Indonesia

republicIndependence 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence

Indonesia as the 1994 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 125 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

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CapitalJakarta
LocationSoutheastern Asia, between Malaysia and Australia
1994

Every edition of Indonesia

Populationas each edition published it
200.41 million July 1994 est. · 190.14m in 1990
Population growth% a year
1.59% 1994 est. · 1.61% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 25.8 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
Not in this edition 60.26 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
2.8 children per woman 1994 est. · 3.1 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
67.3 deaths per 1,000 live births 1994 est. · 75 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$2,900 1993 est. · $680 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
6.5% 1993 est. · 6% in 1993

Geography

Southeastern Asia, between Malaysia and Australia

24 fields
Coastline
54,716km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
Land boundaries
2,602km
total · Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
Irrigated land
75,500sq km
(1989 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, between Malaysia and Australia

Map references

Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

total area

1,919,440 sq km

land area

1,826,440 sq km

comparative area

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

International disputes

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Climate

  • tropical;
  • hot, humid;
  • more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

arable land

8%

permanent crops

3%

meadows and pastures

7%

forest and woodland

67%

other

15%

current issues

  • deforestation;
  • water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
  • air pollution in urban areas

natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis

international agreements

  • party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber;
  • signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Marine Life Conservation

Note

  • archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited);
  • straddles Equator;
  • strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

21 fields
Population
200,409,741
(July 1994 est.)growth rate: 1.59% (1994 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1994 est.)

Birth
24.45Death
8.6Net migration
0

Ethnic divisions

Javanese 45%Sundanese 14%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26%

Religions(1985)

Muslim 87%Protestant 6%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1985)
Labor force
67million
Literacy
15and over can read and write
age · (1990 est.)

Infant mortality rate

67.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

total population

60.74 years

male

58.7 years

female

62.88 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.8 children born/woman (1994 est.)

noun

Indonesian(s)

adjective

Indonesian

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

total population

77%

male

84%

female

68%

by occupation

agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)

Government

Republic

35 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

68%
GOLKAR 68%PPP 17%PDI 15%

Legislature, 400 seatsseats by party

(500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282PPP 62PDI 56

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

former name

Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Type

republic

Capital

Jakarta

Administrative divisions

  • 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
  • Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

chief of state and head of government

President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)

cabinet

Cabinet

House of Representatives

  • (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) elections last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997);
  • results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%;
  • seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56

note

the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)

Political parties and leaders

  • GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) HARMOKO, general chairman;
  • Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Megawati SUKARNOPUTRI, chairman;
  • Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Member of

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

chief of mission

Ambassador Arifin SIREGAR

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone

(202) 775-5200

FAX

(202) 775-5365

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, New York, and Los Angeles

consulate(s)

San Francisco

chief of mission

Ambassador Robert L. BARRY

embassy

Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Box 1, Jakarta

mailing address

APO AP 96520

telephone

[62] (21) 360-360

FAX

[62] (21) 386-2259

consulate(s)

Medan, Surabaya

Flag

  • two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
  • similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
  • also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy

Indonesia is a mixed economy with some socialist institutions and | central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and | private enterprise.

26 fields
GDP per capita, PPP
$2,900
(1993 est.)
Real growth rate
6.5%
(1993 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts 35% of GDP
Unemployment rate
3%official rate
underemployment 45% (1993 est.)

Overview

Indonesia is a mixed economy with some socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-93 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.

Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation.

Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years. Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports.

Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew.

The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992 and 1993 has matched the government target of 6%-7% annual growth.

National product

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $571 billion (1993 est.)

revenues

$32.8 billion

expenditures

$32.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.9 billion (FY95)

Exports

$38.2 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)

commodities

petroleum and gas 28%, clothing and fabrics 15%, plywood 11%, footwear 4% (1992)

partners

Japan 32%, US 13%, Singapore 9%, South Korea 6% (1992)

Imports

$28.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)

commodities

machinery 37%, semi-finished goods 16%, chemicals 14%, raw materials 10%, transport equipment 7%, food stuffs 6%, petroleum products 4%, consumer goods 3% (1992)

partners

Japan 22%, US 14%, Germany 8%, South Korea 7%, Singapore 6%, Australia 5%, Taiwan 5% (1992)

External debt

$100 billion (1994 est.)

capacity

11,600,000 kW

production

38 billion kWh

consumption per capita

200 kWh (1990)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

Agriculture

  • accounts for 21% of GDP;
  • subsistence food production;
  • small-holder and plantation production for export;
  • main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers

recipient

  • US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion;
  • Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion;
  • OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million;
  • Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million

Currency

1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,116.9 (January 1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Communications

16 fields

Networkskm

Railroads
6,964Inland waterways
21,579
Railroads: ; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government owned · Inland waterways: ; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Railroads

  • 6,964 km total;
  • 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge;
  • 211 km double track;
  • 101 km electrified;
  • all government owned

total

119,500 km

paved

NA

unpaved

NA

undifferentiated

  • provincial 34,180 km;
  • district 73,508 km;
  • state 11,812 km

Inland waterways

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Pipelines

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, Surabaya

Merchant marine

430 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,893,830 GRT/2,768,294 DWT, bulk 26, cargo 256, chemical tanker 7, container 11, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 83, passenger 4, passenger-cargo 13, roll-on/roll-off cargo 5, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4

total

444

usable

414

with permanent-surface runways

122

with runways over 3,659 m

1

with runways 2,440-3,659 m

11

with runways 1,220-2,439 m

68

Telecommunications

  • interisland microwave system and HF police net;
  • domestic service fair, international service good;
  • radiobroadcast coverage good;
  • 763,000 telephones (1986);
  • broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV;
  • satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station;
  • and 1 domestic satellite communications system

Defense Forces

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

3 fields

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Manpower availability

  • males age 15-49 54,518,490;
  • fit for military service 32,175,853;
  • reach military age (18) annually 2,201,295 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures

exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)

Central Intelligence Agency. “Indonesia.” The World Factbook 1994. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/indonesia/1994.

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