Indonesia

Republic of IndonesiaRepublik Indonesia

republicIndependence 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence

Indonesia as the 1998 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 100 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalJakarta

Position5 00 S, 120 00 E

Area1,919,440 sq km

LocationSoutheastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and

Populationas each edition published it

212.94 million July 1998 est. · 190.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

1.49% 1998 est. · 1.61% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 25.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

62.49 years 1998 est. · 60.26 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

2.61 children per woman 1998 est. · 3.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

59.23 deaths per 1,000 live births 1998 est. · 75 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$4,600 1997 est. · $680 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

4% 1997 est. · 6% in 1993

Geography

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and | the Pacific Ocean

18 fields

Area

1,919,440sq km

land: 1,826,440 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq kmslightly less than three times the size of Texas

Coastline

54,716km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselinesexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Highest point

5,030m

Puncak Jayalowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

Land boundaries

2,602km

border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use

arable land:: 10%
permanent crops:: 7%
permanent pastures:: 7%
forests and woodland:: 62%
other:: 14% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes

Environment-current issues

deforestation;
water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
air pollution in urban areas

Environment-international agreements

party to:: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:: Desertification, Marine Life Conservation

Geography-note

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited);
straddles Equator;
strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

15 fields

Population

212,941,810

(July 1998 est.)growth rate: 1.49% (1998 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1998 est.)

Birth

23.1Death

8.22Net migration

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (1998 est.)62.49

60.28 · 64.81

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (1995 est.)83.8%

89.6% · 78%

MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Ethnic groups

Javanese 45%Sundanese 14%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26%

Religions(1985)

Muslim 87%Protestant 6%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1985)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 31% (male 33,311,867; female 32,361,468)
15-64 years:: 65% (male 69,215,722; female 69,578,527)
65 years and over:: 4% (male 3,744,314; female 4,729,912) (July 1998 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years:: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over:: 0.79 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

Infant mortality rate

59.23 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Indonesian(s)
adjective:: Indonesian

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Government

Republic; President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998)

20 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

74.5%

Golkar 74.5%PPP 22.43%PDI 3.07%last held 29 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

Legislature, 425 seats, elected 29 May 1997seats by party

Golkar 325PPP 89PDI 11

Percent of vote

Golkar 74.5%PPP 22.43%PDI 3.07%

Country name

conventional long form:: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form:: Indonesia
local long form:: Republik Indonesia
local short form:: Indonesia
former:: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular-propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular-daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

note: on 21 May 1998-less than three months after being reelected to a seventh five-year term-President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO resigned from office;

immediately following his resignation he announced that Vice President HABIBIE would assume the presidency for the remainder of the term which expires in 2003; on 28 May 1998, HABIBIE and legislative leaders announced an agreement to hold a new presidential election in 1999

chief of state:: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); note-the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government:: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); note-the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet:: Cabinet
elections:: president and vice president elected by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms;
election last held 10 March 1998 (next to be held NA 1999)
election results:: Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO elected president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly;
Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE elected vice president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly;
note-Vice President HABIBIE assumed the presidency after SOEHARTO's resignation

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 425 elected by popular vote, 75 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms)

elections:: last held 29 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results:: percent of vote by party-Golkar 74.5%, PPP 22.43%, PDI 3.07%; seats by party-Golkar 325, PPP 89, PDI 11

note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Political parties and leaders

Golkar (de facto ruling political party based on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman;
Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI, federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERJADI, chairman;
Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

International organization participation

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador DORODJATUN Kuntoro-Jakti
chancery:: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:: [1] (202) 775-5200

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365; consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY
embassy:: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta
mailing address:: Box 1, APO AP 96520
telephone:: [62] (21) 344-2211

FAX

[62] (21) 386-2259; consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy

28 fields

GDP, purchasing power parity

-$960billion

purchasing power parity · (1997 est.)

GDP per capita, PPP

-$4,600

purchasing power parity · (1997 est.)

Real growth rate

(1997 est.)industrial production growth: 10.5% (1996 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

50%

(1998 est.)

GDP-composition by sector(1996)

agriculture 16%industry 43%services 41% (1996)

Budget

Revenues

$42.8 billionExpenditures

$42.8 billion

expenditures including capital expenditures of $14.4 billion (FY97/98 est.)

Fixed lines

1,276,600

(1993 est.)

Economy-overview

While Indonesia was long touted for its sound macroeconomic management and spectacular growth, the Asian financial crisis in 1997/98 revealed the weak underpinnings of the economy: an unhealthy banking sector, untenable levels of private foreign debt, and uncompetitive practices that favored the financial interests of former President SOEHARTO's family and friends. Indonesia sought IMF assistance early in the crisis and eventually brokered a $42 billion bailout package; but Jakarta jeopardized the program by resisting strict IMF reforms, partly in response to the rupiah's collapse, which lost as much as 80% of its value at one point. Economic prospects look; bleak for 1998: the economy probably will shrink between 4% to 10%, unemployment top historic highs-in excess of 15%-and inflation move toward hyper levels.

Labor force

total:: 67 million
by occupation:: agriculture 44%, manufacturing 13%, construction 5%, transport and communications 4%, other 34% (1995 est.)

Unemployment rate

15%; underemployment 50% (1998 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber; tourism

Electricity-capacity

16.265 million kW (1995)

Electricity-production

60.4 billion kWh (1995)

Electricity-consumption per capita

297 kWh (1995)

Agriculture-products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Exports

total value:: $53.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
commodities:: textiles/garments 20.6%, wood products 15.7%, electronics 9.9%, footwear 6.1%
partners:: Japan 27.1%, US 13.9%, Singapore 8.3%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 3.9%, China 3.8%, Hong Kong 3.6% (1995)

Imports

total value:: $41.6 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
commodities:: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7%
partners:: Japan 22.7%, US 11.7%, Germany 6.9%, South Korea 6.0%, Singapore 5.8%, Australia 5.0%, Taiwan 4.5% (1995)

Debt-external

$136 billion (yearend 1997 est.)

Economic aid

recipient: IMF program, $42 billion (1998 est.)

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1-8,000 (April 1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993)

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

Telephone system

domestic service fair, international service good

domestic:: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international:: satellite earth stations-2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0

Radios

28.1 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations

Televisions

11.5 million (1992 est.)

Transportation

10 fields

Merchant marine, 503 ships by type(1997 est.)

bulk 35cargo 291chemical tanker 8container 11liquefied gas tanker 5livestock carrier 1oil tanker 105passenger 8passenger-cargo 12roll-on/roll-off cargo 10short-sea passenger 6specialized tanker 6vehicle carrier 5

Airports by runway lengthpaved only

under 914 m

over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 40 914 to 1,523 m: 41

Airports by runway lengthunpaved only

under 914 m

281

total: 318 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 32

Networkskm

Highways

393,000Railways

6,458Waterways

21,579

Highways: paved: 178,815 km · unpaved: 214,185 km (1996 est.) · Railways: narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995) · Waterways: ; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km