Indonesia

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• more moderate in highlands

• major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth;
• of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan;
• the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

• occasional floods;
• severe droughts;
• tsunamis;
• earthquakes;
• volcanoes;
• forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active;
• significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea;
• Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations;
• other notable historically active volcanoes include
  • Agung,
  • Awu,
  • Karangetang,
  • Krakatau (Krakatoa),
  • Makian,
  • Raung,
  • and Tambora
  ;
• see note 2 under "Geography - note"

• large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog;
• over-exploitation of marine resources;
• environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services;
• water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

Marine Life Conservation

noun:

Indonesian(s)

adjective:

Indonesian

0-14 years:

24.63% (male 32,967,727 /female 31,757,882)

15-24 years:

16.94% (male 22,661,264 /female 21,852,006)

25-54 years:

42.44% (male 57,097,131 /female 54,433,239)

55-64 years:

8.73% (male 10,447,365 /female 12,494,036)

65 years and over:

7.26% (male 8,326,858 /female 10,749,895) (2018 est.)

total dependency ratio:

49.2 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio:

41.6 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio:

7.6 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio:

13.2 (2015 est.)

total:

30.5 years (2018 est.)

male:

29.9 years

female:

31.1 years

• major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth;
• of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan;
• the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years:

1.05 male(s)/female

55-64 years:

0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.77 male(s)/female

total population:

1 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

total:

21.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

male:

25.7 deaths/1,000 live births

female:

17.9 deaths/1,000 live births

total population:

73.2 years (2018 est.)

male:

70.6 years

female:

76 years

degree of risk:

very high (2016)

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2016)

vectorborne diseases:

dengue fever and malaria (2016)

conventional long form:

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form:

Indonesia

local long form:

Republik Indonesia

local short form:

Indonesia

former:

Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

etymology:

the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

name:

Jakarta

geographic coordinates:

6 10 S, 106 49 E

time difference:

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

note: Indonesia has three time zones

etymology:

• "Jakarta" derives from the Sanscrit "Jayakarta" meaning "victorious city" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527;
• previously the port had been named "Sunda Kelapa"

history:

drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959

amendments:

• proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present;
• passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership;
• constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended;
• amended several times, last in 2002 (2017)

citizenship by birth:

no

citizenship by descent only:

at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized:

no

residency requirement for naturalization:

5 continuous years

chief of state:

• President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014, reelected 17 April 2019, inauguration 19 October 2019);
• Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019);
• note - the president is both chief of state and head of government (2019)

head of government:

President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019) (2019)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections/appointments:

• president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
• election last held on 17 April 2019 (next election 2024)

election results:

Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%

highest courts:

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office:

• Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament;
• judges serve until retirement at age 65;
• Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament;
• judges appointed by the president;
• judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts:

High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

chief of mission:

Ambassador Joseph R. DONOVAN, Jr. (since 12 January 2017)

telephone:

[62] (21) 5083-1000 (2018)

embassy:

Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address:

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

FAX:

[62] (21) 2395-1697 (2018)

consulate(s) general:

Surabaya

consulate(s):

Medan

• two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
• the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries;
• red symbolizes courage, white represents purity

note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

name:

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

lyrics/music:

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

note: adopted 1945

agriculture:

32%

industry:

21%

services:

47% (2016 est.)

lowest 10%:

3.4%

highest 10%:

28.2% (2010)

general assessment:

• domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system;
• international service good;
• Indonesia has very low fixed line and fixed broadband penetration, high mobile penetration and moderate mobile broadband penetration (2018)

domestic:

• fixed-line 4 per 100 and mobile-cellular 175 per 100 persons;
• coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas;
• mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly (2018)

international:

• country code - 62;
• landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 5, DAMAI, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, IGG, JIBA, Link 1, 3, 4, & 5, PGASCOM, B3J2, Tanjung Pandam-Sungai Kakap Cable System, JAKABARE, JAYABAYA, INDIGO-West, Matrix Cable System, ASC, SJJK, Jaka2LaDeMa, S-U-B Cable System, JBCS, MKCS, BALOK, Palapa Ring East, West and Middle, SMPCS Packet-1 and 2, LTCS, TSCS, SEA-US and Kamal Domestic Submarine Cable System, 35 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)

• mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters;
• more than 100 local TV stations;
• widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems;
• public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations;
• overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019)

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)), Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Koopssus), Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) (2019)

• 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized;
• 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers);
• Indonesian citizens only (2013)

• The International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships;
• attacks declined for the third year in a row from 43 incidents in 2016 to 36 in 2018 due to aggressive maritime patrolling by regional authorities;
• in 2018, 29 commercial vessels were boarded and three crew members were taken hostage;
• hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia (2018)

number of registered air carriers:

29 (2015)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 550 (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:

88,685,767 (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:

747,473,207 mt-km (2015)

total:

8,159 km (2014)

narrow gauge:

8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014)

note: 4,816 km operational

total:

496,607 km (2011)

paved:

283,102 km (2011)

unpaved:

213,505 km (2011)

total:

9,053

by type:

bulk carrier 97, container ship 205, general cargo 2203, oil tanker 567, other 5981 (2018)

major seaport(s):

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

container port(s) (TEUs):

Tanjung Perak (3,553,370), Tanjung Priok (6,090,000) (2017)

LNG terminal(s) (export):

Bontang, Tangguh

LNG terminal(s) (import):

Arun, Lampung, West Java

• Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors;
• three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries;
• all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature;
• Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef;
• Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches;
• land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea;
• Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island;
• Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea;
• maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau;
• EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

refugees (country of origin):

6,098 (Afghanistan) (2018)

IDPs:

16,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2012 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2018)

• illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
• producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy;
• President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions, particularly of foreign drug traffickers