Indonesia

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• more moderate in highlands

agricultural land:

31.2%;

• arable land 13%;
• permanent crops 12.1%;
• permanent pasture 6.1%

forest:

51.7%

other:

17.1% (2011 est.)

• major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth;
• of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan;
• the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

• occasional floods;
• severe droughts;
• tsunamis;
• earthquakes;
• volcanoes;
• forest fires

volcanism:

• Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active;
• significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea;
• Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations;
• other notable historically active volcanoes include
  • Agung,
  • Awu,
  • Karangetang,
  • Krakatau (Krakatoa),
  • Makian,
  • Raung,
  • and Tambora

• deforestation;
• water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
• air pollution in urban areas;
• smoke and haze from forest fires

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

Marine Life Conservation

• according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands);
• the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean;
• despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

noun:

Indonesian(s)

adjective:

Indonesian

• major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth;
• of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan;
• the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

55-64 years:

0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.77 male(s)/female

total population:

1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

degree of risk:

very high

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases:

dengue fever and malaria (2016)

conventional long form:

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form:

Indonesia

local long form:

Republik Indonesia

local short form:

Indonesia

former:

Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

etymology:

the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

name:

Jakarta

geographic coordinates:

6 10 S, 106 49 E

time difference:

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

note: Indonesia has three time zones

• drafted July to August 1945, effective 17 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions, 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959;
• amended several times, last in 2002;
• note - an amendment on "national character building and national consciousness awareness" was pending parliamentary review in early 2016 (2016)

citizenship by birth:

no

citizenship by descent only:

at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized:

no

residency requirement for naturalization:

5 continuous years

chief of state:

• President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014);
• Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014);
• note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections/appointments:

• president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
• election last held on 9 July 2014 (next to be held in 2019)

election results:

Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.2%, PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 46.8%

description:

bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of the Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (132 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 33 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (560 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Council has no legislative authority

elections:

last held on 9 April 2014 (next to be held in 2019)

election results:

• Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis;
• House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19.0%, Golkar 14.8%, Gerindra 11.8%, PD 10.2%, PKB 9.0%, PAN 2.6%, PKS 6.8%, NasDem 6.7%, PPP 6.5%, Hanura 5.3%, other 7.9%;
• seats by party - PDI-P 109, Golkar 91, Gerindra 73, PD 61, PAN 48, PKB 47, PKS 40, PPP 39, NasDem 36, Hanura 16

highest court(s):

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office:

• Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament;
• judges serve until retirement at age 65;
• Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament;
• judges appointed by the president;
• judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts:

High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

• Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO]
• Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Setya NOVANTO]
• Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo]
• Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]
• National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]
• National Democratic Party or Nasdem [Surya PALOH]
• National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN]
• People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]
• Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Muhammad Sohibul IMAN]
• United Development Party or PPP [Muhammad ROMAHURMUZIY]

• Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS
• Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW
• Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI

chief of mission:

Ambassador Budi BOWOLEKSONO (since 21 May 2014)

chancery:

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:

[1] (202) 775-5200

FAX:

[1] (202) 775-5365

consulate(s) general:

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

chief of mission:

Ambassador Joseph R. DONOVAN, Jr. (since 12 January 2017)

embassy:

Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address:

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

telephone:

[62] (21) 3435-9000

FAX:

[62] (21) 386-2259

consulate general:

Surabaya

consulate:

Medan

• two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
• the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries;
• red symbolizes courage, white represents purity

note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

name:

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

lyrics/music:

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

note: adopted 1945

agriculture:

32%

industry:

21%

services:

47% (2016 est.)

lowest 10%:

3.4%

highest 10%:

28.2% (2010)

general assessment:

domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good

domestic:

• coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas;
• mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly

international:

• country code - 62;
• landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2015)

• mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters;
• more than 100 local TV stations;
• widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems;
• public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations;
• overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)

number of registered air carriers:

29; inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 550

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:

88,685,767

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:

747,473,207 mt-km (2015)

• condensate 1,064 km;
• condensate/gas 150 km;
• gas 11,702 km;
• liquid petroleum gas 119 km;
• oil 7,767 km;
• oil/gas/water 77 km;
• refined products 728 km;
• unknown 53 km;
• water 44 km (2013)

total:

8,159 km

narrow gauge:

8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)

note: 4,816 km operational (2014)

country comparison to the world: 27

total:

496,607 km

paved:

283,102 km

unpaved:

213,505 km (2011)

country comparison to the world: 14

major seaport(s):

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

container port(s) (TEUs):

Belawan (1,197,000), Tanjung Priok (5,154,000) (2015)

LNG terminal(s) (export):

Bontang, Tangguh

LNG terminal(s) (import):

Arun, Lampung, West Java

• 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized;
• 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers);
• Indonesian citizens only (2012)

• the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships;
• attacks declined dramatically from 108 incidents in 2015 to 49 in 2016, although Indonesian waters remained the most dangerous in the world;
• in 2016, 45 commercial vessels were boarded and one hijacked;
• during 2016 37 crew members were taken hostage;
• hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia;
• crews have been murdered or cast adrift;
• Indonesia remains the most dangerous area during the first half of 2017 with more than 20% of all incidents reported world-wide

• Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors;
• three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries;
• all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature;
• Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef;
• Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches;
• land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea;
• Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island;
• Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea;
• maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau;
• EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

• illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
• producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy;
• President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions, particularly of foreign drug traffickers