The CIA World Factbook Edition 1998 People

Age structure In 31 editions of 36.

Age structure was published in 31 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1995 to 2025. The 1998 edition carries it in 234 entries, in its People section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 1998 edition
234
the first edition with it
1995
the latest edition with it
2025

Published as “Age structure” (1995 to 2025).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Age structure, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

1998

Every edition with Age structure

Entries with Age structure in each edition

19902000201020202025

Select a bar to open that edition.

Africa

57 entries

Algeria

0-14 years:
38% (male 5,923,087; female 5,709,614)
15-64 years:
58% (male 8,931,896; female 8,752,014)
65 years and over:
4% (male 542,012; female 622,170) (July 1998 est.)

Angola

0-14 years:
45% (male 2,471,108; female 2,401,631)
15-64 years:
52% (male 2,864,152; female 2,831,209)
65 years and over:
3% (male 137,432; female 158,980) (July 1998 est.)

Benin

0-14 years:
48% (male 1,465,067; female 1,455,852)
15-64 years:
50% (male 1,455,224; female 1,582,880)
65 years and over:
2% (male 61,523; female 80,253) (July 1998 est.)

Botswana

0-14 years:
42% (male 310,253; female 302,960)
15-64 years:
54% (male 370,925; female 409,941)
65 years and over:
4% (male 20,637; female 33,738) (July 1998 est.)

Burkina Faso

0-14 years:
48% (male 2,721,564; female 2,687,770)
15-64 years:
49% (male 2,616,375; female 2,899,923)
65 years and over:
3% (male 146,195; female 194,566) (July 1998 est.)

Burundi

0-14 years:
47% (male 1,313,112; female 1,309,600)
15-64 years:
50% (male 1,331,336; female 1,417,228)
65 years and over:
3% (male 69,718; female 96,393) (July 1998 est.)

Cape Verde now Cabo Verde

0-14 years:
46% (male 92,175; female 90,557)
15-64 years:
48% (male 90,183; female 102,541)
65 years and over:
6% (male 9,765; female 14,636) (July 1998 est.)

Cameroon

0-14 years:
46% (male 3,468,861; female 3,436,814)
15-64 years:
51% (male 3,795,748; female 3,829,824)
65 years and over:
3% (male 224,881; female 273,305) (July 1998 est.)

Central African Republic

0-14 years:
44% (male 745,128; female 737,879)
15-64 years:
52% (male 864,263; female 906,656)
65 years and over:
4% (male 55,051; female 66,794) (July 1998 est.)

Chad

0-14 years:
44% (male 1,631,010; female 1,623,272)
15-64 years:
53% (male 1,903,012; female 1,982,257)
65 years and over:
3% (male 97,118; female 122,843) (July 1998 est.)

Comoros

0-14 years:
43% (male 116,345; female 115,886)
15-64 years:
54% (male 146,655; female 150,612)
65 years and over:
3% (male 7,644; female 8,386) (July 1998 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the now Democratic Republic of the Congo

0-14 years:
48% (male 11,829,386; female 11,766,829)
15-64 years:
49% (male 11,778,121; female 12,339,837)
65 years and over:
3% (male 557,095; female 729,243) (July 1998 est.)

Congo, Republic of the now Republic of the Congo

0-14 years:
43% (male 569,382; female 563,327)
15-64 years:
54% (male 700,507; female 734,447)
65 years and over:
3% (male 36,383; female 54,077) (July 1998 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire

0-14 years:
47% (male 3,629,286; female 3,590,782)
15-64 years:
51% (male 4,049,355; female 3,842,508)
65 years and over:
2% (male 170,120; female 164,180) (July 1998 est.)

Djibouti

0-14 years:
43% (male 94,399; female 94,154)
15-64 years:
55% (male 127,190; female 113,582)
65 years and over:
2% (male 5,877; female 5,525) (July 1998 est.)

Egypt

0-14 years:
36% (male 12,173,882; female 11,637,239)
15-64 years:
60% (male 20,108,426; female 19,718,302)
65 years and over:
4% (male 1,074,271; female 1,337,884) (July 1998 est.)

Equatorial Guinea

0-14 years:
43% (male 97,993; female 97,470)
15-64 years:
53% (male 114,960; female 126,453)
65 years and over:
4% (male 7,597; female 9,528) (July 1998 est.)

Eritrea

0-14 years:
43% (male 826,686; female 818,323)
15-64 years:
54% (male 1,026,922; female 1,042,156)
65 years and over:
3% (male 66,222; female 62,127) (July 1998 est.)

Swaziland now Eswatini

0-14 years:
46% (male 223,649; female 224,782)
15-64 years:
51% (male 238,547; female 255,137)
65 years and over:
3% (male 9,625; female 14,722) (July 1998 est.)

Ethiopia

0-14 years:
46% (male 13,468,783; female 13,398,500)
15-64 years:
51% (male 15,095,357; female 14,812,537)
65 years and over:
3% (male 734,471; female 880,703) (July 1998 est.)

Gabon

0-14 years:
33% (male 202,364; female 202,249)
15-64 years:
61% (male 372,157; female 364,806)
65 years and over:
6% (male 32,718; female 33,550) (July 1998 est.)

Gambia, The now The Gambia

0-14 years:
46% (male 296,108; female 295,136)
15-64 years:
52% (male 330,215; female 336,056)
65 years and over:
2% (male 18,194; female 16,149) (July 1998 est.)

Ghana

0-14 years:
43% (male 3,985,219; female 3,947,640)
15-64 years:
54% (male 4,905,442; female 5,077,521)
65 years and over:
3% (male 275,192; female 306,192) (July 1998 est.)

Guinea

0-14 years:
44% (male 1,634,344; female 1,644,863)
15-64 years:
53% (male 1,952,442; female 2,044,363)
65 years and over:
3% (male 83,616; female 117,482) (July 1998 est.)

Guinea-Bissau

0-14 years:
42% (male 256,315; female 255,208)
15-64 years:
55% (male 313,270; female 347,431)
65 years and over:
3% (male 15,986; female 18,101) (July 1998 est.)

Kenya

0-14 years:
44% (male 6,248,260; female 6,109,443)
15-64 years:
54% (male 7,609,631; female 7,607,810)
65 years and over:
2% (male 333,881; female 428,046) (July 1998 est.)

Lesotho

0-14 years:
40% (male 420,526; female 419,059)
15-64 years:
55% (male 558,068; female 596,598)
65 years and over:
5% (male 39,782; female 55,796) (July 1998 est.)

Liberia

0-14 years:
45% (male 622,797; female 616,902)
15-64 years:
52% (male 734,425; female 700,124)
65 years and over:
3% (male 47,099; female 50,554) (July 1998 est.)

Libya

0-14 years:
48% (male 1,399,354; female 1,351,442)
15-64 years:
49% (male 1,412,067; female 1,361,372)
65 years and over:
3% (male 81,711; female 84,781) (July 1998 est.)

Madagascar

0-14 years:
45% (male 3,272,236; female 3,196,565)
15-64 years:
52% (male 3,722,459; female 3,792,178)
65 years and over:
3% (male 231,582; female 247,489) (July 1998 est.)

Malawi

0-14 years:
46% (male 2,249,108; female 2,228,934)
15-64 years:
52% (male 2,512,768; female 2,584,516)
65 years and over:
2% (male 111,089; female 154,059) (July 1998 est.)

Mali

0-14 years:
47% (male 2,405,624; female 2,383,728)
15-64 years:
49% (male 2,367,538; female 2,628,399)
65 years and over:
4% (male 152,999; female 170,281) (July 1998 est.)

Mauritania

0-14 years:
46% (male 584,303; female 583,526)
15-64 years:
51% (male 624,144; female 660,478)
65 years and over:
3% (male 24,813; female 34,209) (July 1998 est.)

Mauritius

0-14 years:
26% (male 155,917; female 152,563)
15-64 years:
68% (male 393,330; female 397,285)
65 years and over:
6% (male 28,092; female 41,069) (July 1998 est.)

Mayotte

0-14 years:
46% (male 33,067; female 33,016)
15-64 years:
52% (male 40,009; female 33,380)
65 years and over:
2% (male 1,214; female 1,258) (July 1998 est.)

Morocco

0-14 years:
36% (male 5,398,692; female 5,200,660)
15-64 years:
59% (male 8,525,344; female 8,682,277)
65 years and over:
5% (male 606,203; female 701,321) (July 1998 est.)

Mozambique

0-14 years:
45% (male 4,129,779; female 4,232,091)
15-64 years:
53% (male 4,807,742; female 5,043,299)
65 years and over:
2% (male 177,895; female 250,663) (July 1998 est.)

Namibia

0-14 years:
44% (male 362,310; female 354,386)
15-64 years:
52% (male 414,281; female 426,921)
65 years and over:
4% (male 27,001; female 37,429) (July 1998 est.)

Niger

0-14 years:
48% (male 2,374,482; female 2,277,176)
15-64 years:
50% (male 2,345,773; female 2,447,951)
65 years and over:
2% (male 119,644; female 106,822) (July 1998 est.)

Nigeria

0-14 years:
45% (male 24,871,855; female 24,661,134)
15-64 years:
52% (male 29,420,428; female 28,343,567)
65 years and over:
3% (male 1,627,452; female 1,607,806) (July 1998 est.)

Reunion

0-14 years:
32% (male 116,705; female 111,262)
15-64 years:
62% (male 214,914; female 221,502)
65 years and over:
6% (male 16,846; female 23,824) (July 1998 est.)

Rwanda

0-14 years:
45% (male 1,785,650; female 1,772,609)
15-64 years:
53% (male 2,070,401; female 2,106,809)
65 years and over:
2% (male 90,941; female 129,762) (July 1998 est.)

Saint Helena now Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

0-14 years:
20% (male 718; female 694)
15-64 years:
71% (male 2,643; female 2,423)
65 years and over:
9% (male 249; female 364) (July 1998 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe

0-14 years:
48% (male 36,127; female 35,253)
15-64 years:
48% (male 34,980; female 37,555)
65 years and over:
4% (male 2,813; female 3,395) (July 1998 est.)

Senegal

0-14 years:
48% (male 2,331,388; female 2,343,654)
15-64 years:
49% (male 2,273,200; female 2,504,063)
65 years and over:
3% (male 132,671; female 138,173) (July 1998 est.)

Seychelles

0-14 years:
30% (male 11,787; female 11,694)
15-64 years:
64% (male 24,555; female 25,681)
65 years and over:
6% (male 1,700; female 3,224) (July 1998 est.)

Sierra Leone

0-14 years:
45% (male 1,130,728; female 1,167,084)
15-64 years:
52% (male 1,257,901; female 1,367,902)
65 years and over:
3% (male 79,113; female 77,276) (July 1998 est.)

Somalia

0-14 years:
44% (male 1,512,014; female 1,511,858)
15-64 years:
53% (male 1,833,922; female 1,786,261)
65 years and over:
3% (male 90,475; female 107,165) (July 1998 est.)

South Africa

0-14 years:
35% (male 7,502,396; female 7,366,144)
15-64 years:
61% (male 12,947,521; female 13,079,892)
65 years and over:
4% (male 778,767; female 1,159,800) (July 1998 est.)

Sudan

0-14 years:
45% (male 7,769,266; female 7,449,510)
15-64 years:
52% (male 8,818,018; female 8,778,485)
65 years and over:
3% (male 410,170; female 325,103) (July 1998 est.)

Tanzania

0-14 years:
45% (male 6,804,194; female 6,844,815)
15-64 years:
53% (male 7,835,705; female 8,236,949)
65 years and over:
2% (male 408,827; female 478,279) (July 1998 est.)

Togo

0-14 years:
48% (male 1,190,812; female 1,180,739)
15-64 years:
49% (male 1,175,570; female 1,252,274)
65 years and over:
3% (male 48,483; female 57,949) (July 1998 est.)

Tunisia

0-14 years:
32% (male 1,526,743; female 1,433,503)
15-64 years:
63% (male 2,933,487; female 2,947,189)
65 years and over:
5% (male 275,411; female 264,071) (July 1998 est.)

Uganda

0-14 years:
51% (male 5,682,510; female 5,643,962)
15-64 years:
47% (male 5,157,818; female 5,199,080)
65 years and over:
2% (male 236,374; female 247,451) (July 1998 est.)

Western Sahara

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Zambia

0-14 years:
49% (male 2,342,043; female 2,316,357)
15-64 years:
48% (male 2,244,251; female 2,326,159)
65 years and over:
3% (male 106,950; female 124,976) (July 1998 est.)

Zimbabwe

0-14 years:
44% (male 2,439,907; female 2,397,761)
15-64 years:
54% (male 2,914,336; female 3,000,442)
65 years and over:
2% (male 133,232; female 158,469) (July 1998 est.)

Arctic Region

3 entries

Greenland

0-14 years:
26% (male 7,814; female 7,709)
15-64 years:
68% (male 22,099; female 18,487)
65 years and over:
6% (male 1,476; female 1,724) (July 1998 est.)

Iceland

0-14 years:
24% (male 32,723; female 31,196)
15-64 years:
65% (male 88,608; female 86,775)
65 years and over:
11% (male 14,324; female 17,407) (July 1998 est.)

Svalbard

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Asia

22 entries

Afghanistan

0-14 years:
43% (male 5,425,510; female 5,216,954)
15-64 years:
54% (male 6,978,549; female 6,494,253)
65 years and over:
3% (male 357,780; female 319,329) (July 1998 est.)

Armenia

0-14 years:
26% (male 460,191; female 441,906)
15-64 years:
65% (male 1,092,652; female 1,139,916)
65 years and over:
9% (male 119,464; female 167,646) (July 1998 est.)

Azerbaijan

0-14 years:
32% (male 1,300,236; female 1,247,027)
15-64 years:
61% (male 2,336,568; female 2,468,679)
65 years and over:
7% (male 195,322; female 307,744) (July 1998 est.)

Bangladesh

0-14 years:
38% (male 24,339,519; female 23,377,955)
15-64 years:
59% (male 38,897,130; female 36,818,818)
65 years and over:
3% (male 2,239,638; female 1,893,942) (July 1998 est.)

Bhutan

0-14 years:
40% (male 396,839; female 368,391)
15-64 years:
56% (male 549,050; female 518,780)
65 years and over:
4% (male 38,235; female 37,012) (July 1998 est.)

China

0-14 years:
26% (male 169,347,516; female 149,897,253)
15-64 years:
68% (male 431,164,591; female 404,513,208)
65 years and over:
6% (male 38,398,920; female 43,593,170) (July 1998 est.)

Georgia

0-14 years:
22% (male 562,623; female 540,378)
15-64 years:
66% (male 1,631,296; female 1,756,087)
65 years and over:
12% (male 235,042; female 383,101) (July 1998 est.)

India

0-14 years:
34% (male 174,578,403; female 164,755,937)
15-64 years:
61% (male 310,995,355; female 288,344,336)
65 years and over:
5% (male 23,051,278; female 22,278,374) (July 1998 est.)

Japan

0-14 years:
15% (male 9,802,921; female 9,342,254)
15-64 years:
69% (male 43,486,840; female 43,135,979)
65 years and over:
16% (male 8,388,242; female 11,775,297) (July 1998 est.)

Kazakhstan

0-14 years:
29% (male 2,486,607; female 2,413,207)
15-64 years:
64% (male 5,243,028; female 5,523,199)
65 years and over:
7% (male 393,950; female 786,817) (July 1998 est.)

Korea, North now North Korea

0-14 years:
26% (male 2,800,857; female 2,669,250)
15-64 years:
68% (male 7,089,039; female 7,406,901)
65 years and over:
6% (male 387,011; female 881,329) (July 1998 est.)

Korea, South now South Korea

0-14 years:
22% (male 5,505,564; female 4,894,780)
15-64 years:
71% (male 16,772,319; female 16,272,145)
65 years and over:
7% (male 1,126,963; female 1,845,025) (July 1998 est.)

Kyrgyzstan

0-14 years:
36% (male 817,229; female 800,248)
15-64 years:
58% (male 1,285,520; female 1,337,259)
65 years and over:
6% (male 104,105; female 177,920) (July 1998 est.)

Maldives

0-14 years:
47% (male 70,244; female 66,758)
15-64 years:
50% (male 73,784; female 70,539)
65 years and over:
3% (male 4,735; female 4,151) (July 1998 est.)

Mongolia

0-14 years:
37% (male 483,795; female 468,700)
15-64 years:
59% (male 764,665; female 764,825)
65 years and over:
4% (male 41,488; female 55,057) (July 1998 est.)

Nepal

0-14 years:
42% (male 5,087,855; female 4,779,941)
15-64 years:
55% (male 6,655,865; female 6,387,255)
65 years and over:
3% (male 392,141; female 395,364) (July 1998 est.)

Pakistan

0-14 years:
42% (male 29,083,284; female 27,425,172)
15-64 years:
54% (male 37,432,059; female 35,731,170)
65 years and over:
4% (male 2,716,739; female 2,746,771) (July 1998 est.)

Russia

0-14 years:
20% (male 14,756,787; female 14,189,564)
15-64 years:
68% (male 48,138,173; female 51,366,412)
65 years and over:
12% (male 5,699,334; female 12,710,752) (July 1998 est.)

Sri Lanka

0-14 years:
28% (male 2,673,194; female 2,556,926)
15-64 years:
66% (male 6,126,759; female 6,385,450)
65 years and over:
6% (male 579,329; female 611,900) (July 1998 est.)

Tajikistan

0-14 years:
41% (male 1,258,424; female 1,230,891)
15-64 years:
54% (male 1,616,257; female 1,636,732)
65 years and over:
5% (male 118,485; female 159,306) (July 1998 est.)

Turkmenistan

0-14 years:
39% (male 843,839; female 813,837)
15-64 years:
57% (male 1,211,477; female 1,249,085)
65 years and over:
4% (male 67,842; female 111,549) (July 1998 est.)

Uzbekistan

0-14 years:
38% (male 4,591,140; female 4,451,246)
15-64 years:
57% (male 6,755,371; female 6,874,483)
65 years and over:
5% (male 435,036; female 677,045) (July 1998 est.)

Central America and the Caribbean

31 entries

Anguilla

0-14 years:
28% (male 1,558; female 1,511)
15-64 years:
65% (male 3,713; female 3,545)
65 years and over:
7% (male 359; female 461) (July 1998 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda

0-14 years:
26% (male 8,482; female 8,200)
15-64 years:
68% (male 21,695; female 22,042)
65 years and over:
6% (male 1,548; female 2,039) (July 1998 est.)

Aruba

0-14 years:
22% (male 7,775; female 7,114)
15-64 years:
69% (male 22,616; female 24,700)
65 years and over:
9% (male 2,523; female 3,597) (July 1998 est.)

Bahamas, The now The Bahamas

0-14 years:
28% (male 39,239; female 38,708)
15-64 years:
67% (male 91,208; female 95,198)
65 years and over:
5% (male 6,444; female 9,036) (July 1998 est.)

Barbados

0-14 years:
23% (male 30,592; female 29,747)
15-64 years:
67% (male 84,725; female 87,730)
65 years and over:
10% (male 9,926; female 16,305) (July 1998 est.)

Belize

0-14 years:
42% (male 49,486; female 47,596)
15-64 years:
54% (male 63,259; female 61,567)
65 years and over:
4% (male 4,048; female 4,204) (July 1998 est.)

British Virgin Islands

0-14 years:
21% (male 2,008; female 1,957)
15-64 years:
74% (male 7,079; female 6,689)
65 years and over:
5% (male 535; female 437) (July 1998 est.)

Cayman Islands

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Costa Rica

0-14 years:
34% (male 620,496; female 591,299)
15-64 years:
61% (male 1,120,118; female 1,093,099)
65 years and over:
5% (male 82,893; female 96,737) (July 1998 est.)

Cuba

0-14 years:
22% (male 1,247,339; female 1,182,612)
15-64 years:
69% (male 3,795,310; female 3,777,454)
65 years and over:
9% (male 490,883; female 557,131) (July 1998 est.)

Dominica

0-14 years:
27% (male 8,987; female 8,826)
15-64 years:
63% (male 21,231; female 20,464)
65 years and over:
10% (male 2,572; female 3,697) (July 1998 est.)

Dominican Republic

0-14 years:
35% (male 1,435,698; female 1,382,377)
15-64 years:
60% (male 2,452,310; female 2,379,991)
65 years and over:
5% (male 165,602; female 182,788) (July 1998 est.)

El Salvador

0-14 years:
37% (male 1,088,579; female 1,042,087)
15-64 years:
58% (male 1,575,806; female 1,748,250)
65 years and over:
5% (male 135,556; female 161,789) (July 1998 est.)

Grenada

0-14 years:
43% (male 21,077; female 20,378)
15-64 years:
52% (male 26,959; female 23,403)
65 years and over:
5% (male 2,061; female 2,339) (July 1998 est.)

Guadeloupe

0-14 years:
25% (male 53,239; female 51,148)
15-64 years:
66% (male 136,439; female 139,555)
65 years and over:
9% (male 15,243; female 20,815) (July 1998 est.)

Guatemala

0-14 years:
43% (male 2,629,861; female 2,522,112)
15-64 years:
54% (male 3,213,744; female 3,216,415)
65 years and over:
3% (male 199,738; female 225,710) (July 1998 est.)

Haiti

0-14 years:
43% (male 1,465,735; female 1,422,260)
15-64 years:
53% (male 1,733,636; female 1,881,367)
65 years and over:
4% (male 138,678; female 138,825) (July 1998 est.)

Honduras

0-14 years:
42% (male 1,248,291; female 1,204,574)
15-64 years:
55% (male 1,591,995; female 1,615,449)
65 years and over:
3% (male 96,017; female 105,629) (July 1998 est.)

Jamaica

0-14 years:
32% (male 425,233; female 406,529)
15-64 years:
62% (male 806,846; female 817,145)
65 years and over:
6% (male 79,125; female 99,800) (July 1998 est.)

Martinique

0-14 years:
23% (male 47,431; female 46,457)
15-64 years:
67% (male 134,738; female 137,818)
65 years and over:
10% (male 17,216; female 23,624) (July 1998 est.)

Montserrat

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Netherlands Antilles

0-14 years:
26% (male 27,001; female 26,091)
15-64 years:
67% (male 64,964; female 72,329)
65 years and over:
7% (male 6,393; female 8,915) (July 1998 est.)

Nicaragua

0-14 years:
44% (male 1,017,190; female 1,000,436)
15-64 years:
53% (male 1,191,323; female 1,251,828)
65 years and over:
3% (male 52,836; female 69,766) (July 1998 est.)

Panama

0-14 years:
32% (male 446,001; female 428,532)
15-64 years:
62% (male 864,382; female 841,870)
65 years and over:
6% (male 74,529; female 80,629) (July 1998 est.)

Puerto Rico

0-14 years:
24% (male 483,268; female 461,632)
15-64 years:
65% (male 1,206,385; female 1,310,406)
65 years and over:
11% (male 171,889; female 223,490) (July 1998 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

0-14 years:
33% (male 7,217; female 6,860)
15-64 years:
61% (male 12,860; female 12,748)
65 years and over:
6% (male 1,058; female 1,548) (July 1998 est.)

Saint Lucia

0-14 years:
34% (male 26,261; female 25,747)
15-64 years:
60% (male 45,182; female 46,956)
65 years and over:
6% (male 3,095; female 5,094) (July 1998 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

0-14 years:
31% (male 18,630; female 17,994)
15-64 years:
64% (male 38,562; female 37,979)
65 years and over:
5% (male 2,740; female 3,913) (July 1998 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago

0-14 years:
28% (male 159,353; female 152,898)
15-64 years:
65% (male 375,889; female 347,115)
65 years and over:
7% (male 36,627; female 44,713) (July 1998 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands

0-14 years:
(male 2,666; female 2,588)
15-64 years:
(male 5,418; female 4,907)
65 years and over:
(male 293; female 377) (July 1998 est.)

Virgin Islands

0-14 years:
29% (male 17,310; female 16,502)
15-64 years:
64% (male 34,434; female 40,645)
65 years and over:
7% (male 4,065; female 5,255) (July 1998 est.)

Europe

45 entries

Albania

0-14 years:
33% (male 572,430; female 532,917)
15-64 years:
61% (male 941,076; female 1,086,541)
65 years and over:
6% (male 82,184; female 115,606) (July 1998 est.)

Andorra

0-14 years:
14% (male 4,819; female 4,474)
15-64 years:
73% (male 25,448; female 22,028)
65 years and over:
13% (male 4,041; female 3,906) (July 1998 est.)

Austria

0-14 years:
17% (male 709,890; female 673,696)
15-64 years:
68% (male 2,783,569; female 2,707,113)
65 years and over:
15% (male 471,924; female 787,419) (July 1998 est.)

Belarus

0-14 years:
20% (male 1,062,012; female 1,018,154)
15-64 years:
67% (male 3,365,065; female 3,564,078)
65 years and over:
13% (male 460,633; female 939,108) (July 1998 est.)

Belgium

0-14 years:
17% (male 903,954; female 860,940)
15-64 years:
66% (male 3,387,329; female 3,318,221)
65 years and over:
17% (male 693,519; female 1,010,959) (July 1998 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

0-14 years:
18% (male 307,857; female 291,424)
15-64 years:
71% (male 1,177,516; female 1,195,419)
65 years and over:
11% (male 156,041; female 237,470) (July 1998 est.)

Bulgaria

0-14 years:
16% (male 696,131; female 662,335)
15-64 years:
68% (male 2,756,695; female 2,812,192)
65 years and over:
16% (male 564,698; female 748,375) (July 1998 est.)

Croatia

0-14 years:
17% (male 411,022; female 389,354)
15-64 years:
68% (male 1,591,716; female 1,592,485)
65 years and over:
15% (male 262,471; female 424,536) (July 1998 est.)

Czech Republic now Czechia

0-14 years:
17% (male 907,744; female 864,202)
15-64 years:
69% (male 3,555,822; female 3,548,548)
65 years and over:
14% (male 541,031; female 869,123) (July 1998 est.)

Denmark

0-14 years:
18% (male 496,886; female 471,891)
15-64 years:
67% (male 1,807,384; female 1,760,353)
65 years and over:
15% (male 330,385; female 466,718) (July 1998 est.)

Estonia

0-14 years:
19% (male 136,278; female 131,480)
15-64 years:
67% (male 456,796; female 492,946)
65 years and over:
14% (male 66,261; female 137,574) (July 1998 est.)

Faroe Islands

0-14 years:
23% (male 4,971; female 4,777)
15-64 years:
62% (male 13,896; female 12,034)
65 years and over:
15% (male 2,759; female 3,397) (July 1998 est.)

Finland

0-14 years:
19% (male 488,974; female 469,343)
15-64 years:
67% (male 1,736,883; female 1,700,466)
65 years and over:
14% (male 284,929; female 468,647) (July 1998 est.)

France

0-14 years:
19% (male 5,674,417; female 5,411,685)
15-64 years:
65% (male 19,243,919; female 19,182,933)
65 years and over:
16% (male 3,759,565; female 5,532,425) (July 1998 est.)

Germany

0-14 years:
16% (male 6,570,582; female 6,240,671)
15-64 years:
68% (male 28,688,052; female 27,532,099)
65 years and over:
16% (male 4,866,122; female 8,181,928) (July 1998 est.)

Gibraltar

0-14 years:
20% (male 3,131; female 2,731)
15-64 years:
66% (male 10,835; female 8,262)
65 years and over:
14% (male 1,684; female 2,402) (July 1998 est.)

Greece

0-14 years:
16% (male 890,673; female 830,945)
15-64 years:
67% (male 3,602,473; female 3,577,961)
65 years and over:
17% (male 780,029; female 980,057) (July 1998 est.)

Guernsey

0-14 years:
18% (male 5,856; female 5,721)
15-64 years:
67% (male 21,094; female 21,939)
65 years and over:
15% (male 4,001; female 5,944) (July 1998 est.)

Hungary

0-14 years:
18% (male 915,412; female 872,706)
15-64 years:
68% (male 3,413,170; female 3,533,085)
65 years and over:
14% (male 550,974; female 922,780) (July 1998 est.)

Ireland

0-14 years:
22% (male 406,741; female 384,459)
15-64 years:
67% (male 1,218,514; female 1,200,214)
65 years and over:
11% (male 173,978; female 235,574) (July 1998 est.)

Man, Isle of now Isle of Man

0-14 years:
18% (male 6,790; female 6,510)
15-64 years:
65% (male 24,466; female 24,366)
65 years and over:
17% (male 5,168; female 7,821) (July 1998 est.)

Italy

0-14 years:
14% (male 4,192,662; female 3,955,857)
15-64 years:
68% (male 19,265,714; female 19,369,554)
65 years and over:
18% (male 4,098,526; female 5,900,435) (July 1998 est.)

Jersey

0-14 years:
18% (male 8,160; female 7,567)
15-64 years:
68% (male 30,106; female 30,639)
65 years and over:
14% (male 5,243; female 7,421) (July 1998 est.)

Latvia

0-14 years:
19% (male 227,634; female 218,321)
15-64 years:
66% (male 754,416; female 829,801)
65 years and over:
15% (male 113,925; female 241,299) (July 1998 est.)

Liechtenstein

0-14 years:
19% (male 3,058; female 2,926)
15-64 years:
70% (male 11,084; female 11,154)
65 years and over:
11% (male 1,442; female 2,053) (July 1998 est.)

Lithuania

0-14 years:
20% (male 376,034; female 360,446)
15-64 years:
67% (male 1,155,733; female 1,238,671)
65 years and over:
13% (male 159,526; female 309,748) (July 1998 est.)

Luxembourg

0-14 years:
18% (male 39,565; female 37,824)
15-64 years:
67% (male 145,060; female 139,628)
65 years and over:
15% (male 25,449; female 37,491) (July 1998 est.)

Malta

0-14 years:
21% (male 40,655; female 38,425)
15-64 years:
68% (male 128,958; female 127,391)
65 years and over:
11% (male 18,629; female 25,505) (July 1998 est.)

Moldova

0-14 years:
25% (male 568,609; female 548,837)
15-64 years:
65% (male 1,394,604; female 1,514,749)
65 years and over:
10% (male 159,972; female 270,958) (July 1998 est.)

Monaco

0-14 years:
17% (male 2,730; female 2,659)
15-64 years:
64% (male 9,934; female 10,463)
65 years and over:
19% (male 2,300; female 3,949) (July 1998 est.)

Netherlands

0-14 years:
18% (male 1,472,236; female 1,406,919)
15-64 years:
68% (male 5,457,225; female 5,268,376)
65 years and over:
14% (male 862,574; female 1,263,782) (July 1998 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of now North Macedonia

0-14 years:
24% (male 244,636; female 230,103)
15-64 years:
67% (male 675,783; female 669,878)
65 years and over:
9% (male 85,030; female 103,957) (July 1998 est.)

Norway

0-14 years:
20% (male 444,373; female 420,940)
15-64 years:
65% (male 1,454,733; female 1,407,395)
65 years and over:
15% (male 288,056; female 404,458) (July 1998 est.)

Poland

0-14 years:
21% (male 4,075,959; female 3,883,778)
15-64 years:
68% (male 12,956,689; female 13,129,495)
65 years and over:
11% (male 1,732,788; female 2,828,213) (July 1998 est.)

Portugal

0-14 years:
17% (male 881,091; female 834,775)
15-64 years:
68% (male 3,283,273; female 3,429,233)
65 years and over:
15% (male 612,221; female 886,963) (July 1998 est.)

Romania

0-14 years:
19% (male 2,169,581; female 2,078,515)
15-64 years:
68% (male 7,571,619; female 7,668,689)
65 years and over:
13% (male 1,213,406; female 1,694,038) (July 1998 est.)

San Marino

0-14 years:
16% (male 1,994; female 2,013)
15-64 years:
67% (male 8,480; female 8,282)
65 years and over:
17% (male 1,732; female 2,393) (July 1998 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro

0-14 years:
Montenegro-22% (male 76,764; female 71,647); Serbia- 20% (male 1,121,483; female 1,043,535)
15-64 years:
Montenegro-67% (male 231,849; female 227,268); Serbia- 67% (male 3,539,198; female 3,487,318)
65 years and over:
Montenegro-11% (male 29,837; female 42,539); Serbia- 13% (male 575,697; female 758,904) (July 1998 est.)

Slovakia

0-14 years:
21% (male 570,515; female 546,088)
15-64 years:
68% (male 1,819,831; female 1,845,800)
65 years and over:
11% (male 235,926; female 374,822) (July 1998 est.)

Slovenia

0-14 years:
17% (male 168,633; female 160,202)
15-64 years:
70% (male 692,043; female 686,707)
65 years and over:
13% (male 96,023; female 168,131) (July 1998 est.)

Spain

0-14 years:
15% (male 3,057,919; female 2,879,109)
15-64 years:
69% (male 13,407,270; female 13,408,685)
65 years and over:
16% (male 2,651,149; female 3,729,864) (July 1998 est.)

Sweden

0-14 years:
19% (male 852,520; female 808,600)
15-64 years:
64% (male 2,885,783; female 2,792,964)
65 years and over:
17% (male 653,631; female 893,240) (July 1998 est.)

Switzerland

0-14 years:
17% (male 642,365; female 613,931)
15-64 years:
68% (male 2,506,653; female 2,415,647)
65 years and over:
15% (male 436,804; female 644,957) (July 1998 est.)

Ukraine

0-14 years:
19% (male 4,852,461; female 4,656,688)
15-64 years:
67% (male 16,096,737; female 17,481,600)
65 years and over:
14% (male 2,284,960; female 4,752,662) (July 1998 est.)

United Kingdom

0-14 years:
19% (male 5,832,086; female 5,530,679)
15-64 years:
65% (male 19,304,762; female 19,032,024)
65 years and over:
16% (male 3,807,710; female 5,462,858) (July 1998 est.)

Middle East

17 entries

Bahrain

0-14 years:
31% (male 95,871; female 93,232)
15-64 years:
67% (male 245,099; female 164,946)
65 years and over:
2% (male 8,799; female 8,395) (July 1998 est.)

Cyprus

0-14 years:
25% (male 94,006; female 89,256)
15-64 years:
65% (male 245,739; female 241,935)
65 years and over:
10% (male 33,989; female 44,057) (July 1998 est.)

Gaza Strip

0-14 years:
52% (male 278,551; female 265,009)
15-64 years:
46% (male 241,420; female 238,857)
65 years and over:
2% (male 12,966; female 17,370) (July 1998 est.)

Iran

0-14 years:
43% (male 15,371,060; female 14,513,782)
15-64 years:
53% (male 18,469,620; female 17,810,596)
65 years and over:
4% (male 1,428,471; female 1,366,402) (July 1998 est.)

Iraq

0-14 years:
44% (male 4,865,820; female 4,711,791)
15-64 years:
53% (male 5,794,336; female 5,662,163)
65 years and over:
3% (male 320,672; female 367,505) (July 1998 est.)

Israel

0-14 years:
28% (male 814,558; female 776,630)
15-64 years:
62% (male 1,751,111; female 1,745,499)
65 years and over:
10% (male 239,658; female 316,510) (July 1998 est.)

Jordan

0-14 years:
43% (male 985,211; female 935,982)
15-64 years:
54% (male 1,224,595; female 1,160,915)
65 years and over:
3% (male 64,406; female 63,869) (July 1998 est.)

Kuwait

0-14 years:
32% (male 338,933; female 279,087)
15-64 years:
66% (male 811,713; female 444,679)
65 years and over:
2% (male 23,642; female 15,231) (July 1998 est.)

Lebanon

0-14 years:
30% (male 532,688; female 512,979)
15-64 years:
64% (male 1,060,903; female 1,174,236)
65 years and over:
6% (male 102,946; female 122,042) (July 1998 est.)

Oman

0-14 years:
41% (male 488,244; female 469,831)
15-64 years:
57% (male 835,872; female 514,236)
65 years and over:
2% (male 28,966; female 26,442) (July 1998 est.)

Qatar

0-14 years:
27% (male 97,317; female 93,532)
15-64 years:
71% (male 353,700; female 138,564)
65 years and over:
2% (male 9,731; female 4,282) (July 1998 est.)

Saudi Arabia

0-14 years:
43% (male 4,547,971; female 4,398,628)
15-64 years:
55% (male 6,738,820; female 4,591,477)
65 years and over:
2% (male 268,136; female 240,923) (July 1998 est.)

Syria

0-14 years:
46% (male 3,937,575; female 3,748,881)
15-64 years:
51% (male 4,342,022; female 4,157,268)
65 years and over:
3% (male 240,603; female 246,933) (July 1998 est.)

Turkey now Turkiye

0-14 years:
31% (male 10,165,804; female 9,802,232)
15-64 years:
63% (male 20,790,422; female 20,106,320)
65 years and over:
6% (male 1,706,939; female 1,994,794) (July 1998 est.)

United Arab Emirates

0-14 years:
32% (male 372,413; female 356,834)
15-64 years:
66% (male 995,798; female 535,014)
65 years and over:
2% (male 29,169; female 13,860) (July 1998 est.)

West Bank

0-14 years:
45% (male 359,848; female 342,173)
15-64 years:
52% (male 405,929; female 396,928)
65 years and over:
3% (male 21,853; female 30,188) (July 1998 est.)

Yemen

0-14 years:
48% (male 4,016,052; female 3,859,079)
15-64 years:
49% (male 4,066,601; female 3,902,686)
65 years and over:
3% (male 280,152; female 263,393) (July 1998 est.)

North America

5 entries

Bermuda

0-14 years:
20% (male 6,191; female 6,046)
15-64 years:
70% (male 21,330; female 21,912)
65 years and over:
10% (male 2,777; female 3,753) (July 1998 est.)

Canada

0-14 years:
20% (male 3,106,331; female 2,961,328)
15-64 years:
68% (male 10,457,686; female 10,328,953)
65 years and over:
12% (male 1,619,704; female 2,201,396) (July 1998 est.)

Mexico

0-14 years:
36% (male 17,883,007; female 17,193,082)
15-64 years:
60% (male 28,932,074; female 30,511,443)
65 years and over:
4% (male 1,808,581; female 2,224,589) (July 1998 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

United States

0-14 years:
22% (male 29,952,220; female 28,560,357)
15-64 years:
66% (male 88,113,895; female 89,399,501)
65 years and over:
12% (male 14,088,571; female 20,197,212) (July 1998 est.)

Oceania

25 entries

American Samoa

0-14 years:
39% (male 12,575; female 11,824)
15-64 years:
56% (male 17,513; female 17,477)
65 years and over:
5% (male 1,364; female 1,340) (July 1998 est.)

Australia

0-14 years:
21% (male 2,023,147; female 1,926,206)
15-64 years:
66% (male 6,251,159; female 6,105,381)
65 years and over:
13% (male 1,005,196; female 1,301,998) (July 1998 est.)

Cook Islands

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Fiji

0-14 years:
34% (male 139,713; female 134,220)
15-64 years:
63% (male 251,646; female 251,425)
65 years and over:
3% (male 12,051; female 13,556) (July 1998 est.)

French Polynesia

0-14 years:
33% (male 40,264; female 38,770)
15-64 years:
62% (male 77,011; female 71,100)
65 years and over:
5% (male 5,347; female 5,352) (July 1998 est.)

Guam

0-14 years:
34% (male 25,972; female 24,097)
15-64 years:
60% (male 47,357; female 42,189)
65 years and over:
6% (male 4,244; female 4,201) (July 1998 est.)

Kiribati

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Marshall Islands

0-14 years:
50% (male 16,073; female 15,432)
15-64 years:
48% (male 15,408; female 14,695)
65 years and over:
2% (male 669; female 754) (July 1998 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Nauru

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

New Caledonia

0-14 years:
30% (male 29,423; female 28,320)
15-64 years:
65% (male 63,444; female 62,055)
65 years and over:
5% (male 5,202; female 5,753) (July 1998 est.)

New Zealand

0-14 years:
23% (male 427,776; female 407,074)
15-64 years:
65% (male 1,188,468; female 1,181,002)
65 years and over:
12% (male 182,253; female 238,815) (July 1998 est.)

Niue

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Norfolk Island

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Northern Mariana Islands

0-14 years:
24% (male 8,110; female 7,869)
15-64 years:
74% (male 23,847; female 25,659)
65 years and over:
2% (male 518; female 558) (July 1998 est.)

Palau

0-14 years:
27% (male 2,555; female 2,405)
15-64 years:
68% (male 6,727; female 5,535)
65 years and over:
5% (male 416; female 472) (July 1998 est.)

Papua New Guinea

0-14 years:
40% (male 936,206; female 888,427)
15-64 years:
57% (male 1,374,471; female 1,263,750)
65 years and over:
3% (male 62,593; female 74,338) (July 1998 est.)

Pitcairn Islands

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Samoa

0-14 years:
39% (male 44,991; female 43,537)
15-64 years:
57% (male 66,201; female 60,764)
65 years and over:
4% (male 4,352; female 4,868) (July 1998 est.)

Solomon Islands

0-14 years:
45% (male 101,338; female 97,584)
15-64 years:
52% (male 116,045; female 112,840)
65 years and over:
3% (male 6,571; female 6,661) (July 1998 est.)

Tokelau

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Tonga

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Tuvalu

0-14 years:
35% (male 1,875; female 1,804)
15-64 years:
60% (male 2,980; female 3,290)
65 years and over:
5% (male 226; female 269) (July 1998 est.)

Vanuatu

0-14 years:
39% (male 36,865; female 35,576)
15-64 years:
58% (male 55,066; female 52,142)
65 years and over:
3% (male 3,013; female 2,542) (July 1998 est.)

Wallis and Futuna

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

South America

14 entries

Argentina

0-14 years:
27% (male 5,078,061; female 4,888,883)
15-64 years:
62% (male 11,299,155; female 11,315,522)
65 years and over:
11% (male 1,526,682; female 2,157,160) (July 1998 est.)

Bolivia

0-14 years:
39% (male 1,559,149; female 1,526,646)
15-64 years:
56% (male 2,139,680; female 2,245,268)
65 years and over:
5% (male 161,431; female 194,178) (July 1998 est.)

Brazil

0-14 years:
30% (male 26,090,859; female 25,132,122)
15-64 years:
65% (male 54,199,642; female 55,769,122)
65 years and over:
5% (male 3,499,272; female 5,115,540) (July 1998 est.)

Chile

0-14 years:
28% (male 2,134,701; female 2,043,112)
15-64 years:
65% (male 4,768,366; female 4,811,403)
65 years and over:
7% (male 426,924; female 603,275) (July 1998 est.)

Colombia

0-14 years:
33% (male 6,474,927; female 6,321,404)
15-64 years:
62% (male 11,725,078; female 12,333,982)
65 years and over:
5% (male 780,486; female 945,072) (July 1998 est.)

Ecuador

0-14 years:
36% (male 2,253,920; female 2,175,402)
15-64 years:
60% (male 3,636,637; female 3,725,766)
65 years and over:
4% (male 254,432; female 290,415) (July 1998 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

French Guiana

0-14 years:
31% (male 26,003; female 24,840)
15-64 years:
64% (male 56,034; female 47,250)
65 years and over:
5% (male 4,245; female 4,175) (July 1998 est.)

Guyana

0-14 years:
31% (male 112,339; female 108,095)
15-64 years:
64% (male 228,719; female 226,309)
65 years and over:
5% (male 14,652; female 17,840) (July 1998 est.)

Paraguay

0-14 years:
39% (male 1,061,972; female 1,026,983)
15-64 years:
56% (male 1,483,089; female 1,473,372)
65 years and over:
5% (male 113,298; female 132,306) (July 1998 est.)

Peru

0-14 years:
36% (male 4,745,363; female 4,589,017)
15-64 years:
60% (male 7,856,414; female 7,752,085)
65 years and over:
4% (male 535,566; female 632,665) (July 1998 est.)

Suriname

0-14 years:
33% (male 72,945; female 69,468)
15-64 years:
62% (male 133,840; female 129,452)
65 years and over:
5% (male 10,309; female 11,966) (July 1998 est.)

Uruguay

0-14 years:
24% (male 405,894; female 386,479)
15-64 years:
63% (male 1,019,682; female 1,048,844)
65 years and over:
13% (male 176,467; female 247,475) (July 1998 est.)

Venezuela

0-14 years:
34% (male 3,979,045; female 3,733,364)
15-64 years:
62% (male 7,054,525; female 7,011,814)
65 years and over:
4% (male 469,799; female 554,862) (July 1998 est.)

Southeast Asia

15 entries

Brunei

0-14 years:
33% (male 53,219; female 50,906)
15-64 years:
63% (male 103,949; female 93,370)
65 years and over:
4% (male 7,569; female 6,279) (July 1998 est.)

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

0-14 years:
36% (male 8,798,474; female 8,461,791)
15-64 years:
59% (male 14,052,386; female 14,019,244)
65 years and over:
5% (male 888,773; female 1,084,651) (July 1998 est.)

Cambodia

0-14 years:
45% (male 2,611,684; female 2,533,313)
15-64 years:
52% (male 2,729,598; female 3,119,579)
65 years and over:
3% (male 142,836; female 202,552) (July 1998 est.)

Christmas Island

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

0-14 years:
NA
15-64 years:
NA
65 years and over:
NA (July 1998 est.)

Hong Kong

0-14 years:
18% (male 637,808; female 591,900)
15-64 years:
71% (male 2,360,878; female 2,425,291)
65 years and over:
11% (male 312,033; female 379,055) (July 1998 est.)

Indonesia

0-14 years:
31% (male 33,311,867; female 32,361,468)
15-64 years:
65% (male 69,215,722; female 69,578,527)
65 years and over:
4% (male 3,744,314; female 4,729,912) (July 1998 est.)

Laos

0-14 years:
45% (male 1,205,210; female 1,174,323)
15-64 years:
52% (male 1,318,061; female 1,393,386)
65 years and over:
3% (male 77,388; female 92,474) (July 1998 est.)

Macau

0-14 years:
25% (male 54,845; female 51,354)
15-64 years:
68% (male 138,871; female 153,801)
65 years and over:
7% (male 12,139; female 18,142) (July 1998 est.)

Malaysia

0-14 years:
36% (male 3,832,040; female 3,635,136)
15-64 years:
60% (male 6,314,693; female 6,324,389)
65 years and over:
4% (male 359,006; female 467,637) (July 1998 est.)

Philippines

0-14 years:
38% (male 14,867,972; female 14,379,722)
15-64 years:
59% (male 22,582,178; female 23,136,055)
65 years and over:
3% (male 1,232,813; female 1,527,122) (July 1998 est.)

Singapore

0-14 years:
21% (male 383,960; female 361,244)
15-64 years:
72% (male 1,252,427; female 1,255,795)
65 years and over:
7% (male 105,417; female 131,513) (July 1998 est.)

Taiwan

0-14 years:
22% (male 2,543,524; female 2,367,077)
15-64 years:
69% (male 7,730,185; female 7,472,525)
65 years and over:
9% (male 963,797; female 831,027) (July 1998 est.)

Thailand

0-14 years:
24% (male 7,440,863; female 7,169,837)
15-64 years:
70% (male 20,605,197; female 21,210,697)
65 years and over:
6% (male 1,596,267; female 2,014,505) (July 1998 est.)

Vietnam

0-14 years:
35% (male 13,570,312; female 12,796,687)
15-64 years:
60% (male 22,222,286; female 23,621,122)
65 years and over:
5% (male 1,613,103; female 2,412,749) (July 1998 est.)

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1998, “Age structure”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/age-structure/1998.

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