Indonesia

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• more moderate in highlands

mean elevation:

367 m

elevation extremes:

0 m lowest point: Indian Ocean; 4884 highest point: Puncak Jaya

• major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth;
• of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan;
• the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

• occasional floods;
• severe droughts;
• tsunamis;
• earthquakes;
• volcanoes;
• forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active;
• significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea;
• Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations;
• other notable historically active volcanoes include
  • Agung,
  • Awu,
  • Karangetang,
  • Krakatau (Krakatoa),
  • Makian,
  • Raung,
  • and Tambora
  ;
• see note 2 under "Geography - note"

• large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog;
• over-exploitation of marine resources;
• environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services;
• water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

Marine Life Conservation

noun:

Indonesian(s)

adjective:

Indonesian

0-14 years:

24.63% (male 32,967,727 /female 31,757,882)

15-24 years:

16.94% (male 22,661,264 /female 21,852,006)

25-54 years:

42.44% (male 57,097,131 /female 54,433,239)

55-64 years:

8.73% (male 10,447,365 /female 12,494,036)

65 years and over:

7.26% (male 8,326,858 /female 10,749,895) (2018 est.)

total dependency ratio:

49.2 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio:

41.6 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio:

7.6 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio:

13.2 (2015 est.)

• major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth;
• of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan;
• the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

at birth:

1.04 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

0-14 years:

1.04 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

15-24 years:

1.04 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

25-54 years:

1.04 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

55-64 years:

0.84 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

65 years and over:

0.77 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

total population:

1 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

degree of risk:

very high (2016)

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2016)

vectorborne diseases:

dengue fever and malaria (2016)

conventional long form:

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form:

Indonesia

local long form:

Republik Indonesia

local short form:

Indonesia

former:

Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

etymology:

the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

name:

Jakarta

geographic coordinates:

6 10 S, 106 49 E

time difference:

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

note: Indonesia has three time zones

etymology:

• "Jakarta" derives from the Sanscrit "Jayakarta" meaning "victorious city" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527;
• previously the port had been named "Sunda Kelapa"

history:

drafted July to August 1945, effective 17 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959 (2017)

amendments:

• proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly when at least two-thirds of its members are present;
• passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership;
• constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended;
• amended several times, last in 2002 (2017)

citizenship by birth:

no

citizenship by descent only:

at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized:

no

residency requirement for naturalization:

5 continuous years

highest courts:

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office:

• Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament;
• judges serve until retirement at age 65;
• Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament;
• judges appointed by the president;
• judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts:

High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

chief of state:

• President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014);
• Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014);
• note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections/appointments:

• president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
• election last held on 9 July 2014 (next to be held in 2019)

election results:

Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.2%, PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 46.8%

• Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO]
• Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Airlangga HARTARTO]
• Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo]
• Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]
• National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]
• National Democratic Party (Partai Nasional Demokrat) or Nasdem [Surya PALOH]
• National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN]
• People's Conscience Party or HANURA [Oesman Sapta ODANG]
• Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Muhammad Sohibul IMAN]
• United Development Party or PPP [Muhammad ROMAHURMUZIY]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Budi BOWOLEKSONO (since 21 May 2014)

chancery:

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:

[1] (202) 775-5200

FAX:

[1] (202) 775-5365

consulate(s) general:

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

chief of mission:

Ambassador Joseph R. DONOVAN, Jr. (since 12 January 2017)

embassy:

Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address:

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

telephone:

[62] (21) 5083-1000 (2018)

FAX:

[62] (21) 2395-1697 (2018)

consulate(s) general:

Surabaya

consulate(s):

Medan

• two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
• the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries;
• red symbolizes courage, white represents purity

note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

name:

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

lyrics/music:

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

note: adopted 1945

agriculture:

32%

industry:

21%

services:

47% (2016 est.)

lowest 10%:

28.2% (2010)

highest 10%:

28.2% (2010)

general assessment:

• domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system;
• international service good;Indonesia has very low fixed line and fixed broadband penetration, high mobile penetration and moderate mobile broadband penetration (2017)

domestic:

• fixed-line 4 per 100 and mobile-cellular 175 per 100 subscriptions;
• coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas;
• mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly (2017)

international:

• country code - 62;
• landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2015)

• mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters;
• more than 100 local TV stations;
• widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems;
• public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations;
• overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)

number of registered air carriers:

29 (2015)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 550 (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:

88,685,767 (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:

747,473,207 mt-km (2015)

total:

8,159 km (2014)

narrow gauge:

8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014)

note: 4,816 km operational

total:

496,607 km (2011)

paved:

283,102 km (2011)

unpaved:

213,505 km (2011)

total:

8,782 (2017)

by type:

bulk carrier 81, container ship 194, general cargo 2142, oil tanker 544, other 5821 (2017)

major seaport(s):

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

container port(s) (TEUs):

Tanjung Perak (3,354,968), Tanjung Priok (5,514,694) (2016)

LNG terminal(s) (export):

Bontang, Tangguh

LNG terminal(s) (import):

Arun, Lampung, West Java

• 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized;
• 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers);
• Indonesian citizens only (2012)

• the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships;
• attacks declined from 49 incidents in 2016 to 43 in 2017, although Indonesian waters remained the most dangerous in the world and accounted for more than 20% of all incidents reported world-wide;
• in 2017, 37 commercial vessels were boarded and one hijacked;
• during 2017, 13 crew members were taken hostage;
• hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia;
• crews have been murdered or cast adrift

• illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
• producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy;
• President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions, particularly of foreign drug traffickers