashar [Jumagazy USUPOV];
• My Country Party of Action [Almazbek ISMANKULOV];
• National Unity Democratic Movement or DDNE [Yury RAZGULYAYEV];
• Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Absamat M. MASALIYEV];
• Party of the Veterans of the War in Afghanistan [leader NA];
• Peasant Party [leader NA];
• People's Party [Melis ESHIMKANOV];
• Republican Popular Party of Kyrgyzstan [J. SHARSHENALIYEV];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [J. IBRAMOV];
• Union of Democratic Forces (composed of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan or PSD [J. IBRAMOV], Economic Revival Party, and Birimdik Party)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Council of Free Trade Unions;
• Kyrgyz Committee on Human Rights [Ramazan DYRYLDAYEV];
• National Unity Democratic Movement;
• Union of Entrepreneurs

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

although political parties are not banned, none exist

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party or Civil Courage Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN];
• Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGJAN];
• Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR];
• Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT];
• Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]

note: the MPRP is the ruling party

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML [Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary];
• National Democratic Party or NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya Bahadur THAPA, chairman];
• National People's Front (Rastriya Jana Morcha) [Chitra Bahadur, chairman];
• Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP [Bhadri Prasad MANDAL, acting party president];
• Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE, party chairman];
• Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA, party president; Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary];
• Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal [Lila Mani POKHAREL, general secretary]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL also known as Prahanda, chairman; and chief negotiator, Dr. Baburam BHATTARAI, from Communist Party of Nepal/Maoist];
• numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital;
• several small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Awami National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN];
• Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH];
• Baluch National Party or BNP [Sardar Akhtar MENGAL];
• Baluch National Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Kahn BALOCH];
• Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI];
• Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR];
• Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN];
• Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ];
• Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED];
• Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction or JUP/NO [Shah Ahmad NOORANI];
• Millat Party or MP [Farooq LEGHARI];
• Mutahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A [Altaf HUSSAIN];
• Muhajir Quami Movement, Haqiqi faction or MQM/H [Afaq AHMAD];
• Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan or MMA [leader NA];
• National Alliance or NA [Farooq Ahmad Khan LEGHARI];
• National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI];
• Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];
• Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed Afzal KHAN];
• Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI];
• Pakistan Democratic Party or PDP [Nawabadzada KHAN];
• Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO];
• Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo faction or PML/J [Hamid Nasir CHATTHA];
• Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF];
• Pakistan Muslim League, Quaid-l-Azam faction or PML/Q [Chaudhry Shujjat HUSSEIN];
• Pakistan Muslim League, Zia-ul-HAQ or PML/Z [Ejaz ul-Haq];
• Pakistan National Party or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO];
• Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Benazir BHUTTO];
• Pakistan People's Party/Sherpao or PPP/S [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO];
• Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed Bhutto or PPP/SB [Ghinva BHUTTO];
• Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Amin FAHIM];
• Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN];
• Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI];
• Tehrik-i-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]

note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Communist Party of the Russian Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV];
• Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY];
• Motherland Bloc (Rodina) [Sergey GLAZYEV and Dmitriy ROGOZIN];
• People's Party [Gennadiy RAYKOV];
• Union of Rightist Forces or SPS [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV];
• United Russia [Boris Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV];
• Yabloko Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [KUMARGURUPARAM];
• Ceylon Workers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN];
• Communist Party or CP [D. GUNASEKERA];
• Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF [Shrimani ATULATHMUDALI];
• Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA];
• Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN];
• Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Tilvan SILVA];
• National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF];
• People's Alliance or PA [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA];
• People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [leader NA];
• Sihala Urumaya or SU [Tilak KARUNARATNE];
• Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA];
• Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM];
• Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [P. Nelson PERERA];
• Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [SABARATNAM];
• Tamil National Alliance or TNA [Nadarajah RAVIRAJ];
• Tamil United Liberation Front or TULF [R. SAMPATHAN];
• United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE];
• Upcountry People's Front or UPF [P. CHANDRASEKARAN];
• several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties, represented in either Parliament or provincial councils

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Buddhist clergy;
• labor unions;
• Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE [Velupillai PRABHAKARAN](insurgent group fighting for a separate state);
• radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism;
• Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman];
• Islamic Revival Party [Said Abdullo NURI, chairman];
• People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV];
• Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV];
• Socialist Party or SPT [Sherali KENJAYEV];
• Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

there are two unregistered political parties with 1,000 or more members: Progressive Party [Suton QUVVATOV]; Unity Party [Hikmatuko SAIDOV]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat NIYAZOV]

note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries; the two most prominent opposition groups-in-exile have been Gundogar and Erkin; Gundogar was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHUMRADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 assassination attempt on President NIYAZOV; Erkin is led by former Foreign Minister Abdy KULIEV and is based out of Moscow

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Anwar JURABAYEV, first secretary];
• Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Aziz KAYUMOV, chairman];
• People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Abdulkhafiz JALALOV, first secretary];
• Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National Democratic Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, first secretary];
• note - Fatherland Progress Party merged with Self-Sacrificers Party

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman];
• Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 December 1992;
• Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Tolib YAKUBOV, chairman];
• Independent Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Abduhoshim GHAFUROV, chairman];
• Ezgulik [Vasilia INOYATOVA]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Anguilla United Party or AUP [Hubert HUGHES];
• The United Front or UF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance or ANA

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];
• Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK];
• United Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three opposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP, Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive Labor Movement or PLM)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Aruba Solidarity Movement or MAS [leader NA];
• Aruban Democratic Alliance or Aliansa [leader NA];
• Aruban Democratic Party or PDA [Leo BERLINSKI];
• Aruban Liberal Party or OLA [Glenbert CROES];
• Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET];
• Aruban People's Party or AVP [Jan (Henny) H. EMAN];
• Concentration for the Liberation of Aruba or CLA [leader NA];
• People's Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER];
• For a Restructured Aruba Now or PARA [Urbana LOPEZ];
• National Democratic Action or ADN [Pedro Charro KELLY]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Free National Movement or FNM [Tommy TURNQUEST]; Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [Clyde Mascoll]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Barbados Workers Union [Leroy TROTMAN];
• Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMMISSIONG];
• People's Progressive Movement [Eric SEALY];
• Worker's Party of Barbados [Dr. George BELLE]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Dean BARROW, party leader; Douglas SINGH, party chairman]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Adele CATZIM]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH];
• United Party or UP [Gregory MADURO];
• Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• there are no formal political parties but the following loose groupings act as political organizations;
• National Team [leader NA];
• Democratic Alliance [leader NA];
• Team Cayman [leader NA];
• United Democratic Party [leader NA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agricultural Labor Action or PALA [Carlos Alberto SOLIS Blanco];
• Citizen Action Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS];
• Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO];
• Democratic Force Party or PFD [Jose M. NUNEZ];
• Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth];
• National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Alejandro MADRIGAL];
• National Independent Party or PNI [Jorge GONZALEZ Marten];
• National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes];
• National Liberation Party or PLN [Sonia PICADO];
• Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis Manuel CHACON]

note: mainly a two-party system - PUSC and PLN - until the 3 February 2002 election in which the PAC captured a significant percentage, forcing a run-off in April 2002

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate);
• Chamber of Coffee Growers;
• Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate);
• Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate);
• Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP;
• National Association for Economic Development or ANFE;
• National Association of Educators or ANDE;
• Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert Brown]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN];
• Dominica Labor Party or DLP [Pierre CHARLES];
• United Workers Party or UWP [Edison JAMES]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna];
• Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Hatuey DE CAMPS];
• Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Eduardo ESTRELLA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Collective of Popular Organizations or COP

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER]; Democratic Convergence or CD [Ruben ZAMORA, secretary general] (includes Social Democratic Party or PSD [Juan MEDRANO, leader); Democratic Party or PD [Jorge MELENDEZ]; Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Fabio CASTILLO]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Kirio Waldo SALGADO, president]; National Action Party or PAN [Gustavo Rogelio SALINAS, secretary general]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ Zepeda, president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Walter ARAUJO]; Social Christian Union or USC (formed by the merger of Christian Social Renewal Party or PRSC and Unity Movement or MU) [Abraham RODRIGUEZ, president]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador or SIES;
• Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS;
• National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS;
• National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS;
• Port Industry Union of El Salvador or SIPES;
• Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or USEPOC;
• Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS;
• Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL;
• business organizations - National Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP;
• Salvadoran Assembly Industry Association or ASIC;
• Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Herbert PREUDHOMME];
• National Democratic Congress or NDC [leader vacant];
• New National Party or NNP [George McGUIRE];
• People Labor Movement or PLM [leader NA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Mona CADOCE];
• FGPS [Dominique LARIFLA];
• Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU];
• Rally for the Republic or RPR (may have become UMP) [Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRY];
• Socialist Party or PS [Georges LOUISOR];
• Union for French Democracy or UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG;
• General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G;
• General Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG;
• Movement for Independent Guadeloupe or MPGI

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Eduardo SUGER];
• Democratic Union or UD [Rodolfo PAIZ Andrade];
• Grand National Alliance or GANA [leader NA];
• Green Party or LOV [Rodolfo ROSALES Garcis-Salaz];
• Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo];
• Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Secretary General Alba ESTELA Maldonado];
• Guatemalan Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt];
• Movement for Guatemalan Unity or MGU [Jacobo ARBENZ Villanueva];
• Movement for Principals and Values or MPV [Francisco BIANCHI];
• National Advancement Party or PAN [Secretary General Leonel LOPEZ Rodas];
• National Unity for Hope or UNE [Alvarado COLOM Caballeros];
• New Nation Alliance or ANN, formed by an alliance of DIA, URNG, and several splinter groups most of whom subsequently defected [led by three co-equal partners - Nineth Varenca MONTENEGRO Cottom, Rodolfo BAUER Paiz, and Jorge Antonio BALSELLS TUT];
• Patriot Party or PP [retired General Otto PEREZ Molina];
• Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES Molina];
• Reform Movement or MR [Secretary General Alfredo SKINNER-KLEE];
• Unionista Party [leader NA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO;
• Alliance Against Impunity or AAI;
• Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC;
• Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF;
• Mutual Support Group or GAM

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH [Reynold GEORGES];
• Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT];
• Convergence (opposition coalition composed of ESPACE, OPL, and MOCHRENA) [Gerard PIERRE-CHARLES, Evans PAUL, Luc MESADIEU, Victor BENOIT];
• Democratic Consultation Group coalition or ESPACE [Evans PAUL, Victor BENOIT] composed of the following parties: National Congress of Democratic Movements or KONAKOM, National Progressive Revolutionary Party or PANPRA, Generation 2004, and Haiti Can;
• Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH [Marie-France CLAUDE];
• Haitian Democratic Party or PADEM [Clark PARENT];
• Lavalas Family or FL [Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE];
• Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert DE RONCERAY];
• Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN [Rene THEODORE];
• Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN];
• Movement for the Organization of the Country or MOP [Gesner COMEAU and Jean MOLIERE];
• National Cooperative Action Movement or MKN [Volrick Remy JOSEPH];
• National Front for Change and Democracy or FNCD [Evans PAUL and Turneb DELPE];
• New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU];
• Open the Gate or PLB [Renaud BERNARDIN];
• Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Gerard PIERRE-CHARLES]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Autonomous Haitian Workers or CATH;
• Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH;
• Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS;
• National Popular Assembly or APN;
• Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP;
• Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP;
• Roman Catholic Church

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Dr. Hernan CORRALES Padilla];
• Democratic Unification Party or PUD [leader NA];
• Liberal Party or PL [Roberto MICHELETTI Bain];
• National Innovation and Unity Party-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban F. VALLADARES];
• National Party of Honduras or PN [Raphael CALLEJAS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH;
• Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH;
• Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP;
• General Workers Confederation or CGT;
• Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP;
• National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH;
• National Union of Campesinos or UNC;
• Popular Bloc or BP;
• United Federation of Honduran Workers or FUTH

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA];
• National Democratic Movement or NDM [Bruce GOLDING];
• People's National Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Martinique Communist Party or PCM [Pierre SUEDILLE];
• Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred MARIE-JEANNE];
• Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [Camille DARSIERES];
• Martinique Socialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU];
• Movement of Democrats and Ecologists for a Sovereign Martinique or Modemas [Garcin MALSA];
• Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE];
• Socialist Revolution Group or GRS [Philippe PIERRE-CHARLES];
• Union for French Democracy or UDF [Jean MAREN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC;
• Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM [Marc PULVAR];
• Frantz Fanon Circle;
• League of Workers and Peasants;
• Proletarian Action Group or GAP

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Antillean Restructuring Party or PAR [Miguel POURIER];
• C 93 [Stanley BROWN];
• Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB [Jopi ABRAHAM];
• Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ];
• Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY];
• Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah WESCOTT-WILLIAMS];
• Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics or FAME [Eric LODEWIJKS];
• Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [Errol COVA];
• National People's Party or PNP [Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER];
• New Antilles Movement or MAN [Kenneth GIJSBERTHA];
• Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UPB [Ramon BOOI];
• Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten or SPA [Vance JAMES, Jr.];
• People's Party or PAPU [Richard Hodi];
• Pro Curacao Party or PPK [Winston LOURENS];
• Saba Democratic Labor Movement [Steve HASSELL];
• Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS];
• St. Eustatius Alliance or SEA [Kenneth VAN PUTTEN];
• Serious Alternative People's Party or Sapp [Julian ROLLOCKS];
• Social Action Cause or KAS [Benny DEMEI];
• Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Will JOHNSTON];
• Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, Rignald LAK, Editha WRIGHT]

note: political parties are indigenous to each island

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Dr. Fernando AGUERO Rocha];
• Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Virgilio GODOY];
• Liberal Alliance (ruling alliance including Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC, New Liberal Party or PALI, Independent Liberal Party for National Unity or PLIUN, and Central American Unionist Party or PUCA) [leader NA];
• National Conservative Party or PC [Pedro SOLARZANO, Noel VIDAURRE];
• National Project or PRONAL [Benjamin LANZAS];
• Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO, Roberto RODRIGUEZ];
• Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN [Salvador TALAVERA];
• Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra];
• Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Sergio RAMIREZ];
• Unity Alliance or AU [Alejandro SERRANO];
• Union Nacional Opositora 96 or UNO-96 [Alfredo CESAR Aguirre]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including - Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of business groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Arnulfista Party or PA [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez];
• Civic Renewal Party or PRC [Serguei DE LA ROSA];
• Democratic Change [Ricardo MARTINELLI];
• Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Martin TORRIJOS];
• National Liberal Party or PLN [Raul ARANGO Gasteazopo];
• National Renovation Movement or MORENA [Pedro VALLARINO Cox];
• Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Ramon MORALES];
• Popular Party or PP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC) [Ruben AROSEMENA];
• Solidarity Party or PS [Samuel LEWIS Galindo]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Chamber of Commerce;
• National Civic Crusade;
• National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO;
• National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS);
• National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP;
• Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE;
• Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP;
• Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ];
• National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE];
• New Progressive Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Carlos PESQUERA];
• Popular Democratic Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Sila M. CALDERON];
• Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN;
• Armed Forces of Popular Resistance;
• Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros);
• Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance AMORY];
• Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY];
• People's Action Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT];
• Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM];
• Saint Lucia Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS];
• Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY];
• Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher HUNTE];
• United Workers Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Reform Party or NRP [Joel MIGUEL];
• New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE];
• People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Ken BOYEA];
• Progressive Labor Party or PLP [leader NA];
• United People's Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS];
• Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National Unity or MNU)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Hochoy CHARLES];
• People's Empowerment Party or PEP [leader NA];
• People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING];
• Team Unity or TUN [Ramesh MAHARAJ];
• United National Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Jamaat-al Musilmeen [Yasin BAKR]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Derek H. TAYLOR];
• Progressive National Party or PNP [Washington MISICK];
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Wendal SWANN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON];
• Independent Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHARDS];
• Republican Party [Gary SPRAUVE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agrarian Party of Albania or PASH [Lufter XHUVELI];
• Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Zef BUSHATI];
• Communist Party of Albania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI];
• Democratic Alliance or PAD [Nerltan CEKA];
• Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA];
• Legality Movement Party or PLL [Guri DUROLLARI];
• National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Abaz ERMENJI];
• Party of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQUIRI];
• Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];
• Social Democracy or DS [Paskal MILO];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI];
• Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albanian Party of Labor) [Fatos NANO];
• Union for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vasil MELO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Omonia [Vangjel DULES]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party or PD (formerly part of National Democratic Group or AND) [Ladislau BARO SOLO];
• Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA [Marc FORNE MOLNE] (used to be Liberal Union or UL);
• Liberal Union or UL [Francesc CERQUEDA];
• National Democratic Group or AND [Ladislau BARO SOLO];
• National Democratic Initiative or IDN [Vicenc MATEU ZAMORA];
• New Democracy or ND [Jaume BARTOMEU CASSANY];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD (formerly part of National Democratic Group of AND) [leader NA];
• Union of the People of Ordino (Unio Parroquial d'Ordino) or UPO [Simo DURO COMA]

note: there are two other small parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL];
• Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Herbert HAUPT];
• Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER];
• The Greens Alternative or GA [Alexander VAN DER BELLEN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist) or OeGB;
• Federal Economic Chamber;
• OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists or VOeI;
• Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action;
• three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, and farmers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKY];
• Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [Viktor CHIKIN, chairman];
• Belarusian Ecological Green Party (merger of Belarusian Ecological Party and Green Party of Belarus) [leader NA];
• Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH, chairman];
• Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA];
• Belarusian Social-Democrat Party or SDBP [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman];
• Belarusian Social-Democratic Party or Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairman];
• Belarusian Socialist Party [Vyacheslav KUZNETSOV];
• Civic Accord Bloc (United Civic Party) or CAB [Anatol LIABEDZKA];
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDPB [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH, chairman];
• Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman];
• Republican Party of Labor and Justice or RPPS [Anatoliy NETYLKIN, chairman];
• Social-Democrat Party of Popular Accord or PPA [Leanid SECHKA];
• Women's Party or "Nadezhda" [Valentina POLEVIKOVA, chairperson]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• AGALEV (Flemish Greens) [Dirk HOLEMANS];
• Christian Democrats and Flemish or CD V [Yves LETERME];
• note - used to be the Flemish Christian Democrats or CVP;
• Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUK, Evelyne HUYTEBROECK, Claude BROUIR];
• Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Karel DE GUCHT];
• Francophone Humanist and Democratic Center of CDH (used to be Social Christian Party or PSC) [Joelle MILQUET];
• Francophone Reformist Movement or MR (used to be Liberal Reformation Party or PRL) [Antoine DUQUESNE];
• Francophone Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO];
• National Front or FN [Daniel FERET];
• New Flemish Alliance or NVA [Geert BOURGEOIS];
• note - new party that emerged after the demise of the People's Union or VU;
• Social Progressive Alternative Party or SP.A [Steve STEVAERT];
• note - was Flemish Socialist Party or SP;
• Spirit [Els VAN WEERT];
• note - new party that emerged after the demise of the People's Union or VU;
• Vlaams Blok or VB [Frank VANHECKE];
• other minor parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Christian and Socialist Trade Unions;
• Federation of Belgian Industries;
• numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions;
• various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia;
• various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups representing immigrants

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK];
• Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC];
• Civic Democratic Party or GDS [Ilija SIMIC];
• Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ [Barisa COLAK (acting)];
• Croat Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Mijo IVANIC-LONIC];
• Croat Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko HRISTIC];
• Croat Peasants Party or HSS [Ilija SIMIC];
• Democratic National Union or DNZ [Fikret ABDIC];
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC];
• New Croat Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK];
• Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBiH [Safet HALILOVIC];
• Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman TIHIC];
• Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC];
• Pro-European People's Party or PROENS [Jadranko PRLIC];
• Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Dragan KALINIC];
• Serb Radical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Radislav KANJERIC];
• Social Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA];
• Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV];
• Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties dominated by BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV];
• Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or VMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV];
• Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF [Ahmed DOGAN];
• National Movement for Simeon II or NMS2 [Simeon SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA];
• Union of Democratic Forces or UDF [Nadezhda MIKHAYLOVA];
• Union of Free Democrats or UFD [Stefan SOFIYANSKI];
• United Democratic Forces or UtdDF (a coalition between the UDF and other center-right parties)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• agrarian movement;
• Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB;
• Podkrepa Labor Confederation;
• numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Croatian Bloc or HB [Ivic PASALIC];
• Croatian Christian Democratic Union or HKDU [Anto KOVACEVIC];
• Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Ivo SANADER];
• Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Anto DJAPIC];
• Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC];
• Croatian People's Party or HNS [Vesna PUSIC];
• Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Drazen BUDISA];
• Croatian True Revival Party or HIP [Miroslav TUDJMAN];
• Democratic Centre or DC [Mate GRANIC];
• Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC];
• Liberal Party or LS [Ivo BANAC];
• Party of Liberal Democrats or LIBRA [Goran GRANIC];
• Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]

note: the Social Democratic Party or SDP and the Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS formed a coalition as did the HSS, HNS, LP, and IDS, which together defeated the Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ in the 2000 lower house parliamentary election; the IDS subsequently left the governing coalition in June 2001 over its inability to win greater autonomy for Istria

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Miroslav KALOUSEK, chairman];
• Civic Democratic Alliance or ODA [Michael ZANTOVSKY, chairman];
• Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Mirek TOPOLANEK, chairman];
• Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman];
• Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or KSC [Miroslav STEPAN, chairman];
• Czech National Social Party of CSNS [Jan SULA, chairman];
• Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Vladimir SPIDLA, chairman];
• Freedom Union-Democratic Union or US-DEU [Petr MARES, chairman];
• Quad Coalition [Karel KUHNL, chairman] (includes KDU-CSL, US, ODA, DEU)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions [Richard FALBR]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN];
• Christian People's Party [Marianne KARLSMOSE];
• Conservative Party (sometimes known as Conservative People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN];
• Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD];
• Liberal Party [Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN];
• Social Democratic Party [Mogens LYKKETOFT];
• Social Liberal Party (sometimes called the Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED, leader; Johannes LEBECH, chairman];
• Socialist People's Party [Holger K. NIELSEN];
• Red-Green Unity List (bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party) [collective leadership]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman];
• Estonian People's Union (Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN];
• Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Siim KALLAS];
• Estonian United Russian People's Party or EUVRP [leader NA];
• Moderates (Moodukad) [Ivari PADAR];
• Pro Patria Union (Isamaaliit) [Tunne KELAM, chairman];
• Res Publica [Juhan PARTS];
• Russian Baltic Party [Sergei IVANOV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Center Party [Tordur NICLASEN];
• Home Rule Party [Helena Dam a NEYSTABO];
• People's Party [Oli BRECKMANN];
• Republican Party [Finnabogi ISAKSON];
• Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD];
• Union Party [Edmund JOENSEN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA