Political parties In 36 editions of 36.

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Ahd 54 [Ali Fauzi REBAINE];
• Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI];
• Movement of the Society of Peace or MSP [Boudjerra SOLTANI];
• National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA];
• National Liberation Front or FLN [Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general];
• National Reform Movement or Islah [Ahmed ABDESLAM] (formerly MRN);
• Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SADI];
• Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Fatah RABEI];
• Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine AIT AHMED];
• Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]

note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

The Algerian Human Rights League or LADDH [Mostefa BOUCHACHI]; SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [Ngola KABANGU];
• National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest opposition party);
• New Democracy Electoral Union or ND [Quintino de MOREIRA];
• Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] (ruling party in power since 1975);
• Social Renewal Party or PRS [Eduardo KUANGANA]

note: nine other parties participated in the legislative election in September 2008 but won no seats

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO, Antonio Bento BEMBE]

note: FLEC's small-scale armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province persists despite the signing of a peace accord with the government in August 2006

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN];
• Alliance for Dynamic Democracy or ADD;
• Alliance of Progress Forces or AFP;
• Benin Renaissance or RB [Rosine SOGLO];
• Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI];
• Force Cowrie for an Emerging Benin or FCBE;
• Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD [Theophile NATA];
• Key Force or FC [Lazare S?HOU?TO];
• Movement for the People's Alternative or MAP [Olivier CAPO-CHICHI];
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Dominique HOUNGNINOU];
• Social Democrat Party or PSD [Bruno AMOUSSOU];
• Union for Democracy and National Solidarity or UDS [Sacca LAFIA];
• Union for the Relief or UPR [Issa SALIFOU]

note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• economic groups;
• environmentalists;
• political groups;
• teachers' unions and other educational groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO];
• Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Gilson SALESHANDO];
• Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Daniel KWELAGOBE];
• Botswana Movement for Democracy or BMD [Gomolemo MOTSWALEDI];
• Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO];
• Botswana Peoples Party or BPP [Bernard BALIKANI];
• MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS [Themba JOINA];
• New Democratic Front or NDF [Dick BAYFORD]

note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• First People of the Kalahari (Bushman organization);
• Pitso Ya Ba Tswana;
• Society for the Promotion of Ikalanga Language (Kalanga elites)

other:

diamond mining companies

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF-RDA [Gilbert OUEDRAOGO];
• Citizen's Popular Rally or RPC [Antoine QUARE];
• Coalition of Democratic Forces of Burkina or CFD-B [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO];
• Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE];
• Democratic and Popular Rally or RDP [Nana THIBAUT];
• Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE];
• Party for African Independence or PAI [Soumane TOURE];
• Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party or PDP-PS [Ali LANKOANDE];
• Party for Democracy and Socialism or PDS [Felix SOUBEIGA];
• Party for National Rebirth or PAREN [Jeanne TRAORE];
• Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB [Antoine KARGOUGOU];
• Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Ram OUEDRAGO];
• Republican Party for Integration and Solidarity or PARIS;
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Fidele HIEN];
• Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Movement or UNIR-MS [Benewende STANISLAS];
• Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY];
• Union of Sankarist Parties or UPS [Ernest Nongma OUEDRAOGO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB [Tole SAGNON];
• Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP [Chrysigone ZOUGMORE];
• Group of 14 February [Benewende STANISLAS];
• National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB [Laurent OUEDRAOGO];
• National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL [Paul KABORE]

other:

watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

governing parties:

• Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Leonce NGENDAKUMANA];
• National Council for the Defense of Democracy - Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Jeremie NGENDAKUMANA];
• Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Bonaventure NIYOYANKANA]

note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD [Leonard NYANGOMA]; National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Forum for the Strengthening of Civil Society or FORSC [Pacifique NININAHAZWE] (civil society umbrella organization);
• Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption et les malversations economiques or OLUCOME [Gabriel RUFYIRI] (anti-corruption pressure group)

other:

Hutu and Tutsi militias (loosely organized)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman];
• Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO];
• Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES];
• Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO];
• Movement for Democracy or MPD [Jorge SANTOS];
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO];
• Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias RODRIGUES];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

environmentalists; political pressure groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA];
• Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA];
• Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];
• Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO];
• National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA];
• Progressive Movement or MP;
• Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI];
• Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Human Rights Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president]; Southern Cameroon National Council [Ayamba Ette OTUN]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Rally or RDC [Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Londo Association or LONDO; Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Ange-Felix PATASSE] (the party of deposed president); National Convergence or KNK; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; New Alliance for Progress or NAP [Jean-Jacques DEMAFOUTH]; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Monam (combating gender-base violence)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Alliance for the Renaissance of Chad or ART, an alliance among the ruling MPS, RDP, and Viva-RNDP; Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

rebel groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Camp of the Autonomous Islands or CdIA (a coalition of parties organized by the islands' presidents in opposition to the Union President);
• Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI Assowmani];
• Front National pour la Justice or FNJ [Ahmed RACHID] (Islamic party in opposition);
• Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF];
• Parti Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE];
• Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

environmentalists

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democrat Party or PDC [Jose ENDUNDO];
• Congolese Rally for Democracy or RCD [Azarias RUBERWA];
• Convention of Christian Democrats or CDC;
• Forces of Renewal or FR [Mbusa NYAMWISI];
• Movement for the Liberation of the Congo or MLC [Jean-Pierre BEMBA];
• People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy or PPRD [Joseph KABILA];
• Social Movement for Renewal or MSR [Pierre LUMBI];
• Unified Lumumbist Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA];
• Union for the Congolese Nation or UNC [Vital KAMERHE];
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI];
• Union of Mobutuist Democrats or UDEMO [MOBUTU Nzanga]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• MONUSCO - UN peacekeeping force;
• FARDC (Forces Arm?es de la R?publique D?mocratique du Congo) - Army of the Democratic Republic of the Congo which commits atrocities on citizens;
• FDLR (Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda) - Rwandan militia group made up of some of the perpetrators of Rwanda's Genocide in 1994;
• CNDP (National Congress for the Defense of the People) - mainly Congolese Tutsis who want refugees returned and more representation in government

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Movement for Renewal or MAR;
• Congolese Labour Party or PCT;
• Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA];
• Movement for Solidarity and Development or MSD;
• Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI];
• Rally for Democracy and the Republic or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO];
• Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president];
• Rally of the Presidential Majority or RMP;
• Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR;
• United Democratic Forces or FDU [Sebastian EBAO];
• many smaller parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC;
• General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC;
• Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC;
• Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Theodore MEL EG];
• Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire or PDCI [Henri Konan BEDIE];
• Freedom and Democracy for the Republic or LIBRE [Mamadou KOULIBALY];
• Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [vacant];
• Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE];
• Opposition Movement of the Future or MFA [Innocent Augustin ANAKY];
• Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA];
• Union for Democracy and Peace in Cote d'Ivoire or UDPCI [Toikeuse MABRI];
• over 144 smaller registered parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Federation of University and High School Students of Cote d'Ivoire or FESCI [Serges KOFFI];
• Rally of Houphouetists for Democracy and Peace or RHDP [Alphonse DJEDJE MADY];
• Young Patriots [Charles BLE GOUDE]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
• Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH];
• Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM];
• Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];
• People's Progress Assembly or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing party);
• Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon FARAH];
• Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed YOUSSOUF];
• Union for a Presidential Majority or UMP [Mohamed Dileita DILEITA] (a coalition of parties including RPP, FRUD, PND, and PPSD);
• Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Al-Geel;
• Democratic Peace Party;
• Nasserist Party [Ahmed HASSAN];
• National Democratic Party or NDP (governing party) [Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK];
• National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID];
• New Wafd Party or NWP [Sayed EL-BEDAWY];
• Social Justice Party [Mohamed Abdel Al HASAN];
• Tomorrow Party [Ayman NOUR]

note: formation of political parties must be approved by the government; only parties with representation in elected bodies are listed

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Muslim Brotherhood (technically illegal)

note: despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties and political activity, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes Egypt's most potentially significant political opposition; President MUBARAK has alternated between tolerating limited political activity by the Brotherhood and blocking its influence (its members compete as independents in elections but do not currently hold any seats in the legislature); civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms; only trade unions and professional associations affiliated with the government are officially sanctioned; Internet social networking groups and bloggers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Placido MICO Abogo];
• Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO] (ruling party);
• Electoral Coalition or EC;
• Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO];
• Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Avelino MOCACHE];
• Popular Union or UP [Daniel MARTINEZ Ayecaba]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

ASODEGUE (Madrid-based pressure group for democratic reform); EG Justice (US-based anti-corruption group)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ [ISAIAS Afworki] (the only party recognized by the government);
• note - a National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in January 2001, but the full National Assembly has yet to debate or vote on it

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Eritrean Democratic Party (EDP) [HAGOS, Mesfin];
• Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ (includes Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement or EIJM also known as the Abu Sihel Movement);
• Eritrean Islamic Salvation or EIS (also known as the Arafa Movement);
• Eritrean Liberation Front or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed];
• Eritrean National Alliance or ENA (a coalition including EIJ, EIS, ELF, and a number of ELF factions) [HERUY Tedla Biru];
• Eritrean Public Forum or EPF [ARADOM Iyob]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• the status of political parties, previously banned, is unclear under the 2006 Constitution and currently being debated;
• the following are considered political associations;
• African United Democratic Party or AUDP [Stanley MAUNDZISA, president];
• Imbokodvo National Movement or INM;
• Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president];
• People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Swaziland Democracy Campaign;
• Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions;
• Swaziland Solidarity Network or SSN

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Mohammed KEDIR];
• Arena Tigray;
• Argoba People's Democratic Organization or APDO;
• Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Party or BGPDP [Mulualem BESSE];
• Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP;
• Ethiopian Federal Democratic Forum or FORUM (a UDJ-led 8-party alliance established for the 2010 parliamentary elections);
• Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF;
• Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement or GPUDM [Umod UBONG];
• Gurage Nationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM;
• Harari National League or HNL [Murad ABDULHADI];
• Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM [BULCHA Demeksa];
• Oromo People's Congress or OPC [IMERERA Gudina];
• Somali Democratic Alliance Forces or SODAF;
• Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP;
• United Ethiopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros];
• Unity for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Birtukan MEDEKSA, currently imprisoned]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front or EPPF;
• Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF;
• Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE];
• Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE];
• Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB];
• Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA] (former sole party);
• Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP [Benoit Mouity NZAMBA];
• Gabonese Union for Democracy and Development or UGDD [Zacherie MYBOTO];
• National Rally of Woodcutters or RNB;
• National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE];
• Party of Development and Social Solidarity or PDS [Seraphin Ndoat REMBOGO];
• People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU];
• Union for Democracy and Social Integration or UDIS;
• Union of Gabonese Patriots or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH] (the ruling party);
• Gambia People's Democratic Party or GPDP [Henry GOMEZ];
• National Alliance for Democracy and Development or NADD [Halifa SALLAH];
• National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA];
• National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH];
• People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Halifa SALLAH];
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• National Environment Agency or NEA;
• West African Peace Building Network-Gambian Chapter or WANEB-GAMBIA;
• Youth Employment Network Gambia or YENGambia

other:

special needs group advocates; teachers and principals

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Convention People's Party or CPP [Ladi NYLANDER];
• Democratic Freedom Party or DFP [Alhaji Abudu Rahman ISSAKAH];
• Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE;
• Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTEY];
• National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Kwabena ADJEI];
• New Patriotic Party or NPP [Jake OBETSEBI-LAMPEY];
• People's National Convention or PNC [Alhaji Amed RAMADAN];
• Reform Party [Kyeretwie OPUKU];
• United Renaissance Party or URP [Charles WAYO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Christian Aid (water rights);
• Committee for Joint Action or CJA (education reform);
• National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water or CAP (water rights);
• Oxfam (water rights);
• Public Citizen (water rights);
• Students Coalition Against EPA [Kwabena Ososukene OKAI] (education reform);
• Third World Network (education reform)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE];
• Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Cellou Dalein DIALLO];
• Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]

note: Listed are the three most popular parties in first round voting for president in 2010; overall, there are more than 130 registered parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• National Confederation of Guinean Workers-Labor Union of Guinean Workers or CNTG-USTG Alliance (includes National Confederation of Guinean Workers or CNTG and Labor Union of Guinean Workers or USTG);
• Syndicate of Guinean Teachers and Researchers or SLECG

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior];
• Democratic Alliance or AD [Victor MANDINGA];
• Democratic Social Front or FDS [Rafael BARBOSA];
• Electoral Union or UE [Joaquim BALDE];
• Guinea-Bissau Civic Forum/Social Democracy or FCGSD [Antonieta Rosa GOMES];
• Guinea-Bissau Democratic Party or PDG;
• Guinea-Bissau Socialist Democratic Party or PDSG [Serifo BALDE];
• Labor and Solidarity Party or PST [Lancuba INDJAI];
• New Democracy Party or PND;
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA];
• Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP;
• Party for Social Renewal or PRS [Sory DJALO];
• Progress Party or PP;
• Republican Party for Independence and Development or PRID [Aristides GOMES];
• Union of Guinean Patriots or UPG [Francisca VAZ];
• Union for Change or UM [Amine SAAD];
• United Platform or UP (coalition formed by PCD, FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB);
• United Popular Alliance or APU;
• United Social Democratic Party or PUSD [Francisco FADUL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-Kenya [Musikari KOMBO];
• Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People [Reuben OYONDI];
• Kenya African National Union or KANU [Uhuru KENYATTA];
• National Rainbow Coalition-Kenya or NARC-Kenya [Martha KARUA];
• Orange Democratic Movement or ODM [Raila ODINGA];
• Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya or ODM-K [Kalonzo MUSYOKA];
• Party of National Unity or PNU [Mwai KIBAKI];
• Shirikisho Party of Kenya or SPK [Chirau Ali MWAKWERE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Council of Islamic Preachers of Kenya or CIPK [Sheikh Idris MOHAMMED];
• Kenya Human Rights Commission [L. Muthoni WANYEKI];
• Muslim Human Rights Forum [Ali-Amin KIMATHI];
• National Muslim Leaders Forum or NAMLEF [Abdullahi ABDI];
• Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Canon Peter Karanja MWANGI];
• Roman Catholic and other Christian churches;
• Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]

other:

labor unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance of Congress Parties or ACP (including the Lesotho People's Congress or LCP [Kelebone MAOPE], the Basotholand African Congress or BAC [Khauhelo RALITAPOLE], and a faction of the Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane MPHANYA]);
• All Basotho Convention or ABC [Thomas THABANE];
• Basotho Batho Democratic Party or BBDP;
• Basotho Congress Party or BCP;
• Basotho Democratic National Party or BDNP [Thabang NYEOE];
• Basotho National Party or BNP [vacant];
• Basotholand African National Congress or BANC;
• Christian Democratic Party or CDP [Enerst RAMOKOENA];
• Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Pakalitha MOSISILI] (the governing party);
• Lesotho Workers Party or LWP [Macaefa BILLY];
• National Independent Party or NIP [Anthony MANYELI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Media Institute of Southern Africa, Lesotho chapter [Thabang MATJAMA] (pushes for media freedom)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Togba-na TIPOTEH];
• Congress for Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH];
• Liberty Party or LP [Charles BRUMSKINE];
• National Patriotic Party or NPP [Roland MASSAQUOI];
• Unity Party or UP [Varney SHERMAN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

demobilized former military officers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

anti-QADHAFI Libyan exile movement; Islamic elements

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [Pierrot RAJAONARIVELO];
• Democratic Party for Union in Madagascar or PSDUM [Jean LAHINIRIKO];
• Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO];
• Fihaonana Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY];
• I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA];
• Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR;
• Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy];
• National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Dindi NYASULU];
• Congress of Democrats or CODE [Ralph KASAMBARA];
• Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [Bingu wa MUTHARIKA];
• Malawi Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO];
• Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA];
• Malawi Forum for Unity and Development or MAFUNDE [George MNESA];
• Maravi People's Party [Uladi MUSSA];
• National Unity Party or NUP [Harry CHIUME];
• New Rainbow Coalition Party [Beatrice MWALE];
• New Republican Party [Gwanda CHAKUWAMBA];
• People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA];
• People's Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO];
• Republican Party or RP [Stanley MASAULI];
• United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI];
• United Democratic Party [Kenedy KALAMBO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Agri-Ecology Media (agriculture and environmental group);
• Council for NGOs in Malawi or CONGOMA (human rights, democracy, and development);
• Human Rights Consultative Committee or HRCC (human rights);
• Malawi Law Society (human rights and law reform);
• Malawi Movement for the Restoration of Democracy or MMRD (acts to restore and maintain democracy);
• Public Affairs Committee or PAC (promotes democracy, development, peace and unity)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary general];
• Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE];
• Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE);
• Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region);
• Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA];
• Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE);
• National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL];
• Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Mady KONATE];
• Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME];
• Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA];
• Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Amadou Ali NIANGADOU];
• Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA];
• Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Basir GOLOGO];
• Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY];
• Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• the army;
• Islamic authorities;
• rebels in the northern region;
• state-run cotton company CMDT;
• tuaregs

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alternative or El-Badil [Mohamed Yahdhi Ould MOCTAR HACEN];
• Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM (parties supporting the regime including PRDR, UPR, RD, HATEM-PMUC, UCD);
• Coordination of Democratic Opposition or COD (coalition of opposition political parties opposed to the government including APP, RFD, UFP, PNDD-ADIL, Alternative or El-Badil);
• Democratic Renewal or RD [Moustapha Ould ABDEIDARRAHMANE];
• Mauritanian Party for Unity and Change or HATEM-PMUC [Saleh Ould HANENA];
• National Pact for Democracy and Development or PNDD-ADIL [Yahya Ould Ahmed Ould WAGHEF] (independents formerly supporting President Abdellahi);
• National Rally for Freedom, Democracy and Equality or RNDLE;
• National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Jamil MANSOUR] (moderate Islamists);
• Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE];
• Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
• Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH];
• Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Mintata Mint HDEID];
• Socialist and Democratic Unity Party or PUDS;
• Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS];
• Union for the Republic or UPR;
• Union of Democratic Center or UCD [Cheikh Sid'Ahmed Ould BABA];
• Union of the Forces for Progress or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD];

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general];
• Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE];
• Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

other:

• Arab nationalists;
• Ba'thists;
• Islamists

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance of the Future or AF [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM] (governing coalition - includes MLP, MMSM, MR, MSD, PMSD);
• Mauritian Labor Party or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM];
• Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM [Paul BERENGER];
• Mauritian Militant Socialist Movement or MMSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH];
• Mauritian Socialist Militant Movement or MSMM [Madan DULLOO];
• Mauritian Solidarity Front of FSM [Cehl FAKEERMEEAH];
• Mouvement Republicain or MR [Jayarama VALAYDEN];
• Maurition Social Democratic Party or PMSD [Xavier Luc DUVAL];
• Rodrigues Movement or MR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY];
• Rodrigues Peoples Organization or OPR [Serge CLAIR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

various labor unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA];
• Federation of Mahorans or UMP-RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE];
• Force of the Rally and the Alliance for Democracy or FRAP;
• Mahoran Popular Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI];
• Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM [Mouhoutar SALIM];
• Renewed Communist Party of Mayotte or MRC [Omar SIMBA];
• Socialist Party or PS [Ibrahim ABUBACAR] (local branch of French Parti Socialiste);
• Union for French Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Party or PA [Mohammed EL IDRISSI];
• Al Ahd (The Covenant) Party [Najib EL OUAZZANI];
• Alliance des Libert'es (Alliance of Liberty) or ADL [Ali BELHAJ];
• An-Nahj Ad-Dimocrati or An-Nahj [Abdellah EL HARIF];
• Authenticity and Modernity Party or PAM [Mohamed Cheikh BIADILLAH, secretary general];
• Choura et Istiqlal (Consultation and Independence) Party or PCI [Abdelwahed MAACH];
• Citizens' Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI];
• Citizenship and Development Initiative or ICD [Mohamed BENHAMOU];
• Constitutional Union Party or UC [Mohammed ABIED];
• Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE];
• Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Touhami EL KHIARI];
• Democratic Socialist Vanguard Party or PADS [Ahmed BENJELLOUN];
• Democratic Society Party or PSD [Zhor CHEKKAFI];
• Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN];
• Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI];
• Istiqlal (Independence) Party or PI [Abbas EL FASSI];
• Justice and Development Party or PJD [Abdelilah BENKIRANE];
• Labor Party or PT [Abdelkrim BENATIK];
• Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohamed ZIANE];
• National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI];
• National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA];
• National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE];
• National Rally of Independents or RNI [Mustapha EL MANSOURI];
• National Union of Popular Forces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM];
• Popular Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER];
• Progress and Socialism Party or PPS [Ismail ALAOUI];
• Reform and Development Party or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN];
• Renaissance and Virtue Party or PRV [Mohamed KHALIDI];
• Renewal and Equity Party or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR];
• Social Center Party or PSC [Lahcen MADIH];
• Socialist Democratic Party or PSD [Aissa OUARDIGHI];
• Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Abdelwahed RADI];
• Unified Socialist Left Party or PGSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI];
• General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL];
• Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Hassan CHAMI];
• National Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Abdelslam MAATI];
• Union of Moroccan Workers or UMT [Mahjoub BENSEDDIK]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Movement of Mozambique (Movimento Democratico de Mocambique) or MDM [Daviz SIMANGO];
• Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Armando Emilio GUEBUZA];
• Mozambique National Resistance (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana) or RENAMO [Afonso DHLAKAMA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All People's Party or APP [Ignatius SHIXWAMENI];
• Congress of Democrats or COD [Benjamin ULENGA];
• Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA];
• Monitor Action Group or MAG [Jurie VILJOEN];
• National Democratic Movement for Change or NamDMC;
• National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Kuaima RIRUAKO];
• Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Hidipo HAMUTENYA];
• Republican Party or RP [Hendrick MUDGE];
• South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Usutuaije MAAMBERUA];
• South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Hifikepunye POHAMBA];
• United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

National Society for Human Rights or NSHR (NAMRIGHTS as of 2010); various labor unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane OUSMANE];
• National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara;
• Niger Social Democratic Party or PSDN;
• Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni DJERMAKOYE];
• Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana;
• Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU];
• Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];
• Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Cheiffou AMADOU];
• Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat;
• Union of Independent Nigeriens or UNI

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

The Nigerien Movement for Justice or MNJ, a predominantly Tuareg rebel group

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Accord Party [Augustine MAZIE, acting];
• Action Congress of Nigeria or ACN [Bisi AKANDE];
• All Nigeria Peoples Party or ANPP [Ogbonnaya ONU];
• All Progressives Grand Alliance or APGA [Victor C. UMEH];
• Alliance for Democracy or AD [Mojisoluwa AKINFENWA];
• Conference of Nigerian Political Parities or CNPP [Abdulkadir Balarabe MUSA];
• Congress for Progressive Change or CPC;
• Democratic Peoples Party or DPP [Jeremiah USENI];
• Fresh Democratic Party [Chris OKOTIE];
• Labor Party [Dan NWANYANWU];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Aliyu Habu FARI];
• Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Dr. Okwesilieze NWODO];
• Peoples Progressive Alliance [Larry ESIN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Academic Staff Union for Universities or ASUU;
• Campaign for Democracy or CD;
• Civil Liberties Organization or CLO;
• Committee for the Defense of Human Rights or CDHR;
• Constitutional Right Project or CRP;
• Human Right Africa;
• National Association of Democratic Lawyers or NADL;
• National Association of Nigerian Students or NANS;
• Nigerian Bar Association or NBA;
• Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC;
• Nigerian Medical Association or NMA;
• the press;
• Universal Defenders of Democracy or UDD

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Agnes MUKABARANGA];
• Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Gonzague RWIGEMA];
• Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA] (officially banned);
• Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Musa Fazil HARERIMANA];
• Liberal Party or PL [Protais MITALI];
• Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned);
• Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Alvera MUKABARAMBA];
• Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME];
• Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [Jean Baptist RUCIBIGANGO];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA];
• Socialist Party-Imberakuri or PS-Imberakuri [Christine MUKABUNANI];
• Solidarity and Prosperity Party or PSP [Pheobe KANYANGE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

IBUKA (association of genocide survivors)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

private sector; unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Force for Change Democratic Movement or MDFM [Tome Soares da VERA CRUZ];
• Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Patrice TROVOADA];
• Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Rafael BRANCO];
• New Way Movement or NR;
• Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Delfim NEVES];
• Ue-Kedadji coalition;
• other small parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Association of Sao Tome and Principe NGOs or FONG

other:

the media

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP];
• Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar [Macky SALL];
• Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE];
• And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Landing SAVANE];
• Benno Siggil Senegal (a coalition of opposition parties);
• Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY];
• Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE];
• Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS];
• Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO];
• Jef-Jel [Talla SYLLA];
• National Democratic Rally or RND [Madior DIOUF];
• People's Labor Party or PTP [El Hadji DIOUF];
• Reform Party or PR [Abdourahim AGNE];
• Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK];
• Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
• Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG];
• SOPI Coalition [Abdoulaye WADE] (a coalition led by the PDS);
• Synergy for Ethics and Transparency [Aminata TALL];
• Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• labor;
• students;
• Sufi brotherhoods, including the Mourides and Tidjanes;
• teachers

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Paul CHOW];
• New Democratic Party or NDP;
• People's Party (Parti Lepep) or PL [France Albert RENE];
• Popular Democratic Movement or PDM;
• Seychelles National Party or SNP [Wavel RAMKALAWAN] (formerly the United Opposition or UO)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Roman Catholic Church

other:

trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA];
• Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON];
• People's Movement for Democratic Change or PMDC [Charles MARGAI];
• Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [John BENJAMIN];
• numerous others

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

student unions; trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

none

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

numerous clan and sub-clan factions exist both in support and in opposition to the transitional government

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE];
• African National Congress or ANC [Jacob ZUMA];
• Congress of the People or COPE [Mosiuoa LEKOTA];
• Democratic Alliance or DA [Helen ZILLE];
• Freedom Front Plus or FF+ [Pieter MULDER];
• Independent Democrats or ID [Patricia DE LILLE];
• Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI];
• Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Motsoko PHEKO];
• United Christian Democratic Party or UCDP [Lucas MANGOPE];
• United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary];
• South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary];
• South African National Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president]

note: note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC

• Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM;
• National Congress Party or NCP;
• Sudan People's Liberation Movement for Democratic Change or SPLM-DC

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Hatim al-SIR];
• Democratic Unionist Party-Original or DUPO;
• National Congress Party or NCP [Umar Hassan al-BASHIR];
• Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI];
• Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Malik AGGAR];
• Sudan People's Liberation Movement-Democratic Change or SPLM-DC;
• Umma Federal Party or UFP;
• Umma Renewal and Reform Party or URRP

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Umma Party [SADIQ Siddiq al-Mahdi];
• Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI];
• Darfur rebel groups including the Justice and Equality Movement or JEM [Khalil IBRAHIM] and the Sudan Liberation Movement or SLM [various factional leaders]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Willibrod SLAA];
• Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE];
• Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA];
• Democratic Party [Christopher MTIKLA] (unregistered);
• National Convention for Construction and Reform - Mageuzi [Hashim RUNGWE];
• Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Mutamwega MUGAHWYA];
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Fahma DOVUTWA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Economic and Social Research Foundation or ESRF;
• Free Zanzibar;
• Tanzania Media Women's Association or TAMWA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO];
• Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA;
• Democratic Party for Renewal or PDR;
• Juvento [Monsilia DJATO];
• Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP;
• National Alliance for Change or ANC [Jean-Pierre FABRE];
• Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP;
• Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO];
• Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE];
• Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR;
• Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU];
• Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Afek Tounes [Emna MINF];
• al-Nahda (The Renaissance) [Rachid GHANNOUCHI];
• Congress Party for the Republic or CPR [Moncef MARZOUKI];
• Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberties or FDTL (Ettakatol) [Mustapha Ben JAAFAR];
• Democratic Modernist Pole or PDM (a coalition);
• Democratic Socialist Movement or MDS;
• Et-Tajdid Movement [Ahmed IBRAHIM];
• Green Party for Progress or PVP [Mongi KHAMASSI];
• Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mondher THABET];
• Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA];
• Popular Petition (Aridha Chaabia) [Hachemi HAMDI];
• Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed BOUCHIHA];
• Progressive Democratic Party or PDP [Maya JERIBI];
• The Initiative [Kamel MORJANE] (formerly the Constitutional Democratic Rally or RCD);
• Tunisian Workers' Communist Party or PCOT [Hamma HAMMAMI];
• Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Ahmed INOUBLI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

18 October Group [collective leadership]; Tunisian League for Human Rights or LTDH [Mokhtar TRIFI]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Conservative Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI];
• Democratic Party or DP [Kizito SSEBAANA];
• Forum for Democratic Change or FDC [Kizza BESIGYE];
• Inter-Party Co-operation or IPC (a coalition of opposition groups);
• Justice Forum or JEEMA [Muhammad Kibirige MAYANJA];
• National Resistance Movement or NRM [Yoweri MUSEVENI];
• Peoples Progressive Party or PPP [Bidandi SSALI];
• Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Miria OBOTE]

note: a national referendum in July 2005 opened the way for Uganda's transition to a multi-party political system

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Lord's Resistance Army or LRA [Joseph KONY];
• Young Parliamentary Association [Henry BANYENZAKI];
• Parliamentary Advocacy Forum or PAFO;
• National Association of Women Organizations in Uganda or NAWOU [Florence NEKYON];
• The Ugandan Coalition for Political Accountability to Women or COPAW

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Alliance for Democracy and Development or ADD [Charles MILUPI];
• Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD [Edith NAWAKWI];
• Heritage Party or HP [Godfrey MIYANDA];
• Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Rupiah BANDA];
• National Restoration Party or NAREP [Elias CHIPIMO];
• Party of Unity for Democracy and Development or PUDD [Dan PULE];
• Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA];
• Reform Party [Nevers MUMBA];
• United Democratic Alliance or UDA (a coalition of RP, ZADECO, PUDD, and ZRP);
• United Liberal Party or ULP [Sakwiba SIKOTA];
• United National Independence Party or UNIP [Tilyenji KAUNDA];
• United Party for National Development or UPND [Hakainde HICHILEMA];
• Zambia Democratic Congress or ZADECO [Langton SICHONE];
• Zambian Republican Party or ZRP [Benjamin MWILA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• African National Party or ANP [Egypt DZINEMUNHENZVA];
• Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI];
• Movement for Democratic Change - Mutambara or MDC-M [Arthur MUTAMBARA] (splinter faction of the MDC);
• Peace Action is Freedom for All or PAFA;
• United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA];
• United People's Party or UPP [Daniel SHUMBA];
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA];
• Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE];
• Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA];
• Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance or ZIYA

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition;
• National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU];
• Women of Zimbabwe Arise or WOZA [Jenny WILLIAMS];
• Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Wellington CHIBEBE]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Atassut Party (Solidarity) [Gerhardt PETERSEN] (a conservative party favoring continuing close relations with Denmark);
• Demokratiit [Jens B. FREDERIKSEN];
• Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Inuit Community) [Kuupik KLEIST] (a leftist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule);
• Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List) [Anthon FREDERIKSEN] (an independent right-of-center party with no official platform);
• Siumut (Forward Party) [Alega HAMMOND] (a social democratic party advocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

conservationists; environmentalists

• Independence Party or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON];
• Left-Green Movement or LGM [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON];
• The Liberal Party [Sigurjon THORDARSON];
• The Movement [Birgitta JONSDOTTIR];
• Progressive Party or PP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON];
• Social Democratic Alliance or SDA [Johanna SIGURDARDOTTIR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Afghanistan's Islamic Mission Organization [Abdul Rasoul SAYYAF];
• Afghanistan's Welfare Party [Meer Asef ZAEEFI];
• Afghan Social Democratic Party [Anwarul Haq AHAD];
• Islamic Movement of Afghanistan [Sayed Hussain ANWARI];
• Islamic Party of Afghanistan [Mohammad Khalid FAROOQI, Abdul Hadi ARGHANDIWAL];
• Islamic Society of Afghanistan [Ustad RABBANI];
• Islamic Unity of the Nation of Afghanistan Party [Qurban Ali URFANI];
• Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan [Mohammad Karim KHALILI];
• Islamic Unity Party of the People of Afghanistan [Haji Mohammad MOHAQQEQ];
• Law and Justice Party [Hanif ATMAR];
• National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan [Pir Sayed Ahmad GAILANEE];
• National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan [Sayed NOORULLAH];
• National Solidarity Movement of Afghanistan [Pir Sayed Eshaq GAILANEE];
• National Linkage Party of Afghanistan [Sayed Mansoor NADERY];
• United Islamic Party of Afghanistan [Ustad Mohammad AKBARI];
• note - includes only political parties approved by the Ministry of Justice

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• religious groups;
• tribal leaders;
• ethnically based groups;
• Taliban

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Armenian National Congress or ANC (bloc of independent and opposition parties) [Levon TER-PETROSSIAN];
• Armenian National Movement or ANM [Ararat ZURABIAN];
• Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARIAN];
• Heritage Party [Raffi HOVHANNISIAN];
• People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN];
• Prosperous Armenia [Gagik TSARUKIAN];
• Republican Party of Armenia or HHK [Serzh SARGSIAN];
• Rule of Law Party (Orinats Yerkir) [Artur BAGHDASARIAN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Aylentrank (Impeachment Alliance) [Nikol PASHINIAN]; Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Azerbaijan Democratic Party or ADP [Sardar JALALOGLU];
• Civil Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI];
• Civil Unity Party [Sabir HACIYEV];
• Classic People's Front of Azerbaijan [Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU];
• Democratic Reform Party [Asim MOLLAZADE];
• Great Creation Party [Fazil Gazanfaroglu MUSTAFAYEV];
• Hope (Umid) Party [Iqbal AGAZADE];
• Justice Party [Ilyas ISMAYILOV];
• Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat HACIYEVA];
• Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI];
• Musavat (Equality) [Isa GAMBAR, chairman];
• Open Society Party [Rasul GULIYEV, in exile in the US];
• Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV (in exile)];
• Social Welfare Party [Hussein KAZIMLI];
• United Popular Azerbaijan Front Party or AXCP [Ali KARIMLI];
• Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV];
• Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party or YAP [President Ilham ALIYEV]

note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Azerbaijan Public Forum [Eldar NAMAZOV]; Karabakh Liberation Organization

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA];
• Communist Party of Bangladesh or CPB [Manjurul A. KHAN];
• Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA];
• Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh or BDB [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY];
• Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [multiple leaders];
• Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Matiur Rahman NIZAMI];
• Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Oli AHMED]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs)

other:

• environmentalists;
• Islamist groups;
• religious leaders;
• teachers;
• union leaders

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (Druk Phuensum Tshogpa) or DPT [Jigme THINLEY]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tshering TOBGAY]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

United Front for Democracy (exiled); Druk National Congress (exiled)

other:

• Buddhist clergy;
• ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign;
• Indian merchant community

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

no substantial political opposition groups exist

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democratic Movement [Giorgi TARGAMADZE];
• Conservative Party [Kakha KUKAVA];
• Democratic Movement United Georgia [Nino BURJANADZE];
• For Fair Georgia [Zurab NOGAIDELI];
• Georgian Party [Sozar SUBARI];
• Georgian People's Front [Nodar NATADZE];
• Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE];
• Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE];
• Labor Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA];
• National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA];
• New Rights [David GAMKRELIDZE];
• Our Georgia-Free Democrats (OGFD) [Irakli ALASANIA];
• People's Party [Koba DAVITASHVILI; Republican Party [David USUPASHVILI]; Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; United National Movement or UNM [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

separatists in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [J. JAYALALITHAA];
• All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata BANERJEE];
• Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI];
• Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Nitin GADKARI];
• Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK];
• Communist Party of India or CPI [A.B. BARDHAN];
• Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI-M [Prakash KARAT];
• Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or DMK [M.KARUNANIDHI];
• Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI];
• Janata Dal (United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADAV];
• Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR];
• Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YADAV];
• Rashtriya Lok Dal or RLD [Ajit SINGH];
• Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV];
• Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL];
• Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY];
• Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU];
• note - India has dozens of national and regional political parties;
• only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group);
• Bajrang Dal (religious organization);
• India Against Corruption [Anna HAZAREI];
• Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious organization);
• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (religious organization);
• Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization)

other:

• numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations;
• various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy;
• hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Yoshihiko NODA];
• Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII];
• Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sadakazu TANIGAKI];
• New Komeito or NK [Natsuo YAMAGUCHI];
• People's New Party or PNP [Shizuka KAMEI];
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Mizuho FUKUSHIMA];
• Your Party or YP [Yoshimi WATANABE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

business groups; trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, Zeynulla ALSHIMBAYEV, Serik ABDRAHMANOV, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, Yerkin ONGARBAYEV, Tolegan SYDYKOV] (formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan);
• Agrarian and Industrial Union of Workers Block or AIST (Agrarian Party and Civic Party);
• Ak Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Alikhan BAYMENOV];
• Alga [Vladimir KOZLOV] (unregistered);
• Auyl (Village) [Gani KALIYEV];
• Azat (Freedom) Party [Bolat ABILOV] (formerly True Ak Zhol Party);
• Azat NSDP [co-chaired by Bolat ABILOV and Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY];
• Azat and NSDP united in 2009, but the authorities have refused to register Azat NSDP as a single party;
• Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN];
• Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV];
• National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY];
• Nur Otan [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan);
• Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV];
• Rukhaniyat (Spirituality) [Serikzhan MAMBETALIN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA];
• Almaty Helsinki Committee [Ninel FOKINA];
• Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN];
• For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS (jailed), Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV];
• Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director];
• Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY];
• Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman];
• Republican Network of International Monitors [Dos KUSHIM];
• Transparency International [Sergey ZLOTNIKOV]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong Il];
• minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong] (under KWP control), Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae] (under KWP control)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party or DP [SONG Hak-kyu] (formerly the United Democratic Party or UDP);
• Democratic Labor Party or DLP [LEE Jung-hee];
• Future Hope Alliance or FHA [ROH Cheoi-rae} (formerly Pro-Park Alliance); Grand National Party or GNP [PARK Geun-hye]; Liberty Forward Party or LFP [SHIM Dae-pyeong]; Renewal Korea Party or RKP [HAN Myeon-hee]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Federation of Korean Industries;
• Federation of Korean Trade Unions;
• Korean Confederation of Trade Unions;
• Korean National Council of Churches;
• Korean Traders Association;
• Korean Veterans' Association;
• National Council of Labor Unions;
• National Democratic Alliance of Korea;
• National Federation of Farmers' Associations;
• National Federation of Student Associations

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Feliks KULOV];
• Ata-Jurt (Homeland) [Kamchybek TASHIEV, Akhmat KELDIBEKOV];
• Ata-Meken (Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAEV];
• Butun Kyrgyzstan (All Kyrgyzstan) [Adakhan MADUMAROV, Miroslav NIYAZOV];
• Respublika [Omurbek BABANOV];
• Social-Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDPK) [Almazbek ATAMBAEV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Adilet Legal Clinic [Cholpon JAKUPOVA];
• Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society [Dinara OSHURAKHUNOVA];
• Interbilim [Asiya SASYKBAEVA]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Shaykh Hussein RASHEED Ahmed];
• Dhivehi Qaumee Party or DQP [Hassan SAEED];
• Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (Maldivian People's Party) or DRP [Ahmed THASMEEN Ali];
• Gaumee Itthihaad (National Alliance) or GI [Mohamed WAHEED];
• Islamic Democratic Party or IDP;
• Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Ibrahim DIDI];
• Maldives National Congress or MNC;
• Maldives Social Democratic Party or MSDP;
• Meedhu Dhaaira;
• People's Alliance or PA [Abdullah YAMEEN];
• People's Party or PP;
• Poverty Alleviation Party or PAP;
• Progressive Party of Maldives or PPM [Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM];
• Republican (Jumhooree) Party or JP [Gasim IBRAHIM];
• Social Liberal Party or SLP [Mazian RASHEED]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

various unregistered political parties

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Dangaasuren EHKHBAT];
• Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG];
• Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Sukhbaatar BATBOLD];
• Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

human rights groups; women's groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekata Party [Keshav Prasad MAINALI];
• Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (inactive);
• Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist or CPN-ML [C.P. MAINALI];
• Communist Party of Nepal-Unified [Raj Singh SHRIS];
• Communist Party of Nepal-United [Chandra Dev JOSHI];
• Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist or CPN-UML [Jhalanath KHANAL];
• Dalit Janajati Party [Vishwendraman PASHWAN];
• Federal Democratic National Forum;
• Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Democratic [Bijay Kumar GACHHADAR];
• Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal [Upendra YADAV];
• Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal [Upendra GACHCHHADAR];
• Nepal Pariwar Dal [Eknath DHAKAL];
• Nepal Sadbhavana Party-Anandi Devi [Sarita GIRI];
• Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE];
• Nepali Congress or NC [Sushil KOIRALA];
• Nepali Janata Dal [Harish Chandra SHA];
• Newa Rastriya Party [Keshav Man SHAKYA];
• Rastriya Janamorcha [Chitra Bahadur K.C.];
• Rastriya Janamukti Party [Malwar Singh THAPA];
• Rastriya Janashakti Party or RJP [Surya Bahadur THAPA];
• Rastriya Prajantantra Party [Pashupati Shumsher RANA];
• Rastriya Prajantantra Party Nepal [Kamal THAPA];
• Sadbhavana Party [Rajendra MAHATO];
• Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party Nepal [Prem Bahadur SINGH];
• Terai Madhes Democratic Party [Mahantha THAKUR];
• Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

several small armed Madhesi groups along the southern border with India; a variety of groups advocating regional autonomy for individual ethnic groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN];
• Balochistan National Party-Awami or BNP-A;
• Balochistan National Party-Hayee Group or BNP-H [Dr. Hayee BALOCH];
• Balochistan National Party-Mengal or BNP-M;
• Jamaat-i Islami or JI [Syed Munawar HASAN];
• Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP;
• Jamiat Ahle Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR];
• Jamiat Ulema-i Islam Fazl-ur Rehman or JUI-F [Fazl-ur REHMAN];
• Jamiat Ulema-i Islam Sami-ul HAQ or JUI-S [Sami ul-HAQ];
• Jamiat Ulema-i Pakistan or JUP [Abul Khair ZUBAIR];
• Millat-e-Jafferia [Allama Sajid NAQVI];
• Muttahida Majlis-e Amal or MMA [Qazi Hussain AHMED];
• Muttahida Qaumi Movement or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN];
• National Peoples Party or NPP;
• Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];
• Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI];
• Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN];
• Pakistan Muslim League-Functional or PML-F [Pir PAGARO];
• Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz or PML-N [Nawaz SHARIF];
• Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Bilawal Bhutto ZARDARI, chairman; Asif Ali ZARDARI, co-chairman];
• Pakistan Peoples Party-SHERPAO or PPP-S [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO];
• Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]

note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

• military (most important political force);
• ulema (clergy);
• landowners;
• industrialists;
• small merchants

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV];
• Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV];
• Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY];
• Patriots of Russia [Gennadiy SEMIGIN];
• Right Cause [Andrey DUNAYEV, acting];
• United Russia [Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN];
• Yabloko Party [Sergey Sergeyevich MITROKHIN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Association of Citizens with Initiative of Russia (TIGR);
• Confederation of Labor of Russia (KTR);
• Federation of Independent Labor Unions of Russia;
• Freedom of Choice Interregional Organization of Automobilists;
• Glasnost Defense Foundation;
• Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights;
• Greenpeace Russia;
• Human Rights Watch (Russian chapter);
• Institute for Collective Action;
• Memorial (human rights group);
• Movement Against Illegal Migration;
• Pamjat (preservation of historical monuments and recording of history);
• Russian Orthodox Church;
• Russian Federation of Car Owners;
• Russian-Chechen Friendship Society;
• SOVA Analytical-Information Center;
• Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers;
• World Wildlife Fund (Russian chapter)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Coalitions and leaders:

• Democratic National Alliance led by Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Somawansa AMARASINGHE];
• Tamil National Alliance led by Illandai Tamil Arasu Kachchi [R. SAMPANTHAN];
• United National Front led by United National Party [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE];
• United People's Freedom Alliance led by Sri Lanka Freedom Party [Mahinda RAJAPAKSA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE [P. SIVAPARAN, Chief of International Secretariat; V. RUDRAKUMARAN, legal advisor];
• note - this insurgent group suffered military defeat in May 2009;
• some cadres remain scattered throughout country;

other:

• Buddhist clergy;
• labor unions;
• radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism;
• Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir QARAQULOV];
• Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV (imprisoned October 2005); Rahmatullo VALIYEV, deputy];
• Islamic Revival Party [Muhiddin KABIRI];
• Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimjon BOBOEV];
• People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON];
• Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV];
• Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn NARZIEV];
• Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]

note: for the DPT, the Ministry of Justice named a new chairman, Masud SOBIROV, in 2006; Mr. ISKANDAROV's supporters do not recognize Mr. SOBIROV; for the SPT, the Ministry of Justice named a new chairman, Abduhalim GHAFAROV, in 2004; Mr. NARZIEV's supporters do not recognize Mr. GHAFAROV

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

splinter parties recognized by the government but not by the base of the party:

Democratic Party or DPT [Masud SOBIROV] (splintered from ISKANDAROV's DPT); Socialist Party or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFFOROV] (splintered from NARZIEV's SPT)

unregistered political parties:

Progressive Party [Sulton QUVVATOV]; Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW is chairman; Kasymguly BABAYEW is DPT Political Council First Secretary]

note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party; the NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 attack on President NYYAZOW's motorcade

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

none

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Ismoil SAIFNAZAROV];
• Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan [Boriy ALIXONOV, chairman];
• Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or LDPU [Muhammadjon AHMADJONOV];
• National Rebirth Party (Milliy Tiklanish) [Ahtam TURSUNOV];
• People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Latif GULOMOV]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

there are no significant opposition political parties or pressure groups operating in Uzbekistan

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Brent DAVIS];
• Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD];
• Anguilla United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS] (a coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance or ANA);
• Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];
• Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK];
• Barbuda People's Movement for Change [Arthur NIBBS];
• Barbudans for a Better Barbuda [Ordrick SAMUEL];
• United Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three parties - Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, Progressive Labor Movement or PLM, United National Democratic Party or UNDP)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Aliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER];
• Aruban Liberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES];
• Aruban Patriotic Movement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK];
• Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET];
• Aruban People's Party or AVP [Mike EMAN];
• People's Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER];
• Real Democracy or PDR [Andin BIKKER];
• RED [Rudy LAMPE];
• Workers Political Platform or PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

other:

environmental groups

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert INGRAHAM]; Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Friends of the Environment

other:

trade unions

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR];
• Democratic Labor Party or DLP [Freundel STUART];
• People's Empowerment Party or PEP [David COMISSIONG]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Barbados Secondary Teachers' Union or BSTU [Patrick FROST];
• Barbados Union of Teachers or BUT [Herbert GITTENS];
• Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados or CTUSAB, (includes the BWU, NUPW, BUT, and BSTU) [Leroy TROTMAN];
• Barbados Workers Union or BWU [Leroy TROTMAN];
• Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMISSIONG];
• National Union of Public Workers [Joseph GODDARD]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Alliance for Belizean Rights or NABR;
• National Reform Party or NRP [Cornelius DUECK];
• People's National Party or PNP [Wil MAHEIA];
• People's United Party or PUP [John BRICENO];
• United Democratic Party or UDP [Dean BARROW];
• Vision Inspired by the People or VIP [Paul MORGAN];
• We the People Reform Movement or WTP [Hipolito BAUTISTA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Nicole HAYLOCK];
• Association of Concerned Belizeans or ACB [David VASQUEZ];
• National Trade Union Congress of Belize or NTUC/B [Rene GOMEZ]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH];
• National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH];
• United Party or UP [Gregory MADURO];
• Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

The Family Support Network; The Women's Desk

other:

environmentalists

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Kurt TIBBETTS]; United Democratic Party or UDP [McKeeva BUSH]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

National Trust

other:

environmentalists

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Accessibility Without Exclusion or PASE [Oscar Andres LOPEZ Arias];
• Citizen Action Party or PAC [Alberto CANAS Escalante];
• Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez];
• Democratic Force Party or PFD [Marco GONZALEZ Nunez];
• Frente Amplio [Jose MERINO del Rio];
• Homeland First or PP (Patria Primero) [Juan Jose VARGAS Fallas];
• Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth];
• National Democratic Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS Umana];
• National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes];
• National Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO Fernandez];
• National Rescue Party or PRN [Fabio Enrique DELGADO Hernandez];
• National Union Party or PUN [Arturo ACOSTA Mora];
• Patriotic Alliance [Mariano FIGUERES Olsen];
• Patriotic Union or UP [Jose Miguel CORRALES Bolanos];
• Popular Vanguard [Trino BARRANTES Araya];
• Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis FISHMAN Zonzinski];
• Union for Change Party or UPC [Antonio ALVAREZ Desanti]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate);
• Chamber of Coffee Growers;
• Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate);
• Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate);
• Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO;
• Costa Rican Solidarity Movement;
• Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises or UCCAEP [Rafael CARRILLO];
• Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP;
• National Association for Economic Development or ANFE;
• National Association of Educators or ANDE;
• National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP [Albino VARGAS];
• Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert BROWN]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Human Rights Watch; National Association of Small Farmers

• Frente Obrero Liberashon (Workers' Liberation Front) or FOL [Anthony GODETT];
• Movimentu Antiyas Nobo (New Antilles Movement) or MAN [Charles COOPER];
• Movementu Futuro Korsou or MFK [Gerrit SCHOTTE];
• Partido Antia Restruktura or PAR [Emily DE JONGH-ELHAGE];
• People's National Party or PNP [Ersilia DE LANNOOY];
• Pueblo Soberano or PS [Herman WIELS]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN];
• Dominica Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT];
• Dominica United Workers Party or UWP [Earl WILLIAMS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna];
• Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Ramon ALBURQUERQUE];
• National Progressive Front [Vincent CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO];
• Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Enrique ANTUN]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania);
• Collective of Popular Organizations or COP;
• Foundation for Institution-Building and Justice (FINJUS)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER];
• Democratic Convergence or CD [Oscar KATTAN] (formerly United Democratic Center or CDU);
• Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ];
• National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ ZEPEDA];
• Nationalist Republican Alliance or ARENA [Alfredo CRISTIANI];
• Great Alliance for National Unity or GANA [Andres ROVIRA]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador or SIES;
• Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS;
• National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS;
• National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS;
• Port Industry Union of El Salvador or SIPES;
• Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or USEPOC;
• Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS;
• Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL;
• business organizations - National Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP;
• Salvadoran Assembly Industry Association or ASIC;
• Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Gloria Payne BANFIELD];
• National Democratic Congress or NDC [Tillman THOMAS];
• New National Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Committee for Human Rights in Grenada or CHRG;
• New Jewel Movement Support Group;
• The British Grenada Friendship Society;
• The New Jewel 19 Committee

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Center of Social Action or CASA [Feliz Adolfo RUANO de Leon];
• Democracy Front or FRENTE [Alfonso CABRERA];
• Democratic Union or UD [Edwin Armando MARTINEZ Herrera];
• Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENGRO];
• Grand National Alliance or GANA [Jaime Antonio MARTINEZ Lohayza];
• Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Hector Alfredo NUILA Ericastilla];
• Guatemalan Republican Front or FRG [Luis Fernando PEREZ];
• Independent Bloc Guatemala or BG [Macario Efrain OLIVA Muralles];
• Independent Democratic Freedom Renewed or LIDER [Manuel BALDIZON];
• National Advancement Party or PAN [Juan GUTIERREZ];
• National Unity for Hope or UNE [Roberto KESTLER Velasquez];
• Nationalist Change Union or UCN [Mario ESTRADA];
• Patriot Party or PP [Ingrid Roxana BALDETTI Elias];
• Unionista Party or PU [Alvaro ARZU Irigoyen]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO;
• Alliance Against Impunity or AAI;
• Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC;
• Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF;
• International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala or CICIG;
• Mutual Support Group or GAM

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Mirlande MANIGAT];
• Christian and Citizen For Haiti's Reconstruction or ACCRHA [Chavannes JEUNE];
• Convention for Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL];
• Cooperative Action to Rebuild Haiti or KONBA [Jean William JEANTY];
• December 16 Platform or Platfom 16 Desanm [Dr. Gerard BLOT];
• Democratic Alliance or ALYANS [Evans PAUL] (coalition composed of KID and PPRH);
• Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP [Joseph JASME];
• Fanmi Lavalas or FL [Maryse NARCISSE];
• For Us All or PONT [Jean-Marie CHERESTAL];
• Grouping of Citizens for Hope or RESPE [Charles-Henri BAKER];
• Haiti in Action or AAA [Youri LATORTUE];
• Haitian Youth Democratic Movement or MODEJHA [Jean Hector ANACACIS];
• Haitians for Haiti [Yvon NEPTUNE];
• Independent Movement for National Reconstruction or MIRN [Luc FLEURINORD];
• Lavni Organization or LAVNI [Yves CRISTALIN];
• Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [Jean Andre VICTOR];
• Love Haiti or Renmen Ayiti [Jean-Henry CEANT and Camille LEBLANC];
• Merging of Haitian Social Democratics or FUSION [Victor BENOIT] (coalition of Ayiti Capable, Haitian National Revolutionary Party, and National Congress of Democratic Movements);
• Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert de RONCERAY];
• Mobilization for Progress in Haiti or MPH [Samir MOURRA];
• National Coalition of Nonaligned Political Parties or CONACED [Osner FEVRY];
• National Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRN [Guy PHILIPPE];
• New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU];
• Open the Gate Party or PLB [Anes LUBIN];
• Peasant's Response or Repons Peyizan [Michel MARTELLY];
• Platform Alternative for Progress and Democracy or ALTENATIV [Victor BENOIT and Evans PAUL];
• Platform of Haitian Patriots or PLAPH [Dejean BELISAIRE and Himler REBU];
• Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti or PPRH [Claude ROMAIN];
• Strength in Unity or Ansanm Nou Fo [Leslie VOLTAIRE];
• Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Harry MARSAN];
• Union [Chavannes JEUNE];
• Union of Haitian Citizens for Democracy, Development, and Education or UCADDE [Jeantel JOSEPH];
• Union of Nationalist and Progressive Haitians or UNPH [Edouard FRANCISQUE];
• Unity or Inite [Rene PREVAL] (coalition that includes Front for Hope or L'ESPWA);
• Vigilance or Veye Yo [Lavarice GAUDIN];
• Youth for People's Power or JPP [Rene CIVIL]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole ST-CYR];
• Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH;
• Economic Forum of the Private Sector or EF [Reginald BOULOS];
• Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS;
• General Organization of Independent Haitian Workers [Patrick NUMAS];
• Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, or KOREGA;
• The Haitian Association of Industries or ADIH [Georges SASSINE];
• National Popular Assembly or APN;
• Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE];
• Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP;
• Protestant Federation of Haiti;
• Roman Catholic Church

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Felicito AVILA Ordonez];
• Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Cesar HAM];
• Liberal Party or PL [Roberto MICHELETTI Bain];
• National Party or PN [Antonio ALVAREZ Arias];
• Social Democratic Innovation and Unity Party or PINU [Jorge Rafael AGUILAR Paredes]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Beverage and Related Industries Syndicate or STIBYS;
• Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH;
• Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH;
• Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP;
• General Workers Confederation or CGT;
• Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP;
• National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH;
• National Union of Campesinos or UNC;
• Popular Bloc or BP;
• United Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH;
• United Farm Workers' Movement of the Aguan (MUCA)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Andrew HOLNESS];
• People's National Party or PNP [Portia SIMPSON-MILLER];
• National Democratic Movement or NDM [Michael WILLIAMS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Montserrat Democratic Party or MDP [Lowell LEWIS];
• Movement for Change and Prosperity or MCAP [Roselyn CASSELL-SEALY];
• New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Conservative Party or PC [Alejandro BOLANOS Davis];
• Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Indalecio RODRIGUEZ];
• Liberal Constitutionalist Party or PLC [Jorge CASTILLO Quant];
• Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance or ALN [Alejandro MEJIA Ferreti];
• Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra];
• Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Enrique SAENZ-NAVARRETE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

National Workers Front or FNT (a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including: Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN); Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT (an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including: Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS); Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN (an independent labor union); Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP (a confederation of business groups)

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI];
• Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Francisco SANCHEZ Cardenas];
• Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Sergio GONZALEZ-Ruiz];
• Panamenista Party [Juan Carlos VARELA Rodriguez] (formerly the Arnulfista Party);
• Patriotic Union Party or UP (combination of the Liberal National Party or PLN and the Solidarity Party or PS)[Anibal GALINDO];
• Popular Party or PP [Milton HENRIQUEZ] (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Chamber of Commerce;
• National Civic Crusade;
• National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO;
• National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP;
• National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS);
• Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE;
• Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP;
• Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Democratic Party [Roberto PRATS];
• National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE];
• New Progressive Party or PNP [Pedro ROSSELLO] (pro-US statehood);
• Popular Democratic Party or PPD [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA] (pro-commonwealth);
• Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez] (pro-independence)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Boricua Popular Army or EPB (a revolutionary group also known as Los Macheteros);
• note - the following radical groups are considered dormant by Federal law enforcement: Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN, Armed Forces of Popular Resistance, Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Action-Equilibre-Transparence [Maxime DESOUCHES];
• Ensemble pour Saint-Barthelemy [Benoit CHAUVIN];
• Saint-Barth d'Abord! or SBA [Bruno MAGRAS];
• Tous Unis pour Saint-Barthelemy [Karine MIOT-RICHARD]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

The Marine Reserve (protection of fish); Rotary Club

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance AMORY];
• Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY];
• People's Action Movement or PAM [Lindsay GRANT];
• Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM];
• Saint Lucia Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS];
• Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY];
• Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher HUNTE];
• United Workers Party or UWP [Stephenson KING]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Union Pour le Progres or UPP [Louis-Constant FLEMING];
• Rassemblement Responsabilite Reussite or RRR [Alain RICHARDSON];
• Reussir Saint-Martin [Jean-Luc HAMLET]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE];
• Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National Unity or MNU)

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

• Democratic Party or DP [Sarah WESCOTT-WILLIAMS];
• National Alliance or NA [William MARLIN];
• United People's Party or UPP [Theodore HEYLIGER];
• Concordia Political Alliance or CPA [Jeffery RICHARDSON]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Congress of the People or COP [Winston DOOKERAN];
• Democratic Action Congress or DAC [Hochoy CHARLES] (only active in Tobago);
• Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Gerald YETMING] (coalition of NAR, DDPT, MND);
• Movement for National Development or MND [Garvin NICHOLAS];
• National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Dr. Carson CHARLES];
• People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING];
• Tobago Organization of the People or TOP [Ashworth JACK];
• United National Congress or UNC [Kamla PERSAD-BISSESSAR]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

Jamaat-al Muslimeen [Yasin ABU BAKR]

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Floyd SEYMOUR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Michael Eugene MISICK]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON];
• Independent Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHARDS];
• Republican Party [Gary SPRAUVE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

NA

Published as “Political parties and leaders”

• Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA];
• New Democracy Party or PDR [Genc POLLO];
• Party for Justice and Integration or PDI [Shpetim IDRIZ];
• Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];
• Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskel MILO];
• Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI];
• Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META];
• Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA];
• Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE]

Published as “Political pressure groups and leaders”

• Red and Black Alliance [Kreshnik SPAHIU];
• Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI];
• Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA];
• Omonia [Vasil BOLLANO];
• Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]