Political parties In 36 editions of 36.

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Ahd 54 [Ali Fauzi REBAINE];
• Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI];
• National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA];
• Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR];
• National Entente Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA];
• National Liberation Front or FLN [Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general];
• National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN) [Abdellah DJABALLAH];
• National Renewal Party or PRA [Mohamed BENSMAIL];
• Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SADI];
• Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Fatah RABEI];
• Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED];
• Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL];
• Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boudjerra SOLTANI];
• Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]

note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• The Algerian Human Rights League or LADDH [Hocine ZEHOUANE];
• SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR];
• Somoud [Ali MERABET]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];
• National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [Holden ROBERTO];
• National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA (largest opposition party) [Isaias SAMAKUVA];
• Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA (ruling party in power since 1975) [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS];
• Social Renewal Party or PRS [Antonio MUACHICUNGO]

note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections but only won a few seats; they and the other 115 smaller parties have little influence in the National Assembly

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO, Antonio Bento BEMBE]

note: FLEC's small-scale, highly factionalized armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province ended after BEMBE's faction signed a peace accord in August 2006; other factions have since demobilized under provisions of the accord, although the two main faction leaders have not acceded to the accord

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Dynamic Democracy or ADD [Nicephore SOGLO];
• Alliance of Progress Forces or AFP;
• African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN];
• Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI];
• Force Cowrie for an Emerging Benin or FCBE;
• Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD;
• Key Force or FC;
• Movement for Development and Solidarity or MDS;
• Movement for Development by the Culture-Salute Party-Congress of People for Progress Alliance or Alliance MDC-PS-CPP;
• New Alliance or NA;
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP;
• The Star Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA];
• Union of Tomorrow's Benin or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]

note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO];
• Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE];
• Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE];
• Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO];
• Botswana Peoples Party or BPP;
• MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS;
• New Democratic Front or NDF

note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF-RDA [Gilbert OUEDRAOGO];
• Citizen's Popular Rally or RPC;
• Confederation for Federation and Democracy or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO];
• Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE];
• Convention of the Democratic Forces of Burkina or CFD-B;
• Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE];
• Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO];
• Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party or PDP/PS [Ali LANKOANDE];
• Party for Democracy and Socialism or PDS;
• Party for National Rebirth or PAREN;
• Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB;
• Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Ram OUEDRAGO];
• Republican Party for Integration and Solidarity or PARIS [Cyril GOUNGOUNGA];
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS;
• Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Movement or UNIR-MS;
• Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY];
• Union of Sankarist Parties or UPS

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB;
• Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP;
• Group of 14 February;
• National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB;
• National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL;
• watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

governing parties:

• Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Leonce NGENDAKUMANA];
• National Council for the Defense of Democracy - Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Jeremie NGENDAKUMANA];
• Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Aloys RUBUKA]

note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD; National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman];
• Democratic Alliance for Change or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
• Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES];
• Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO];
• Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO];
• Movement for Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES];
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO];
• Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias RODRIGUES];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA];
• Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or RDPC [Paul BIYA];
• Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];
• Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO];
• Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC [Dieudonne TINA];
• National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA];
• Progressive Movement or MP;
• Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI];
• Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Southern Cameroon National Council [Ayamba Ette OTUN]; Human Rights Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC [Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Ange-Felix PATASSE] (the party of deposed president); National Convergence or KNK; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR [Jean ALINGUE]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI Assowmani];
• Camp of the Autonomous Islands or CdIA (a coalition of parties organized by the islands' presidents in opposition to the Union President);
• Front National pour la Justice or FNJ [Ahmed RACHID] (Islamic party in opposition);
• Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF];
• Parti Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE];
• Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democrat Party or PDC [Jose ENDUNDO];
• Congolese Rally for Democracy or RCD [Azarias RUBERWA];
• Convention of Christian Democrats or CDC;
• Forces of Renewal or FR [Mbusa NYAMWISI];
• Movement for the Liberation of the Congo or MLC [Jean-Pierre BEMBA];
• People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy or PPRD [Joseph KABILA];
• Social Movement for Renewal or MSR [Pierre LUMBI];
• Unified Lumumbist Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA];
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI];
• Union of Mobutuist Democrats or UDEMO [MOBUTU Nzanga]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Movement for Renewal or MAR;
• Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA];
• Congolese Labour Party or PCT;
• Movement for Solidarity and Development or MSD;
• Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI];
• Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president];
• Rally for Democracy and the Republic or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO];
• Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR;
• Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO];
• many less important parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC;
• General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC;
• Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC;
• Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Theodore MEL EG];
• Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or PDCI-RDA [Henri Konan BEDIE];
• Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent GBAGBO];
• Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE];
• Opposition Movement of the Future or MFA [Anaky KOBENAN];
• Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA];
• Union for Democracy and Peace in Cote d'Ivoire or UDPCI [Mabri TOIKEUSE];
• over 20 smaller parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Federation of University and High School Students of Cote d'Ivoire or FESCI [Serges KOFFI];
• Rally of Houphouetists for Democracy and Peace or RHDP [Alphonse DJEDJE MADY];
• Young Patriots [Charles BLE GOUDE]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
• Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH];
• Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM];
• Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];
• People's Progress Assembly or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing party);
• Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon FARAH];
• Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED];
• Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Union for Presidential Majority UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD, PPSD and PND);
• Union for Democratic Changeover or UAD (opposition coalition includes ARD, MRDD, UDJ, and PDD) [Ahmed Dini AHMED]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Democratic Party or NDP (governing party) [Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK];
• National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID];
• New Wafd Party or NWP [Mahmoud ABAZA];
• Tomorrow Party [Naji AL-GHATRIFI]

note: formation of political parties must be approved by the government

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes Hosni MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition;
• MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence;
• civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms;
• trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Placido MIKO Abogo];
• Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE (ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO];
• Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO];
• Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN];
• Popular Union or UP

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ [ISAIAS Afworki] (the only party recognized by the government);
• note - a National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in January 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated or voted on it

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ (also including Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement or EIJM (also known as the Abu Sihel Movement));
• Eritrean Islamic Salvation or EIS (also known as the Arafa Movement);
• Eritrean Liberation Front or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed];
• Eritrean National Alliance or ENA (a coalition including EIJ, EIS, ELF, and a number of ELF factions) [HERUY Tedla Biru];
• Eritrean Public Forum or EPF [ARADOM Iyob];
• Eritrean Democratic Party (EDP) [HAGOS, Mesfin]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• the status of political parties, previously banned, is unclear under the new (2006) Constitution and currently being debated - the following are considered political associations;
• African United Democratic Party or AUDP [Stanley MAUNDZISA, president];
• Imbokodvo National Movement or INM;
• Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president];
• People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP;
• Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [Mulualem BESSE];
• Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP [TEMESGEN Zewdie] (contains elements of the former CUD);
• Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (an alliance of Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM, Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO, the South Ethiopian People's Democratic Front or SEPDF, and Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front or TPLF);
• Gurage Nationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM;
• Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM [BULCHA Demeksa];
• Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP;
• United Ethiopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros];
• dozens of small parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front or EPPF;
• Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF;
• Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE];
• Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE];
• Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB];
• Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG (former sole party) [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA];
• Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE];
• Gabonese Union for Democracy and Development or UGDD [Zacherie MYBOTO];
• National Rally of Woodcutters or RNB;
• National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE];
• People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA];
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU];
• Union for Democracy and Social Integration or UDIS;
• Union of Gabonese Patriots or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC (the ruling party) [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH];
• Gambia People's Democratic Party or GPDP [Henry GOMEZ];
• National Alliance for Democracy and Development or NADD [Halifa SALLAH];
• National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA];
• National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH];
• People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA];
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convention People's Party or CPP [Dr. Edmund DELLE];
• Democratic Freedom Party or DFP [Alhaji Abudu Rahman ISSAKAH];
• Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Danny OFORI-ATTA];
• Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY];
• National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Kwabena ADJEI];
• New Patriotic Party or NPP [Peter MAC-MANU];
• People's National Convention or PNC [Alhaji Amed RHAMADAN];
• Reform Party [Kyeretwie OPUKU];
• United Renaissance Party or URP [Charles Wayo]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN];
• Dyama;
• National Union for Progress or UPN [Mamadou Bhoye BARRY];
• Party for Unity and Progress or PUP (the governing party) [Lansana CONTE];
• People's Party of Guinea or PPG [Charles Pascal TOLNO];
• Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE];
• Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Mamadou BAH];
• Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE];
• Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general];
• Union for Progress and Renewal or UPR [Ousmane BAH]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• National Confederation of Guinean Workers - Labor Union of Guinean Workers or CNTG-USTG Alliance: National Confederation of Guinean Workers [Rabiatou Sarah DIALLO] and Labor Union of Guinean Workers [Dr. Ibrahima FOFANA];
• Syndicate of Guinean Teachers and Researchers or SLECG [Dr. Louis M'Bemba SOUMAH];
• National Council of Civil Society Organizations of Guinea CNOSCG [Ben Sekou SYLLA]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior];
• Party for Social Renewal or PRS [Kumba YALA];
• Democratic Social Front or FDS;
• Electoral Union or UE;
• Guinea-Bissau Civic Forum/Social Democracy or FCGSD [Antonieta Rosa GOMES];
• Guinea-Bissau Democratic Party or PDG;
• Guinea-Bissau Socialist Democratic Party or PDSG [Serifo BALDE];
• Labor and Solidarity Party or PST [Iancuba INDJAI];
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA];
• Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP;
• Progress Party or PP [Ibrahima SOW];
• Union for Change or UM [Amine SAAD];
• Union of Guinean Patriots or UPG [Francisca VAZ];
• United Platform or UP (coalition formed by PCD, FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB);
• United Popular Alliance or APU;
• United Social Democratic Party or PUSD

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-Kenya [Musikari KOMBO or Soita SHITANDA, disputed];
• Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People [Simeon NYACHAE];
• Kenya African National Union or KANU [Nicholas BIWOTT or Uhuru KENYATTA, disputed];
• National Rainbow Coalition-Kenya or NARC-K [Mwai KIBAKI, unofficially, since the break-up of KIBAKI's original coalition];
• Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya or ODM-Kenya [Raila ODINGA, unofficially]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• human rights groups;
• labor unions;
• Muslim organizations;
• National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition of political parties and nongovernment organizations [Ndung'u WAINANA];
• Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Mutava MUSYIMI];
• Roman Catholic and other Christian churches;
• Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Alliance of Congress Parties or ACP; All Basotho Convention or ABC [Thomas THABANE]; Basotholand African Congress or BAC [Khauhelo RALITAPOLE]; Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane MPHANYA]; Basotho National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justin Metsing LEKHANYA]; Kopanang Basotho Party or KPB [Pheelo MOSALA]; Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD (the governing party) [Pakalitha MOSISILI]; Lesotho Education Party or LEP [Thabo PITSO]; Lesotho Workers Party or LWP [Macaefa BILLY]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP [Vincent MALEBO]; National Independent Party or NIP [Anthony MANYELI]; New Lesotho Freedom Party or NLFP [Manapo MAJARA]; Popular Front for Democracy or PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE]; Sefate Democratic Union or SDU [Bofihla NKUEBE]; Social Democratic Party of SDP [Masitise SELESO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Togba-na TIPOTEH];
• Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia or COTOL;
• Congress for Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH];
• Liberian Action Party or LAP [H. Varney SHERMAN];
• Liberty Party or LP [Charles BRUMSKINE];
• National Patriotic Party or NPP [Cyril ALLEN];
• Unity Party or UP [Charles CLARKE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Demobilized former military officers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements;
• an anti-QADHAFI Libyan exile movement exists, primarily based in London, but has little influence

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [Pierrot RAJAONARIVELO];
• Democratic Party for Union in Madagascar or PSDUM [Jean LAHINIRIKO];
• Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO];
• Fihaonana Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY];
• I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA];
• Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR;
• Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy];
• National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Democracy or AFORD;
• Congress for National Unity or CONU;
• Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [Bingu wa MUTHARIKA];
• Malawi Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO];
• Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA];
• Malawi Forum for Unity and Development or MAFUNDE [George MNESA];
• Mgwirizano Coalition or MC [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA] (coalition of MAFUNDE, MDP, MGODE, NUP, PETRA, PPM, RP);
• Movement for Genuine Democratic Change or MGODE [Sam Kandodo BANDA];
• National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Brown MPINGANJIRA];
• National Unity Party or NUP [Harry CHIUME];
• People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA];
• People's Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO];
• Republican Party or RP [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA];
• United Democratic Front or UDF

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary general];
• Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE);
• Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE];
• Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA];
• Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE);
• National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL];
• Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE];
• Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME];
• Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA];
• Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT;
• Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA];
• Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE];
• Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY];
• Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Alliance for Democratic Change or ACD;
• Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK;
• United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Al-Mithaq (coalition of independents and parties associated with the former regime including Alternative or El-Badil, PRDR, UDP, RDU);
• Alternative or El-Badil;
• Centrist Reformists (independent moderate Islamists);
• Coalition for Forces for Democratic Change or CFCD (coalition of political parties including APP, Centrist Reformists (independent moderate Islamists), HATEM-PMUC, PUDS, RD, RFD, UFP);
• Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS;
• Democratic Renewal or RD;
• Mauritanian Party for Unity and Change or HATEM-PMUC;
• National Rally for Freedom, Democracy and Equality or RNDLE;
• Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE];
• Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
• Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH];
• Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA];
• Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Boullah Ould MOGUEYA] (formerly ruling Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS);
• Socialist and Democratic Unity Party or PUDS;
• Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS];
• Union of Democratic Centre or UCD;
• Union of the Forces for Progress or UFP

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Arab nationalists;
• Ba'thists;
• General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general];
• Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE];
• Islamists;
• Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance Sociale or AS;
• Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH];
• Mauritian Labor Party or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM];
• Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM [Paul BERENGER] (in coalition with MSM);
• Mauritian Social Democrat Party or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL];
• Militant Socialist Movement or MSM (the governing party) [Pravind JUGNAUTH];
• Rodrigues Movement or MR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY];
• Rodrigues Peoples Organization or OPR [Serge CLAIR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

various labor unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA];
• Mahoran Popular Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI];
• Federation of Mahorans or UMP-RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE];
• Force of the Rally and the Alliance for Democracy or FRAP;
• Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM [Mouhoutar SALIM];
• Renewed Communist Party of Mayotte or MRC [Omar SIMBA];
• Socialist Party or PS [Ibrahim ABUBACAR] (local branch of French Parti Socialiste);
• Union for French Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Party or PA [Muhammad EL IDRISSI];
• Alliance of Liberties or ADL [Ali BELHAJ];
• Annahj Addimocrati or Annahj [Abdellah EL HARIF];
• Avant Garde Social Democratic Party or PADS [Ahmed BENJELLOUN];
• Citizen Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI];
• Citizen's Initiatives for Development [Mohamed BENHAMOU];
• Constitutional Union or UC [Mohamed ABIED];
• Democratic and Independence Party or PDI [Abdelwahed MAACH];
• Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE];
• Democratic Forces Front or FFD;
• Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Aissa OUARDIGHI];
• Democratic Society Party or PSD [Zhor CHEKKAFI];
• Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN];
• Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI];
• Front of Democratic Forces or FFD [Thami EL KHYARI];
• Independence Party (Istiqlal) or PI [Abbas el FASSI];
• Justice and Development Party or PJD [Saad Eddine El OTHMANI];
• Labor Party [Abdelkrim BENATIK];
• Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohamed ZIANE];
• National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI];
• National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA];
• National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE];
• National Rally of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN];
• National Union of Popular Forces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM];
• Parti Al Ahd or Al Ahd [Najib EL OUAZZANI];
• Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [Ismail ALAOUI];
• Party of Renewal and Equity or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR];
• Party of the Unified Socialist Left or GSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER];
• Popular Movement or MP [Mohand LAENSER];
• Popular Movement Union or UMP [Mohamed LAENSER];
• Reform and Development Party or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN];
• Social Center Party or PSC [Lahcen MADIH];
• Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Mohammed El-YAZGHI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI];
• General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL];
• Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Hassan CHAMI];
• National Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Abdelslam MAATI];
• Union of Moroccan Workers or UMT [Mahjoub BENSEDDIK]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Armando Emilio GUEBUZA];
• Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or RENAMO-UE [Afonso DHLAKAMA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Institute for Peace and Democracy (Instituto para Paz e Democracia) or IPADE [Raul DOMINGOS, president];
• Etica [Abdul CARIMO Issa, chairman];
• Movement for Peace and Citizenship (Movimento para Paz e Cidadania);
• Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president];
• Human Rights and Development (Direitos Humanos e Desenvolvimento) or DHD [Artemisia FRANCO, secretary general]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA];
• Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA];
• Monitor Action Group or MAG [Jurie VILJOEN];
• National Democratic Movement for Change or NamDMC;
• National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Kuaima RIRUAKO];
• Republican Party or RP [Henk MUDGE];
• South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Rihupisa KANDANDO];
• South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA];
• United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane OUSMANE];
• National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Hama AMADOU];
• Niger Social Democratic Party or PSDN;
• Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni DJERMAKOYE];
• Nigerien Party for Autonomy or PNA-Alouma'a [Sanousi JACKOU];
• Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Issifou MAHAMADOU];
• Nigerien Progressive Party or PPN-RDA [Abdoulaye DIORI];
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP-jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];
• Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Cheiffou AMADOU]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Coalition Against a High Cost of Living [Nouhou ARZIKA]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Congress or AC [Bisi AKANDE];
• Advanced Congress of Democrats or ACD [Alex ANIELO];
• Alliance for Democracy or AD [Mojisoluwa AKINFENWA];
• All Nigeria Peoples' Party or ANPP [Alh Modu SHERIF];
• All Progressives Grand Alliance or APGA [Victor C. UMEH];
• Democratic People's Party or DPP [Umara AHMED];
• Fresh Democratic Party [Chris OKOTIE];
• Movement for the Restoration and Defense of Democracy or MRDD [Mohammed Gambo JIMETA];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Aliyu Habu FARI];
• Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Olusegun OBASANJO];
• Peoples Redemption Party or PRP [Abdulkadir Balarabe MUSA];
• Peoples Salvation Party or PSP [Lawal MAITURARE];
• United Nigeria Peoples Party or UNPP [disputed leadership]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA];
• Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA];
• Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA] (officially banned);
• Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA];
• Liberal Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO];
• Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned);
• Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

IBUKA - association of genocide survivors

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA];
• Force for Change Democratic Movement or MDFM;
• Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES];
• Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA];
• New Way Movement or NR;
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA];
• Ue-Kedadji coalition;
• other small parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP];
• And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS) [Landing SAVANE];
• Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE];
• Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM];
• Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY];
• Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE];
• Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS];
• Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO];
• Jef-Jel [Talla SYLLA];
• National Democratic Rally or RND [Madior DIOUF];
• People's Labor Party or PTP [Elhadji DIOUF];
• Reform Party or PR [Abdourahim AGNE];
• Rewmi [Idrissa SECK];
• Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
• Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG];
• SOPI Coalition [Abdoulaye WADE] (a coalition led by the PDS);
• Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• labor;
• Sufi and Mouride brotherhoods;
• students;
• teachers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Paul CHOW];
• Seychelles National Party or SNP [Wavel RAMKALAWAN] (formerly the United Opposition or UO);
• Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [France Albert RENE, James MICHEL] (the governing party)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Roman Catholic Church; trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA];
• Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON];
• People's Movement for Democratic Change or PMDC [Charles MARGAI];
• Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Solomon BEREWA];
• numerous others

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

trade unions and student unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• numerous clan and sub-clan factions are in opposition to the transitional government;
• Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia (ARS);
• Hawiye Tradition and Unity Council (HTUC)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE];
• African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI];
• Democratic Alliance or DA [Helen ZILLE];
• Freedom Front Plus or FF+ [Pieter MULDER];
• Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI];
• New National Party or NNP;
• Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Motsoko PHEKO];
• United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary];
• South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary];
• South African National Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president];
• note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed OMAR];
• Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva Mayardit KIIR];
• and elements of the National Democratic Alliance or NDA including factions of the Democratic Union Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI] and Umma Party [SADIQ Siddiq al-Mahdi];
• note - all political parties listed above in the Government of National Unity

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Umma Party [Sadiq al-MAHDI]; Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI];
• Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE];
• Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA];
• Democratic Party [Christopher MTIKLA] (unregistered);
• Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga MREME];
• United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO];
• Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA;
• Democratic Party for Renewal or PDR;
• Juvento [Monsilia DJATO];
• Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP;
• Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP;
• Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO];
• Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE];
• Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR;
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU];
• Union of Forces for a Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Al-Tajdid Movement [Ali HALOUANI];
• Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD (official ruling party) [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI];
• Green Party for Progress or PVP [Mongi KHAMASSI];
• Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI];
• Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA];
• Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed BOUCHIHA];
• Progressive Democratic Party [Nejib CHEBBI];
• Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Ahmed INOUBLI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• 18 October Group [collective leadership];
• Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberties or FDTL [Mustapha Ben JAFAAR];
• Tunisian League for Human Rights or LTDH [Mokhtar TRIFI];
• note - the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Conservative Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI];
• Democratic Party or DP [Kizito SSEBAANA];
• Forum for Democratic Change or FDC [Kizza BESIGYE];
• Justice Forum or JEEMA [Muhammad Kibirige MAYANJA];
• National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA];
• National Resistance Movement or NRM [Yoweri MUSEVENI];
• Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Miria OBOTE]

note: a national referendum in July 2005 opened the way for Uganda's transition to a multi-party political system

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Popular Resistance Against a Life President or PRALP

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All Peoples Congress Party [Winright NGONDO];
• Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD [Edith NAWAKWI];
• Heritage Party or HP [Godfrey MIYANDA];
• Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger CHONGWE];
• Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Levy MWANAWASA];
• National Democratic Focus or NDF;
• Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA];
• Party of Unity for Democracy and Development or PUDD [Dan PULE];
• Reform Party [Nevers MUMBA];
• United Democratic Alliance or UDA;
• United Liberal Party or ULP [Sakwiba SIKOTA];
• United National Independence Party or UNIP [Tilyenji KAUNDA];
• United Party for National Development or UPND [Hakainde HICHILEMA];
• Zambia Democratic Congress or ZADECO [Langton SICHONE];
• Zambian Republican Party or ZRP [Benjamin MWILA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African National Party or ANP;
• Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI, anti-Senate faction; Arthur MUTAMBARA, pro-Senate faction];
• Peace Action is Freedom for All or PAFA;
• United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA];
• United People's Party [Daniel SHUMBA];
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA];
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE];
• Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA];
• Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance or ZIYA

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition [Arnold TSUNGA];
• National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU];
• Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Wellington CHIBEBE]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Atassut Party (Solidarity) [Finn KARLSEN] (a conservative party favoring continuing close relations with Denmark);
• Demokratiit [Per BERTHELSEN];
• Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo Brotherhood) [Josef MOTZFELDT] (a leftist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule);
• Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List) (an independent right-of-center party with no official platform);
• Siumut (Forward Party) [Hans ENOKSEN] (a social democratic party advocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Independence Party or IP [Geir H. HAARDE];
• Left-Green Movement or LGM [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON];
• Liberal Party or LP [Gudjon KRISTJANSSON];
• Progressive Party or PP [Gudni AGUSTSSON];
• Social Democratic Alliance or SDA [Ingibjorg Solrun GISLADOTTIR] (includes People's Alliance or PA, Social Democratic Party or SDP, Women's List)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

• Afghanistan Peoples' Treaty Party (Hizb-e-Wolesi Tarhun Afghanistan) [Sayyed Amir TAHSEEN];
• Afghanistan's Islamic Mission Organization (Tanzim Daawat-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Abdul Rasoul SAYYAF];
• Afghanistan's Islamic Nation Party (Hezb-e-Umat-e-Islam-e-Afghanistan) [Toran Noor Aqa Ahmad ZAI];
• Afghanistan's National Islamic Party (Hezb-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Rohullah LOUDIN];
• Afghanistan's Welfare Party (Hezb-e-Refah-e-Afghanistan) [Meer Asef ZAEEFI];
• Afghan Social Democratic Party (Hezb-e-Afghan Melat) [Anwarul Haq AHADI];
• Afghan Society for the Call to the Koran and Sunna (Hezb-e-Jamahat-ul-Dawat ilal Quran-wa-Sunat-e-Afghanistan) [Mawlawee Samiullah NAJEEBEE];
• Comprehensive Movement of Democracy and Development of Afghanistan Party (Hizb-e-Nahzat Faragir Democracy wa Taraqi-e-Afghanistan) [Sher Mohammad BAZGAR];
• Democratic Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Democracy Afghanistan) [Tawos ARAB];
• Democratic Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Domcrat-e-Afghanistan) [Abdul Kabir RANJBAR];
• Elites People of Afghanistan Party (Hezb-e-Nakhbagan-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Abdul Hamid JAWAD];
• Freedom and Democracy Movement of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Nahzat-e-Aazadee Wa Democracy-e-Afghanistan) [Abdul Raqib Jawid KOHISTANEE];
• Freedom Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Azadee-e-Afghanistan) [Ilaj Abdul MALEK];
• Freedom Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Isteqlal-e-Afghanistan) [Dr. Ghulam Farooq NEJRABEE];
• Hizullah-e-Afghanistan [Qari Ahmad ALI];
• Human Rights Protection and Development Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Ifazat Az Uqooq-e-Bashar Wa Inkishaf-e-Afghanistan) [Baryalai NASRATI];
• Islamic Justice Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Adalat-e-Islami Afghanistan) [Mohammad Kabir MARZBAN];
• Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Hezb-e Harakat-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Ali JAWID];
• Islamic Movement of Afghanistan Party (Hizb-e-Nahzat-e-Melli Islami Afghanistan) [Mohammad Mukhtar MUFLEH];
• Islamic Party of Afghanistan (Hizb-e-Islami Afghanistan) [Mohammad Khalid FAROOQI];
• Islamic Party of the Afghan Land (De Afghan Watan Islami Gond) [Mohammad Hassan FEROZKHEL];
• Islamic People's Movement of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Islami Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Ilhaj Said Hussain ANWARY];
• Islamic Society of Afghanistan (Hezb-e Jamihat-e-Islami) [Ustad RABBANI];
• Islamic Unity of the Nation of Afghanistan Party (Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami-e-Melat-e-Afghanistan) [Qurban Ali URFANI];
• Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Karim KHALILI];
• Islamic Unity Party of the People of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Ustad Mohammad MOHAQQEQ];
• Labor and Progress of Afghanistan Party (Hezb-e-Kar Wa Tawsiha-e-Afghanistan) [Zulfiqar OMID];
• Muslim People of Afghanistan Party (Hezb-e-Mardom-e-Mosalman-e-Afghanistan) [Besmellah JOYAN];
• Muslim Unity Movement Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Tahreek Wahdat-ul-Musimeen Afghanistan) [Wazir Mohammad WAHDAT];
• National and Islamic Sovereignty Movement Party of Afghanistan (Hizb-e-Eqtedar-e-Melli wa Islami Afghanistan) [Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai];
• National Congress Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Kangra-e-Mili-e-Afghanistan) [Abdul Latif PEDRAM];
• National Country Party (Hezb-e-Mili Heward) [GHULAM MOHAMMAD];
• National Development Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Taraqee Mili Afghanistan) [Dr. Aref BAKTASH];
• National Freedom Seekers Party (Hezb-e-Aazaadi Khwahan Maihan) [Abdul Hadi DABEER];
• National Independence Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e Esteqlal-e-Mili Afghanistan) [Taj Mohammad WARDAK];
• National Islamic Fighters Party of Afghanistan (De Afghanistan De Mili Mubarizeeno Islami Gond) [Amanat NINGARHAREE];
• National Islamic Front of Afghanistan (Mahaz-e-Mili Islami Afghanistan) [Pir Sayed Ahmad GAILANEE];
• National Islamic Moderation Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Eatedal-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Qara Bik Eized YAAR];
• National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Junbish Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Sayed NOORULLAH];
• National Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad AKBAREE];
• National Movement of Afghanistan (Nahzat-e-Mili Afghanistan) [Ahmad Wali MASOOUD];
• National Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Mili Afghanistan) [Abdul Rashid ARYAN];
• National Patch of Afghanistan Party (Hezb-e Paiwand Mihahani Afghanistan) [Sayed Kamal SADAT];
• National Peace Islamic Party of Afghanistan (De Afghanistan De Solay Mili Islami Gond) [Shah Mohammood Popal ZAI];
• National Peace Islamic Party of the Tribes of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Sulh-e-Mili Islami Aqwam-e-Afghanistan) [Abdul Qaher SHARIATEE];
• National Peace Unity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-Mili-e-Afghanistan) [Abdul Qader IMAMI];
• National Prosperity and Islamic Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Osman SALEKZADA];
• National Prosperity Party (Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mili Afghanistan) [Mohammad Hassan JAHFAREE];
• National Solidarity Movement of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Nahzat-e-Hambastagee Mili-e-Afghanistan) [Pir Sayed Eshaq GAILANEE];
• National Solidarity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Paiwand Mili Afghanistan) [Sayed Mansoor NADREEI];
• National Sovereignty Party (Hezb-e-Eqtedar-e-Mili) [Sayed Mustafa KAZEMI];
• National Stability Party (Hezb-e-Subat-e-Mili Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Same KHAROTI];
• National Stance Party (Hizb-e-Melli Dareez) [Habibullah JANEBDAR];
• National Tribal Unity Islamic Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Aqwam-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Shah KHOGYANI];
• National Unity Movement (Hezb-e-Tahreek Wahdat-e-Mili-e-Afghanistan) [Sultan Mohammad GHAZI];
• National Unity Movement of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Nadir AATASH];
• National Unity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan) [Abdul Rashid JALILI];
• New Afghanistan Party (Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Naween) [Mohammad Yunis QANUNI];
• Peace and National Welfare Activists Society (Hezb-e-Majmeh Mili Faleen-Sulh-e-Afghanistan) [Shamsul Haq Noor SHAMS];
• Peace Movement (De Afghanistan De Solay Ghorzang Gond) [Shahnawaz TANAI];
• People's Aspirations Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Aarman-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Ilhaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE];
• People's Freedom Seekers Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Aazadee Khwahan Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Feda Mohammad EHSAS];
• People's Liberal Freedom Seekers Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Lebral-e-Aazadee Khwa-e-Afghanistan) [Ajmal SUHAIL];
• People's Message Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Resalat-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Noor Aqa WAINEE];
• People's Movement of the National Unity of Afghanistan (De Afghanistan De Mili Wahdat Wolesi Tahreek) [Abdul Hakim NOORZAI];
• People's Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Ahmad Shah ASAR];
• People's Prosperity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Falah-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Ustad Mohammad ZAREEF];
• People's Sovereignty Movement of Afghanistan (Nahzat-e-Hakemyat-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Hayatullah SUBHANEE];
• People's Uprising Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Rastakhaiz-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Sayed Zahir Qayed Omul BELADI];
• People's Welfare Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Mia Gul WASIQ];
• People's Welfare Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ];
• Progressive Democratic Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Taraqee Democrat Afghanistan) [Wali ARYA];
• Republican Party (Hezb-e-Jamhoree Khwahane-Afghanistan) [Sebghatullah SANJAR];
• Solidarity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Hambastagee-e-Afghanistan) [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT];
• The Afghanistan's Mujahid Nation's Islamic Unity Movement (Da Afghanistan Mujahid Woles Yaowaali Islami Tahreek) [Saeedullah SAEED];
• The People of Afghanistan's Democratic Movement (Hezb-e-Junbish Democracy Mardom-e-Afghanistan) [Sharif NAZARI];
• Tribes Solidarity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e Hambastagee Mili Aqwam-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Zarif NASERI];
• Understanding and Democracy Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Tafahum Wa Democracy-e-Afghanistan) [Ahamad SHAHEEN];
• United Afghanistan Party (Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Wahid) [Mohammad Wasil RAHIMEE];
• United Islamic Party of Afghanistan (Hizb-e-Mutahed Islami Afghanistan) [Wahidullah SABAWOON];
• Young Afghanistan's Islamic Organization (Hezb-e-Islami-e-Afghanistan-e-Jawan) [Sayed Jawad HUSSINEE];
• Youth Solidarity Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Hambastagee Mili Jawanan-e-Afghanistan) [Mohammad Jamil KARZAI];
• note - includes only political parties approved by the Ministry of Justice

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Agro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALYAN]; Armenia Party (Hayastan) [Myasnik MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [Artashes ZURABYAN]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK [Harutyun MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Dashink [Gen. Samvel Babayan]; Democratic Party [Aram SARKISYAN]; Heritage Party [Raffi HOVHANNISYAN]; Justice Bloc [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN] (comprised of the Democratic Party, National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, the People's Party, and the Republic Party); National Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National Revival Party [Albert BAZEYAN]; National Unity Party [Artashes GEGHAMYAN]; People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Prosperous Armenia [Gagik TSAROUKYAN]; Republic Party [Aram SARKISYAN]; Republican Party of Armenia or HHK [Serzh SARGSYAN]; Rule of Law Party [Artur BAGHDASARYAN]; Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant KHACHATURYAN]; United Labor Party [Gurgen ARSENYAN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Azadliq coalition (Musavat, APF, and DPA);
• Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of "Reform" faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic" faction];
• Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY];
• Civic Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV];
• Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA [Ramiz AHMADOV];
• Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI];
• Democratic Party for Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV];
• Justice Party [Ilyas ISMAILOV];
• Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat HACIYEVA];
• Motherland Party;
• Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman];
• Yeni Azerbaijan Party;
• Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA [Etibar MAMMADLI];
• Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Araz ALIZADE]

note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Sadval, Lezgin movement;
• self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic;
• Talysh independence movement;
• Union of Pro-Azerbaijani Forces (UPAF);
• Karabakh Liberation Organization

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA];
• Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK];
• Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA];
• Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq AMINI];
• Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Matiur Rahman NIZAMI];
• Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];
• Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR];
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY and Oli AHMED]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

no legal parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Buddhist clergy;
• ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign;
• Indian merchant community;
• United Front for Democracy (exiled)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

no substantial political opposition groups exist, although the government has identified the Falungong spiritual movement and the China Democracy Party as subversive groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Burjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE];
• Georgian People's Front [Nodar NATADZE];
• Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG [Panteleimon GIORGADZE];
• Georgia's Way Party [Salome ZOURABICHVILI];
• Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE];
• Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE];
• Labor Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA];
• National Movement Democratic Front [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI] (bloc composed of National Movement and Burjanadze-Democrats);
• National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI];
• New Rights [David GAMKRELIDZE];
• Republican Party [David USUPASHVILI];
• Rightist Opposition [David GAMKRELIDZE] (bloc composed of Industrialists and New Right Party);
• Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli MINDELI];
• Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI];
• Union of National Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI and Zviad DZIDZIGURI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Georgian independent deputies from Abkhaz government in exile; separatists in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI];
• Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Rajnath SINGH];
• Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK];
• Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN];
• Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI-M [Prakash KARAT];
• Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI];
• Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI];
• Janata Dal (United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADEV];
• Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [Shibu SOREN];
• Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN];
• Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKU];
• Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR];
• Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [S. RAMADOSS];
• Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV];
• Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV];
• Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Prakash Singh BADAL];
• Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY];
• Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrasekhar RAO];
• Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU];
• note - India has dozens of national and regional political parties;
• only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh;
• various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland in the Northeast

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Ichiro OZAWA];
• Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII];
• Komeito [Akihiro OTA];
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Yasuo FUKUDA];
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Mizuho FUKUSHIMA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, Zeynulla ALSHIMBAYEV, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, Yerkin ONGARBAYEV, Tolegan SYDYKOV] (formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan);
• Agrarian and Industrial Union of Workers Block or AIST (Agrarian Party and Civic Party);
• Ak Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Alikhan BAIMENOV];
• Auyl (Village) [Gani KALIYEV];
• Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN];
• Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV];
• National Social Democratic Party (NSDP)[Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY];
• Nur-Otan [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan);
• Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV];
• Rukhaniyat (Spirituality) [Altynshash ZHAGANOVA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA];
• Almaty Helsinki Group [Ninel FOKINA];
• Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN];
• For a Just Kazakhstan [Bolat ABILOV];
• For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV];
• Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director];
• Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAI];
• Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman];
• Republican Network of International Monitors [Dos KUSHIM];
• Transparency International [Sergei ZLOTNIKOV]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong Il];
• minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong] (under KWP control), Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae] (under KWP control)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Labor Party or DLP [MOON Seong-hyun];
• Democratic Party or DP [PARK Sang-chun];
• Grand National Party or GNP [KANG Jae-sup];
• People-First Party or PFP [SHIN Kook-hwan and SIM Dae-pyung];
• Uri Party [Chung Sye-kyun]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Federation of Korean Industries;
• Federation of Korean Trade Unions;
• Korean Confederation of Trade Unions;
• Korean National Council of Churches;
• Korean Traders Association;
• Korean Veterans' Association;
• National Council of Labor Unions;
• National Democratic Alliance of Korea;
• National Federation of Farmers' Associations;
• National Federation of Student Associations

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Emil ALIYEV];
• Asaba (Banner National Revival Party) [Azimbek BEKNAZAROV, Roza OTUNBAYEVA];
• Ata-Meken (Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV];
• Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Viktor TCHETRNOMORETS];
• Erkindik (Freedom) Party [Topchubek TURGUNALIYEV];
• Moya Strana (My Country Party of Action) [Medet SADYRKULOV];
• Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Ishak MASALIYEV];
• Party of Justice and Progress [Muratbek IMANALIEV];
• Party of Peasants [Esengul ISAKOV];
• Republican Party of Labor and Unity [Tabaldy OROZALIYEV];
• Sanjira (Tree of Life) [Ednan KARABAYEV];
• Social Democratic Party [Almaz ATAMBAYEV];
• Sodruzhestvo (Cooperation) [Vladimir NIFADYEV, Samat BORUBAYEV];
• Union of Democratic Forces [Kubatbek BAIBOLOV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Adilet Legal Clinic [Cholpon JAKUPOVA];
• Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society;
• For Reforms [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV, Almazbek ATAMBAYEV];
• Interbilim [Asiya SASYKBAYEVA]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Abdul Majeed Abdul BARI];
• Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (Maldivian People's Party) or DRP [Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM];
• Islamic Democratic Party or IDP [Omar NASEER];
• Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Mohamed NASHEED];
• note - political parties were allowed to register in June 2005

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

various unregistered political parties

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN] (also called Civil Courage Republican Party or CCRP);
• Democratic Party or DP [Tsakhiagiyn ELBEGDORJ];
• Motherland-Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [Badarchyn ERDENEBAT];
• Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Sanji BAYAR];
• Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN];
• People's Party or PP [Lamjav GUNDALAI]

note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in 2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party; MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML [Madhav Kumar NEPAL];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Pashupati Shumsher RANA] (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP);
• Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP - Mandal [Bhadri Prasad MANDAL];
• Nepal Sadbhavana Party - Ananda Devi [Ananda DEVI];
• Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE];
• Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA, president] (reunited with splinter Nepali Congress-Democratic in September 2007);
• People's Front Nepal (Amik Sherchan Group);
• People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur Ale Group);
• People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur K.C. Group);
• Rastriya Janashakti Party or RJP [Surya Bahadur THAPA] (split from RPP in March 2005);
• Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal (merged with People's Front Nepal or PFN in 2002);
• United Leftist Front or UFL [C.P. MAINALI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA, chairman; Dr. Baburam BHATTARAI];
• numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital;
• several small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN];
• Balochistan National Party/Hayee Group or BNP/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH];
• Baluch National Party/Awami or BNP/A [Moheem Khan BALOCH];
• Baluch National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL];
• Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP;
• Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR];
• Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED];
• Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN];
• Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ];
• Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ];
• Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal or MMA [Qazi Hussain AHMED];
• Muttahida Qaumi Movement, or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN];
• National Alliance or NA [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI] (merged with PML);
• Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];
• Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI];
• Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO];
• Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF];
• Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN];
• note - as of May 2004, the PML/Q changed its name to PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and NA;
• Pakistan People's Party or PPP/S [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO];
• Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Benazir BHUTTO];
• Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN];
• Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI]

note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• A Just Russia or JR [Sergey MIRONOV] (formed from the merger of three small political parties: Rodina (Motherland), Pensioners Party, and Party of Life);
• Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV];
• Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY];
• People's Party [Gennadiy GUDKOV];
• Union of Right Forces or SPS [Nikita BELYKH];
• United Russia or UR [Boris Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV];
• Yabloko Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [A. VINAYAKAMOORTHY];
• Ceylon Workers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN];
• Communist Party or CP [D. GUNASEKERA];
• Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF [T.N.S. NANAYAKKARA];
• Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA];
• Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN];
• Janatha Vimukthi Perumuna or JVP [Somawansa AMARASINGHE];
• Lanka Sama Samaja Party or LSSP [Tissa VITHARANA];
• Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) or MEP [D. GUNAWARDENE];
• National Heritage Party or JHU [Ellawala METHANANDA];
• National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF];
• People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [D. SIDHARTHAN];
• Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Mahinda RAJAPAKSA];
• Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM];
• Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [P. Nelson PERERA];
• Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [Selvam ADAIKALANATHAN];
• Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN];
• Tamil United Liberation Front or TULF [V. ANANDASANGAREE];
• United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE];
• Up-country People's Front or UPF [P. CHANDRASEKARAN];
• several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties, represented in either Parliament or provincial councils

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Buddhist clergy;
• labor unions;
• Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE [Velupillai PRABHAKARAN](insurgent group fighting for a separate state);
• radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism;
• Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups;
• Tamil Eela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal, TMVP or "Karuna group" [Vinayagamurthi MURALITHARAN] (paramilitary breakaway from LTTE and fighting against LTTE)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir KARAKULOV];
• Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV (imprisoned October 2005); Rahmatullo VALIYEV, deputy];
• Islamic Revival Party [Muhiddin KABIRI];
• Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimzon BOBOYEV];
• People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV];
• Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV];
• Socialist Party or SPT [Abdualim GHAFFOROV];
• Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

unregistered political parties:

• Agrarian Party [Hikmatullo NASREDDINOV];
• Party of Justice [Abdurahim KARIMOV];
• People's Unity Party [Abdumalik ABDULLOJONOV];
• Progressive Party [Sulton QUVVATOV];
• Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn NAZRIYEV];
• note - this is a SPT that was disbanded, another pro-government SPT (listed above under political parties) replaced it;
• Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT

note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries; the two most prominent opposition groups-in-exile have been National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT) and the United Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (UDPT); NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 assassination attempt on President NIYAZOV; UDPT is led by former Foreign Minister Abdy KULIEV and is based in Moscow

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Dilorom TASHMUHAMMEDOVA];
• Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Hurshid DOSMUHAMMEDOV];
• Fidokorlar National Democratic Party (Self-Sacrificers) [Ahtam TURSUNOV];
• Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or LDPU [Adham SHADMANOV; People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Asliddin RUSTAMOV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Agrarian and Entrepreneurs' Party [Marat ZAHIDOV];
• Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman];
• Committee for the Protection of Human Rights [Marat ZAHIDOV];
• Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 December 1992;
• Ezgulik Human Rights Society [Vasila INOYATOVA];
• Free Farmers' Party or Ozod Dehqonlar [Nigora KHIDOYATOVA];
• Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Talib YAKUBOV, chairman];
• Independent Human Rights Organization of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman];
• Mazlum;
• Sunshine Coalition [Sanjar UMAROV, chairman]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES];
• The Anguilla United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS] (a coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance or ANA);
• Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Roy ROGERS];
• Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];
• Barbudans for a Better Barbuda [Ordrick SAMUEL];
• Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK];
• Barbuda People's Movement for Change [Arthur NIBBS];
• United Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three parties - Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, Progressive Labor Movement or PLM, United National Democratic Party or UNDP)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Aliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER];
• Aruban Liberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES];
• Aruban Patriotic Movement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK];
• Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET];
• Aruban People's Party or AVP [Mike EMAN];
• People's Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER];
• Real Democracy or PDR [Andin BIKKER];
• RED [Rudy LAMPE];
• Workers Political Platform or PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert INGRAHAM]; Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR];
• Democratic Labor Party or DLP [David THOMPSON];
• People's Empowerment Party or PEP [David COMISSIONG]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Barbados Secondary Teachers' Union or BSTU [Patrick FROST];
• Barbados Union of Teachers or BUT [Herbert GITTENS];
• Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados or CTUSAB, which includes the BWU, NUPW, BUT, and BSTU [Leroy TROTMAN];
• Barbados Workers Union or BWU [Leroy TROTMAN];
• Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMISSIONG];
• National Union of Public Workers [Joseph GODDARD]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Alliance for Belizean Rights or NABR;
• National Reform Party or NRP [Cornelius DUECK];
• People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA];
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Dean BARROW];
• Vision Inspired by the People or VIP [Paul MORGAN];
• We the People Reform Movement [Hipolito BAUTISTA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Gustavo PERERA];
• Association of Concerned Belizeans or ACB [David VASQUEZ];
• National Trade Union Congress of Belize or NTUC/B [Rene GOMEZ]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH];
• United Party or UP [Gregory MADURO];
• Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• United Democratic Party or UDP [McKeeva BUSH];
• People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Kurt TIBBETTS];
• note - no national teams (loose groupings of political organizations) were formed for the 2000 elections

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS];
• Citizen Action Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS];
• Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez];
• Democratic Force Party or PFD [Vladimir DE LA CRUZ];
• General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto FERNANDEZ Vega];
• Homeland First or PP [Juan Jose VARGAS Fallas];
• Independent Worker Party or PIO [Jose Alberto CUBERO Carmona];
• Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth];
• National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Juan Carlos CHAVEZ Mora];
• National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes];
• National Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO];
• National Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS Vargas];
• National Restoration Party or PRN [Carlos AVENDANO];
• Nationalist Democratic Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS Umana];
• Patriotic Union or UP [Humberto ARCE Salas];
• Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis FILMAN];
• Union for Change Party or UPC [Antonio ALVAREZ Desanti];
• United Leftist Coalition or IU [Humberto VARGAS Carbonel]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate);
• Chamber of Coffee Growers;
• Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate);
• Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate);
• Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO;
• Costa Rican Solidarity Movement;
• Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises or UCCAEP [Rafael CARRILLO];
• Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP;
• National Association for Economic Development or ANFE;
• National Association of Educators or ANDE;
• National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP [Albino VARGAS];
• Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert BROWN]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN];
• Dominica Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT];
• Dominica United Workers Party or UWP [Earl WILLIAMS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna];
• Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Ramon ALBURQUERQUE];
• National Progressive Front [Vincent CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO];
• Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Enrique ANTUN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania);
• Collective of Popular Organizations or COP;
• Foundation for Institution-Building and Justice (FINJUS)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER];
• Democratic Convergence or CD [Ruben ZAMORA] (formerly United Democratic Center or CDU);
• Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ];
• National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ ZEPEDA];
• National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez];
• Popular Social Christian Party or PPSC [Rene AGUILUZ];
• Revolutionary Democratic Front or FDR [Julio Cesar HERNANDEZ Carcamo]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador or SIES;
• Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS;
• National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS;
• National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS;
• Port Industry Union of El Salvador or SIPES;
• Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or USEPOC;
• Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS;
• Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL;
• business organizations - National Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP;
• Salvadoran Assembly Industry Association or ASIC;
• Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Gloria Payne BANFIELD];
• National Democratic Congress or NDC [Tillman THOMAS];
• New National Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Edgar DE LEON Sotomayor]; Center of Social Action or CASA [Eduardo SUGER]; Democracy Front or FRENTE [Alfonso CABRERA]; Democratic Union or UD [Manuel CONDE Orellana]; Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENGRO]; Grand National Alliance or GANA [Alfredo VILLA]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Hector NUILA]; Guatemalan Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; National Advancement Party or PAN [Ruben Dario MORALES]; National Unity for Hope or UNE [Alvaro COLOM Caballeros]; National Well-Being or BIEN [Fidel REYES]; New Nation Alliance or ANN [Pablo MONSANTO]; Patriot Party or PP [Ret.

Gen. Otto PEREZ Molina]; Progressive Libertarian Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES]; Reform Movement or MR [Juan Jose CABRERA Alonso]; Unionista Party or PU [Fritz GARCIA]; Unity of National Change or UCN [Sidney SHAW]; Social Democratic Party of Guatemala or PSG [Roger VALENZUELA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO;
• Alliance Against Impunity or AAI;
• Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC;
• Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF;
• Mutual Support Group or GAM

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Artibonite in Action or LAAA [Youri LATORTUE];
• Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT];
• Convention for Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL];
• Cooperative Action to Build Haiti or KONBA [Evans LESCOUFALIR];
• Democratic Alliance or ALYANS [Evans PAUL] (coalition composed of KID and PPRH);
• Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP [Joseph JASME];
• For Us All or PONT [Jean-Marie CHERESTAL];
• Front for Hope or L'ESPWA [Rene PREVAL] (alliance of ESKAMP, PLB, and grass-roots organizations Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, the Central Plateau Peasants' Group, and Kombit Sudest);
• Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise CLAUDE];
• Haitian Democratic and Reform Movement or MODEREH [Dany TOUSSAINT and Pierre Soncon PRINCE];
• Heads Together or Tet-Ansanm [Dr. Gerard BLOT];
• Independent Movement for National Reconciliation or MIRN [Luc FLEURINORD];
• Justice for Peace and National Development or JPDN [Rigaud DUPLAN];
• Fanmi Lavalas or FL [Rudy HERIVEAUX];
• Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [Gehy MICHEL];
• Merging of Haitian Social Democratic Parties or FUSION or FPSDH [Serge GILLES] (coalition of Ayiti Capable, Haitian National Revolutionary Party, and National Congress of Democratic Movements);
• Mobilization for Haiti's Development or MPH [Samir MOURRA];
• Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert de RONCERAY];
• Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN [Jean Henold BUTEAU];
• Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN];
• National Christian Union for the Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH [Marie Claude GERMAIN];
• National Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRN [Guy PHILIPPE];
• New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU];
• Open the Gate Party or PLB [Anes LUBIN];
• Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti or PPRH [Claude ROMAIN];
• Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Edgard LEBLANC];
• Union of Nationalist and Progressive Haitians or UNITE [Edouard FRANCISQUE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole ST-CYR];
• Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH;
• Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS;
• General Organization of Independent Haitian Workers [Patrick NUMAS];
• Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, or KOREGA;
• National Popular Assembly or APN;
• Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE];
• Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP;
• Roman Catholic Church;
• Protestant Federation of Haiti

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Felicito AVILA];
• Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Cesar HAM];
• Liberal Party or PL [Patricia RODAS];
• National Innovation and Unity Party or PINU [Jorge AQUILAR Paredes];
• National Party of Honduras or PN [Porfirio LOBO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH;
• Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH;
• Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP;
• General Workers Confederation or CGT;
• Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP;
• National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH;
• National Union of Campesinos or UNC;
• Popular Bloc or BP;
• United Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING];
• People's National Party or PNP [Portia SIMPSON-MILLER];
• National Democratic Movement or NDM [Michael WILLIAMS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Montserrat Democratic Party or MDP [Lowell LEWIS];
• Movement for Change and Prosperity or MCAP [Roselyn CASSELL-SEALY];
• New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Bonaire:

Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB [Jopi ABRAHAM]; Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UPB [Ramonsito BOOI]

Curacao:

• Ban Vota [Norbert GEORGE];
• C-93 [Stanley BROWN];
• Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ];
• E Mayoria [Aurelio PEDRO];
• Forsa Korsou [Nelson NAVARRO];
• Liste Ni'un Paso Atras [Nelson PIERRE];
• Movemiento Patriotiko Korsou [Reginald LAK];
• New Antilles Movement or MAN [Charles COOPER];
• Partido Akshon Pa Prosperidat I Seguridat [Sonja BERKEMEYER];
• Partido Laboral Krusada Popular or PLKP [Errol COVA];
• Party for the Restructured Antilles or PAR [Emily de JONGH-ELHAGE];
• People's National Party or PNP [Ersilia DE LANNOOY];
• Pidjin [Jasmin PINEDO];
• Pueblo Soberano [Herman WIELS];
• Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT]

Saba:

Saba Labor Party [Akilah LEVENSTONE]; Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Ray HASSELL]

Sint Eustatius:

• Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY];
• Progressive Labor Party [Clyde VAN PUTTEN];
• St. Eustatius Alliance [Ingrid HOUTMAN-WHITFIELD]

Sint Maarten:

• Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah WESCOTT-WILLIAMS];
• Freedom Slate of National Democratic Party [Theophilus PRIEST];
• National Alliance or NA [William MARLIN];
• People's Progressive Alliance or PPA [Gracita ARRINDELL];
• St. Maarten People's Party [Johan LEONARD];
• United People's Labor Party [Bienvenido RICHARDSON]

note: political parties are indigenous to each island

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Unions (AVBO) and Employers Association (VBC)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Miguel LOPEZ Baldizon];
• Central American Unionist Party or PUCA [Blanca ROJAS];
• Christian Alternative Party or AC [Orlando TARDENCILLA Espinoza];
• Conservative Party or PC [Azalia AVILES Salmeron];
• Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Anibal MARTINEZ Nunez, Pedro REYES Vallejos];
• Independent Liberal Party for National Unity or PLIUN [Carlos GUERRA Gallardo];
• Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC [Jorge CASTILLO Quant];
• Liberal Salvation Movement or MSL [Eliseo NUNEZ Hernandez];
• New Liberal Party or PALI [Adolfo GARCIA Esquivel];
• Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance or ALN [Eduardo MONTEALEGRE];
• Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO Molina];
• Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN [Salvador TALAVERA];
• Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra];
• Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Dora Maria TELLEZ];
• Unity Alliance or AU

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including - Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of business groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI];
• Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Hugo GUIRAUD];
• Liberal Party or PLN [Joaquin F. Franco VASQUEZ];
• Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Gisela CHUNG];
• Panamenista Party or PA [Juan Carlos VARELA] (formerly the Arnulfista Party);
• Patriotic Union Party or PUP [Jose Raul MULINO and Anibal GALINDO];
• Popular Party or PP [Rene ORILLAC] (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC);
• Solidarity Party or PS

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Chamber of Commerce;
• National Civic Crusade;
• National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO;
• National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP;
• National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS);
• Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE;
• Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP;
• Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Democratic Party [Roberto PRATS];
• National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE];
• New Progressive Party or PNP [Pedro ROSSELLO] (pro-US statehood);
• Popular Democratic Party or PPD [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA] (pro-commonwealth);
• Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez] (pro-independence)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Boricua Popular Army or EPB (a revolutionary group also known as Los Macheteros);
• note - the following radical groups are considered dormant by Federal law enforcement: Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN, Armed Forces of Popular Resistance, Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

• Action-Equilibre-Transparence [Maxime DESOUCHES];
• Ensemble pour Saint-Barthelemy [Benoit CHAUVIN];
• Saint-Barth d'Abord! or SBA [Bruno MAGRAS];
• Tous Unis pour Saint-Barthelemy [Karine MIOT-RICHARD]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance AMORY];
• Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY];
• People's Action Movement or PAM [Lindsay GRANT];
• Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM];
• Saint Lucia Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS];
• Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY];
• Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher HUNTE];
• United Workers Party or UWP [Sir John COMPTON]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

• Union Pour le Progres or UPP [Louis Constant FLEMING];
• Rassemblement Responsabilite Reussite or RRR [Alain RICHARDSON];
• Reussir Saint-Martin [Jean-Luc HAMLET]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE];
• Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National Unity or MNU)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Congress of the People [Winston DOOKERAN];
• Democratic Action Congress or DAC [Hochoy CHARLES] (only active in Tobago);
• Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Gerald YETMING] (coalition of NAR, DDPT, MND);
• Movement for National Development or MND [Garvin NICHOLAS];
• National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Dr. Carson CHARLES];
• People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING];
• United National Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Jamaat-al Muslimeen [Yasin BAKR]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Floyd SEYMOUR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Michael Eugene MISICK]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON];
• Independent Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHARDS];
• Republican Party [Gary SPRAUVE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];
• Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nard NDOKA];
• Communist Party of Albania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI];
• Democratic Alliance Party or AD [Neritan CEKA];
• Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA];
• Legality Movement Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIU];
• Liberal Union Party or BLD [Arjan STAROVA];
• National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Adriatik ALIMADHI];
• New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO];
• Party of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI];
• Renewed Democratic Party or PDRN [Dashamir SHEHI];
• Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];
• Social Democracy Party of Albania or PDSSh [Paskal MILO];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI];
• Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META];
• Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA];
• Union for Human Rights Party or PBDNj [Vangjel DULE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Citizens Advocacy Office [Kreshnik SPAHIU];
• Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot MUCO];
• Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI];
• Mjaft Movement [Erion VELIAJ];
• Omonia [Jani JANI];
• Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Andorran Democratic Center Party or CDA (formerly Democratic Party or PD);
• Century 21 or S21 [Enric TARRADO];
• Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA [Albert PINTAT SANTOLARIA] (formerly Liberal Union or UL);
• Social Democratic Party or PS [Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY] (formerly part of National Democratic Group or AND)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Peter WESTENTHALER];
• Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wilhelm MOLTERER];
• Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE];
• Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER];
• The Greens [Alexander VAN DER BELLEN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Austrian Trade Union Federation (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic) or OeGB;
• Federal Economic Chamber;
• OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV;
• Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action;
• three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, and farmers and other non-government organizations in the areas of environment and human rights

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

pro-government parties:

• Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKY];
• Belarusian Communist Party or KPB;
• Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolai ULAKHOVICH, chairman];
• Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH];
• Party of Labor and Justice [Viktor SOKOLOV];
• Social-Sports Party [Vladimir ALEXANDROVICH]

opposition parties:

• 10 Plus Coalition [Aleksandr MILINKEVICH], includes: Belarusian Party of Communists or PKB [Syarhey KALYAKIN];
• Belarusian Party of Labor (unregistered) [Aleksandr BUKHVOSTOV, Leonid LEMESHONAK];
• Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Vintsyuk VYACHORKA];
• Belarusian Social-Democratic Gramada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH];
• Green Party [Oleg GROMYKO];
• Party of Freedom and Progress (unregistered) [Vladimir NOVOSYAD];
• United Civic Party or UCP [Anatol LYABEDKA];
• Women's Party "Nadezhda" [Valentina MATUSEVICH, chairperson]

other opposition includes:

• Belarusian Social-Democratic Party (People's Assembly) or BSDP NH [Aleksandr KOZULIN];
• Christian Conservative BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK];
• Ecological Party of Greens [Mikhail KARTASH];
• Party of Popular Accord [Sergei YERMAKK];
• Republican Party [Vladimir BELAZOR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH];
• Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Alyaksandr YAROSHUK];
• Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Tatiana PROTKO];
• Belarusian Organization of Working Women [Irina ZHIKHAR];
• Charter 97 [Andrey SANNIKOV];
• Lenin Communist Union of Youth (youth wing of the Belarusian Party of Communists or PKB);
• National Strike Committee of Entrepreneurs [Aleksandr VASILYEV, Valery LEVONEVSKY];
• Partnership NGO [Nikolay ASTREYKA];
• Perspektiva kiosk watchdog NGO [Anatol SHUMCHENKO];
• Vyasna [Ales BYALATSKY];
• Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA];
• Youth Front (Malady Front) [Dzmitryy DASHKEVICH, Syarhey BAKHUN];
• Zubr youth group [Vladimir KOBETS]