Indonesia

Republic of IndonesiaRepublik Indonesia

republicIndependence 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence

Indonesia as the 2000 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 110 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalJakarta

Position5 00 S, 120 00 E

Area1,919,440 sq km

LocationSoutheastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Populationas each edition published it

224.78 million July 2000 est. · 190.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

1.63% 2000 est. · 1.61% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 25.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

67.96 years 2000 est. · 60.26 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

2.61 children per woman 2000 est. · 3.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

42.21 deaths per 1,000 live births 2000 est. · 75 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$2,800 1999 est. · $680 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

0% 1999 est. · 6% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly elected government after years of rule by dictators, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption among the Chinese-dominated business class, dealing with alleged human rights violations by the military, and resolving growing pressures for some form of autonomy or independence in certain regions such as Aceh and Irian Jaya.

On 30 August 1999 a provincial referendum for independence was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur. Concurrence followed by Indonesia's national legislature, and the name East Timor was provisionally adopted. The independent status of East Timor has yet to be formally established.

Geography

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

18 fields

Area

1,919,440sq km

land: 1,826,440 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq kmslightly less than three times the size of Texas

Coastline

54,716km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselinesexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Highest point

5,030m

Puncak Jayalowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

Land boundaries

2,602km

border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map references

Southeast Asia

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use

arable land:: 10%
permanent crops:: 7%
permanent pastures:: 7%
forests and woodland:: 62%
other:: 14% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land

45,970 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes

Environment - current issues

deforestation;
water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
air pollution in urban areas;
smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

party to:: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited);
straddles Equator;
strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

15 fields

Population

224,784,210

(July 2000 est.)growth rate: 1.63% (2000 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2000 est.)

Birth

22.6Death

6.31Net migration

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (2000 est.)67.96

65.61 · 70.42

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (1995 est.)83.8%

89.6% · 78%

MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Ethnic groups

Javanese 45%Sundanese 14%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26%

Religions(1998)

Muslim 88%Protestant 5%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1998)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 30.57% (male 34,932,102; female 33,783,603)
15-64 years:: 64.96% (male 72,889,994; female 73,124,821)
65 years and over:: 4.47% (male 4,413,268; female 5,640,422) (2000 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years:: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population:: 1 male(s)/female (2000 est.)

Infant mortality rate

42.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.61 children born/woman (2000 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Indonesian(s)
adjective:: Indonesian

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Government

Republic; President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999); President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999)

18 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

37.4%

PDI-P 37.4%Golkar 20.9%PKB 17.4%PPP 10.7%PAN 7.3%PBB 1.8%other 4.5%last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held NA June 2004)

Legislature, 462 seats, elected 7 June 1999seats by party

PDI-P 154Golkar 120PPP 58PKB 51PAN 35PBB 14other 30

Percent of vote

PDI-P 37.4%Golkar 20.9%PKB 17.4%PPP 10.7%PAN 7.3%PBB 1.8%other 4.5%

Country name

conventional long form:: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form:: Indonesia
local long form:: Republik Indonesia
local short form:: Indonesia
former:: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Data code

Government type

republic

Capital

Jakarta

Administrative divisions

23 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*;
note - there may be a new province named Maluku Utara

note: following the 30 August 1999 provincial referendum for independence which was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur and the October 1999 concurrence of Indonesia's national legislature,

the name East Timor was adopted as a provisional name for the political entity formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur until such time as the entity's independent status is formally established

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government:: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet:: Cabinet
elections:: president and vice president selected by vote of the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms;
selection last held 20 October 1999 (next to be held by NA 2004)
election results:: Abdurrahman WAHID selected president by vote of the People's Consultative Assembly, receiving 373 votes to 313 votes for MEGAWATI;
MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri selected vice president by vote of the People's Consultative Assembly

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms)

elections:: last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held NA June 2004)
election results:: percent of vote by party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%;
seats by party - PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30

note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 200 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Political parties and leaders

Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman];
Development Unity Party or PPP (federation of former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman];
Golkar [Akbar TANSUNG, general chairman];
Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties) [Budi HARDJONO, chairman];
Indonesia Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson];
National Awakening Party or PKB [Abdurrahman WAHID];
National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]

International organization participation

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Maleeha LODHI
chancery:: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX:: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general:: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Robert GELBARD
embassy:: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta
mailing address:: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520
telephone:: [62] (21) 344-2211
FAX:: [62] (21) 386-2259
consulate(s) general:: Surabaya

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy

The Indonesian economy stabilized in 1999, following the sharp contraction and high inflation of 1998.

31 fields

Real growth rate

(1999 est.)industrial production growth: 1.5% (1999 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

(1999 est.)

Unemployment rate

15%

-20% (1998 est.)

Labor force

88million

(1998)

GDP - composition by sector(1999 est.)

agriculture 21%industry 35%services 44% (1999 est.)

Trading partnersexports left, imports right

18%

Japan

17%

15%

14%

13%

Singapore

10%

Germany

Australia

South Korea

Hong Kong

China

Taiwan

Exports $48 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)Imports $24 billion (c.i.f., 1999 est.)(1999 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$25.4 billion (of which $6 billion is from international financial institutions)Expenditures

$25.4 billion

expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)

Electricity

fossil fuel 88.19%hydro 8.39%other 3.42% (1998)nuclear 0%

Electricity production

73.13 billion (1998)Electricity consumption

68.011 billion (1998)

Economy - overview

The Indonesian economy stabilized in 1999, following the sharp contraction and high inflation of 1998. By following tight monetary policy, the government reduced inflation from over 70% in 1998 to 2% in 1999. Although interest rates spiked as high as 70% in response to the monetary contraction, they fell rapidly to the 10% to 15% range.

The economy stopped its free-fall as GDP showed some growth in the second half of 1999, although GDP for the year as a whole showed no growth. The government managed to recapitalize a handful of private banks and has begun recapitalizing the state-owned banking sector. New lending, however, remains almost unavailable as banks continue to be wary of issuing new debt in an environment where little progress has been made in restructuring the huge burden of outstanding debts.

IMF payments were suspended late in 1999 as the result of evidence that a private bank had illegally funneled payments it received from the government to one of the political parties. The government has forecast growth of 3.8% for FY00/01. The spread of sectarian violence and continuing dissatisfaction with the pace of bank and debt restructuring will make it difficult for Indonesia to attract the private investment necessary to achieve this goal.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $610 billion (1999 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $2,800 (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 45%, trade, restaurant, and hotel 19%, manufacturing 11%, transport and communications 5%, construction 4% (1998)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas;
textiles, apparel, and footwear;
mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood;
rubber;
food;
tourism

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Exports

$48 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil and gas, plywood, textiles, rubber

Imports

$24 billion (c.i.f., 1999 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Debt - external

$140 billion (1998 est.)

Economic aid - recipient

$43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing (1997-2000)

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 7,278.8 (January 2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Communications

8 fields

Mobile cellular

1.2 million

(1998)

Internet users

(1999)

Fixed lines

3.291 million

(1995)

Telephone system

domestic service fair, international service good

domestic:: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international:: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Radios

31.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations

41 (1999)

Televisions

13.75 million (1997)

Transportation

10 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right

over 3,047 m

2,438 to 3,047 m

1,524 to 2,437 m

914 to 1,523 m

under 914 m

281

Paved 127Unpaved 319

Networkskm

Highways

342,700Railways

6,458Waterways

21,579

Highways: paved: 158,670 km · unpaved: 184,030 km (1997 est.) · Railways: narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995) · Waterways: ; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Railways

total:: 6,458 km
narrow gauge:: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Highways

total:: 342,700 km
paved:: 158,670 km
unpaved:: 184,030 km (1997 est.)

total:: 586 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,676,875 GRT/3,700,864 DWT
ships by type:: bulk 38, cargo 346, chemical tanker 9, container 19, liquified gas 5, livestock carrier 1, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum tanker 114, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off 11, short-sea passenger 8, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier 5 (1999 est.)

Airports

446 (1999 est.)

Heliports

4 (1999 est.)

Military

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

7 fields

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

1.3%

(FY98/99)

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes - international

Sipadan and Ligitan Islands in dispute with Malaysia

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin [Country Listing] [ The World Factbook Home]

Central Intelligence Agency. “Indonesia.” The World Factbook 2000. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/indonesia/2000.

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